References
Agarwal, A. and S. Narain, 1989: Toward Green Villages: A Strategy
for Environmentally Sound and Participatory Rural Development. Center for
Science and Environment, New Delhi, India, 52 pp.
Allen, D.G., J.A. Harrison, R.A. Navarro, B.W. van Wilgen, and M.W.
Thompson, 1997: The impact of commercial afforestation on bird populations in
Mpumalanga Province, South Africa-insights from bird atlas data. Biological
Conservation, 79, 173-185.
Allen, R.K., K. Platt, and S. Wiser, 1995a: Biodiversity in New Zealand
plantation. New Zealand Forestry, February, 26-29.
Allen, R.K., K.H. Platt, and R.E.J. Coker, 1995b: Understory species
composition patterns in a Pinus radiata plantation on the central North Island
volcanic plateau, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science,
25, 301-317.
Andrasko, K. 1997: Forest management for greenhouse gas benefits: Resolving
monitoring issues across project and national boundaries. Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2, 117-132.
Andrasko, K., L. Carter, and W. van der Gaast, 1996: Technical Issues
in JI/AIJ Projects: A Survey and Potential Responses. Prepared for United
Nations Environmental Programme Activities Implemented Jointly Conference: New
Partnerships to Reduce the Buildup of Greenhouse Gases, San Jose, Costa Rica,
pp. 13-48.
Austin, D. and Faeth, P. (eds.), 2000: Opportunities for financing
sustainable development via the Clean Development Mechanism. World Resources
Institute, Washington, DC, USA. 113 pp. (in press).
Bass, S., J. Ford, O. Dubois, P. Moura-Costa, C. Wilson, M. Pinard,
and R. Tipper, 2000: Rural Livelihoods and Carbon Management: An Issues Paper.
International Institute for Environment and Development, London, United
Kingdom, (in press).
Baumert, K.A., 1999: The Clean Development Mechanism: understanding
additionality. In: Promoting Development while Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
Trends and Baselines. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World
Resources Institute, United Nations Publications, New York, New York, USA, pp.
pp. 135-145.
Bawa, K.S. and R. Seidler, 1998: Natural forest management and conservation
of biodiversity in tropical forests. Conservation Biology, 12, 46-55.
Boscolo, M., J. Buongiorno, and T. Panayotou, 1997: Environment and
Development Economics, 2, 241-263.
Brown, P., 1998: Climate, Biodiversity and Forests. World Resources
Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 35 pp.
Brown, P., B. Cabarle, and R. Livernash, 1997: Carbon Counts: Estimating
Climate Change Mitigation in Forestry Projects. World Resources Institute,
Washington, DC, USA, 25 pp.
Brown, S., 1997: Estimating Biomass and Biomass Change of Tropical
Forests: a Primer. FAO Forestry Paper 134, Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 55 pp.
Brown, S., J. Sathaye, M. Cannell, and P. Kauppi, 1996: Management of
forests for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Chapter 24. In: Climate
Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical
Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera,
and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA, pp. 773-797.
Brown, S., M. Burnham, M. Delany, R. Vaca, M. Powell, and A. Moreno,
2000: Issues and challenges for forest-based carbon-offset Projects: A case
study of the Noel Kempff Climate Action Project in Bolivia. Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, (in press).
Brown, S., M. Calmon, and M. Delaney, 1999a: Development of a Deforestation
and Forest Degradation Trend Model for the Guaraquecaba Climate Action Project.
Winrock International, Carbon Monitoring Program, Arlington, VA, USA, 14
pp.
Brown, S., M. Calmon, and M. Delaney, 1999b: Carbon Inventory and
Monitoring Plan for the Guaraqueçaba Climate Action Project. Winrock International,
Carbon Monitoring Program, Arlington, VA, USA, 26 pp.
Busch, C., J. Sathaye, and G. Sanchez-Azofeifa, 1999: Lessons for
Greenhouse Gas Accounting: A Case Study of Costa Rica's Protected Areas Project.
Report LBNL-42289, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA,
102 pp.
Cairns, M.A., S. Brown, E.H. Helmer, and G.A. Baumgardner, 1997: Root
biomass allocation in the world's upland forests. Oecologia, 111,
1-11.
Carbon Storage Trust, 1998: The Carbon Storage Trust and Climate
Care-a Detailed Analysis. The Carbon Storage Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom,
9 pp.
Carpentieri, A., E. Larson, and J. Woods, 1993: Future biomass based
electricity supply in Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4, 149-176.
Carter, L., 1997a: Additionality: The USIJI Experience. Paper
presented at the workshop on environmental benefits of Activities Implemented
Jointly, 9-10 September 1997, International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 35
pp.
Carter, L., 1997b: Modalities for the operationalization of additionality.
In: Proceedings of the Activities Implemented Jointly Workshop, March 1997
[United Nations Environmental Programme and German Federal Ministry of Environment
(eds.)]. German Federal Ministry of Environment, Leipzig, Germany, pp. 79-92.
Center for Clean Air Policy, 1998: Top-down Baselines to Simplify
Setting of Project Emission Baselines for JI and the CDM. Washington, DC,
USA, 6 pp.
Chambers, R., N.C. Saxena, and T. Shah, 1989: To the Hands of the
Poor: Water and Trees. Oxford University Press and IBH, New Delhi and Intermediate
Technology, London, United Kingdom, 273 pp.
Chomitz, K. 2000: Evaluating Carbon Offsets from Forestry and Energy
Projects: How Do They Compare? Development Research Group, The World Bank,
Washington, DC, USA, 25 pp.
Chomitz, K., 1998: Baselines for Greenhouse Gas Reductions: Problems,
Precedents, Solutions. Carbon Offsets Unit, Development Research Group,
World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 62 pp.
Chomitz, K.M. and K. Kumari, 1998: The domestic benefits of tropical
forests: A critical review. The World Bank Research Observer, 13(1),
13-35.
Chomitz, K.M., E. Brenes, and L. Constantino, 1999: Financing environmental
services: The Costa Rican Experience and its implications. The Science of
the Total Environment, 240, 157-169.
Cooper, P.J.M., R.R.B. Leakey, M.R. Rao, and I. Reynolds, 1996: Agroforestry
and the mitigation of land degradation in the humid and sub-humid tropics of
Africa. Experimental Agriculture, 32, 235-290.
Cullet, P. and A.P. Kameri-Mbote, 1998: Joint implementation and forestry
projects: conceptual and operational fallacies. International Affairs,
74(2), 393-408.
Da Silva, Jr., F., S. Rubio, and F. de Souza, 1995: Regeneration of
an Atlantic forest formation in the understory of a Eucalyptus grandis plantation
in south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 11, 147-152.
de Jong, B.H., R. Tipper, and J. Taylor, 1997: A framework for Monitoring
and evaluation of carbon mitigation by farm forestry projects: example of a
demonstration project in Chiapas, Mexico. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
for Global Change, 2, 231-246.
Delaney, M., S. Brown, A.E. Lugo, A. Torres-Lezama, and N. Bello Quintero,
1998: The quantity and turnover of dead wood in permanent forest plots in six
life zones of Venezuela. Biotropica, 30, 2-11.
Department of Forestry and Conservation Management, University of Massachusetts,
1999: Final Report and Results on Assessing Dual Camera Videography and 3D
Terrain Reconstruction as Tools to Estimate Carbon Sequestration in Forests,
Crooksville, Ohio Test Site. Report to Winrock International, Morrilton,
AR, USA, 20 pp. + appendices.
Detwiler, R.P., 1986: Land use change and the global carbon cycle: the
role of tropical soils. Biogeochemistry, 2, 67-93.
Dinerstein, E., D.M. Olson, D.J. Graham, A.L. Webster, S.A. Primm, M.P.
Bookbinder, and G. Ledec, 1995: A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial
Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. The World Wildlife Fund,
The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 129 pp.
Dixon, R.K., J.K. Winjum, K.J. Andrasko, and P.E. Schroeder, 1994: Integrated
land-use systems: assessment of promising agroforest and alternative land-use
practices to enhance carbon conservation and sequestration. Climate Change,
30, 1-23.
Dixon, R.K., K.J. Andrasko, F.G. Sussman, M.A. Lavinson, M.C. Trexler,
and T.S. Vinson, 1993: Forest sector carbon offset projects: near-term opportunities
to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution,
70, 561-577.
Dixon, R.K., P.E. Schroeder, and J. Winjum (eds), 1991: Assessment
of Promising Forest Management Practices and Technologies for Enhancing the
Conservation and Sequestration of Atmospheric Carbon and Their Costs at the
Site Level. Report of the US Environmental Protection Agency No. EPA/600/3-91/067.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, USA, 138 pp.
Dobes, L., I. Enting, and C. Mitchell, 1998: Accounting for carbon sinks:
the problem of time. In Trading Greenhouse Emissions: Some Australian Perspectives
[Dobes, L. (ed.)]. Occasional papers No. 115, Bureau of Transport Economics,
Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-15.
EcoSecurities Ltd., 1997: SGS Forestry Carbon Offset Verification
Services. Draft paper. SGS Forestry, Oxford, United Kingdom, 45 pp.
Ellis, J. and Bosi, M., 1999: Options for Project Emission Baselines.
Organization for Economic and Commerical Development and International Energy
Information Paper. Organization for Commercial and Economic Development, Paris,
France, 60 pp.
Environmental Law Institute, 1996: Incorporating Public Participation
in Joint Implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, Washington,
DC, USA, 58 pp.
Environmental Protection Agency and US Initiative on Joint Implementation
(EPA/USIJI), 1998: Activities Implemented Jointly: Third Report to the
Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
2 volumes. EPA report 236-R-98-004. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, USA, 19 (vol. I) and 607 (vol. II) pp.
FACE, 1998: Annual Report 1997. FACE Foundation, Arnhem, Netherlands.
28 pp.
Faeth, P., C. Cort, and R. Livernash, 1994: Evaluating the Carbon
Sequestration Benefits of Forestry Projects in Developing Countries. World
Resource Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 96 pp.
Fearnside, P., 1997: Monitoring needs to transform Amazonian forest
maintenance into a global warming-mitigation option. Mitigation and Adaptation
Strategies for Global Change, 2, 285-302.
Fearnside, P.M., 1995: Global warming response options in Brazil's forest
sector: Comparison of project-level costs and benefits. Biomass and Bioenergy,
8(5), 309-322.
Fearnside, P.M., D.A. Lashof, and P. Moura-Costa, 2000: Accounting for
time in mitigating global warming. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for
Global Change, (in press).
Friedman, S., 1999: The use of benchmarks to determine emissions additionality
in the Clean Development Mechanism. In: Proceeding of the Global Industrial
and Social Progress Research Institute (GISPRI) Baseline Workshop, 25-26 February.
GISPRI, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 157-165.
Frumhoff, P.C. and E.C. Losos, 1998: Setting Priorities for Conserving
Biological Diversity in Tropical Timber Production Forests. Union of Concerned
Scientists, Cambridge, MA, 14 pp.
Frumhoff, P.C., D.C. Goetze, and J.J. Hardner, 1998: Linking Solutions
to Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss Through the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development
Mechanism. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, 14 pp.
German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU), 1998: The Accounting
of Biological Sinks and Sources Under the Kyoto Protocol-A Step Forwards or
Backwards for Global Environmental Protection? WBGU, Bremerhaven, Germany,
75 pp.
Giampietro, M., S. Ulgiati, and D. Pimentel, 1997: Feasibility of large-scale
biofuel production. BioScience, 47(9), 587-600.
Greenpeace, 1998: Making the Clean Development Mechanism Clean and
Green. Greenpeace Position Paper, Fourth Conference of the Parties to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Amsterdam, Netherlands,
Greenpeace International, 12 pp.
Goldberg, D.M., 1998: Carbon Conservation Climate Change, Forests
and the Clean Development Mechanism. Center for International Environmental
Law, Washington, DC, USA, 55 pp.
Greenhouse Challenge Office, 1997: Greenhouse Challenge Carbon Sinks
Workbook: A Discussion Paper. Greenhouse Challenge Office, Canberra, Australia,
93 pp.
Gustavsson, L., T. Karjalainen, G. Marland, B. Savolainen, B. Schlamadinger,
and M. Apps, 1999: Accounting System Considerations: CO2 Emissions from Forests,
Forest Products, and Land-Use Change. Available at: http://www.joanneum.ac.at/iea-bioenergy-task25/publication/fpubl.htm.
Hamburg, S.P., 2000: Simple rules for measuring changes in ecosystem
carbon in forestry-offset projects. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
for Climate Change, (in press).
Haque, A.K.E., P. Read, and M.E. Ali, 1999: The Bangladesh MSP Pilot
Project Proposal for GEF Funding of Capacity building for Country Driven Projects.
Working Paper, Institute of Development, Environment, and Strategic Studies
(IDESS), North-South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 15 pp.
Hardner, J., 1996: Forest Conservation and Watershed Protection in
Ilheus, Bahia: An Avoided Cost Approach. Prepared for Conservation International
and Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais do Sul da Bahia, Washington, DC, USA,
30 pp.
Hardner, J.J., P.C. Frumhoff, and D.C. Goetze, 2000: Prospects for mitigating
carbon, conserving biodiversity, and promoting socioeconomic development objectives
through the Clean Development Mechanism. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
for Global Change, (in press).
Hargrave, T., N. Helme, and I. Puhl, 1998: Options for Simplifying
Baseline Setting for Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism Projects.
Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC, USA, 11 pp.
Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B. Lim, K. Tréanton, I. Mamaty, Y.
Bonduki, D.J. Griggs, and B.A. Callander (eds.), 1997: Revised 1996 Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Volume 3: Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Reference Manual. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Meterological
Office, Bracknell, United Kingdom, 482 pp.
Imaz, M., C. Gay, R. Friedmann, and B. Goldberg, 1998: Mexico Joins
the Venture: Joint Implementation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction. Research
Paper LBNL-42000, Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA, 36 pp.
Intarapravich, D., 1995: Joint Implementation: Thailand Environment
Institute's Perspective. Paper presented at Southeast Asian Regional Workshop
on International Prospects for Joint Implementation, Bangkok, Thailand, pp.
2-6.
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), (n.d.): Soil
Changes Under Agroforestry (SCUAF). Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya, n.d.
IPCC, 1992: Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the
IPCC Scientific Assessment. Prepared by IPCC Working Group I [Houghton,
J.T., B.A. Callander, and S.K. Varney (eds.)]. and World Meteorological Association/United
Nations Environmental Programme. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 200 pp.
IPCC, 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution
of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander,
N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 572 pp.
Janssen, J., 1997: Strategies for risk management of joint implementation
investments. In: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. Technologies for Activities Implemented
Jointly [Riermer, P.W.F., A.Y. Smith, and K.V. Thambimuthu (eds.)]. Proceedings
of Technologies for the Activities Implemented Jointly Conference, Vancouver,
Canada, May 1997. Elsevier Science Publishers, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 357-365.
Jepma, C., 1995: Tropical Deforestation: a Socio-Economic Approach.
Earthscan, London, United Kingdom, 380 pp.
Jepma, C., 1999: Determining a baseline for project cooperation under
the Kyoto Protocol: a general overview. In: n: Proceeding of the Global Industrial
and Social Progress Research Institute (GISPRI) Baseline Workshop, 25-26 February.
GISPRI, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 191-199.
Johns, A.G., 1997: Timber Production and Biodiversity Conservation
in Tropical Rain Forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom. 225 pp.
Kanowski, P.J., P.S. Savill, P.G. Adlard, J. Burley, J. Evans, J.R.
Palmer, and P.J. Wood, 1992: Plantation forestry. In: Sharma, N.P. (ed.), Managing
the World's Forests. Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, USA, pp. 375-401.
Keenan, R., D. Lamb, O. Woldring, T. Irvine, and R. Jensen, 1997: Restoration
of plant biodiversity beneath tropical tree plantations in Northern Australia.
Forest Ecology and Management, 99, 117-131.
Klooster, D. and O.R. Masera, 2000. Community forest management in Mexico:
Making carbon sequestration a by-product of sustainable rural development. Global
Environmental Change, (in press).
Kurz, W.A., S.J. Beukema, and M.J. Apps, 1997: Carbon budget implications
of the transition from natural to managed disturbance regimes in forest landscapes.
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2, 405-421.
La Rovere, E.L., 1998: The Challenge of Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Through Activities Implemented Jointly in Developing Countries: A Brazilian
Perspective. Research Paper LBNL-41998, Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley,
CA, USA, 43 pp.
Laquihon, W.A., 1989: Some key determinants of SALT adoption in the
Philippines: viewpoints of farmer cooperators. In: Social Forestry in Asia
[Vergara, N.T. and R.A. Fernandez (eds.)]. SEARCA, Los Baños, Philippines, pp.
79-116.
Lasco, R.D. and F.B. Pulhin, 2000: Forest land use change in the Philippines
and climate change mitigation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global
Change, (in press).
Lashof, D. and B. Hare, 1999: The role of biotic carbon stocks in stabilizing
greenhouse gas concentrations at safe levels. Environmental Science and Policy,
2(2), 101-110.
Lee, R., J.R. Kahn, G. Marland, M. Russell, and K. Shallcross, 1997:
Understanding Concerns About Joint Implementation. Joint Institute for
Energy and Environment, Knoxville, TN, USA, 96 pp.
Lemaster, L., 1995: The relationship between environmental barriers
and modes of technology transfer: A study of United States companies with operations
in Mexico. Journal of International Business Studies, 26(3), 690-691.
Losos, E., 2000: Can forestry carbon offset projects play a significant
role in conserving forest wildlife and their habitats? In: Conserving Wildlife
in Managed Tropical Forests [Fimbel, R., A. Grajal, and J. Robinson (eds.)].
Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA, (in press).
Ludeke, A.K., 1990: An analysis of anthropogenic deforestation using
logistic regression and GIS. Journal of Environmental Management, 31,
247-259.
Lugo, A., 1997: The apparent paradox of reestablishing species richness
on degraded lands with tree monocultures. Forest Ecology and Management,
99, 9-19.
MacDicken, K., 1997a: A Guide to Monitoring Carbon Storage in Forestry
and Agroforestry Projects. Winrock International, Arlington, VA, USA, 87
pp.
MacDicken, K., 1997b: Project specific monitoring and verification:
state of the art and challenges. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for
Global Change, 2, 191-202.
MacDicken, K.G. and N.T. Vergara, 1990: Introduction to agroforestry.
In: Agroforestry: Classification and Management [MacDicken, K.G. and
N.T. Vergara (eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-30.
Maclaren, J.P., 1996: Plantation forestry-its role as a carbon sink:
conclusions from calculations based on New Zealand's planted forest estate.
In: Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management, and the Global Carbon Cycle [Apps,
M.J. and D.T. Price (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 257-270.
Maclaren, P., 1999: Carbon Accounting Methodologies-a Comparison
of Real-time, Tonne-years, and One-off Stock Change Approaches. Unpublished
manuscript, Christchurch, New Zealand, 12 pp.
Makundi, W. and Okiting'ati, A., 1995: Carbon flows and economic evaluation
of mitigation options in Tanzania's forest sector. Biomass and Bioenergy,
8(5), 381-393.
Makundi, W.P., 1997: Global climate change mitigation and sustainable
forest management-the challenge of monitoring and verification. Mitigation
and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2, 133-155.
Marland, G., B. Schlamadinger, and L. Canella, 1997: Forest management
for mitigation of CO2 emissions: How much mitigation and who gets the credits?
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2, 303-318.
Manne, A. and R. Richels, 1999. The Kyoto Protocol: a cost-effective
strategy for meeting environmental objectives? In: The costs of the Kyoto Protocol:
A multi-model evaluation. Energy Journal, Special Issue, 1-24.
Masera, O.R., M. Bellon, and G. Segura, 1995: Forest management options
for sequestering carbon in Mexico. Biomass and Bioenergy, 8(5), 357-368.
Masera, O.R., 1995: Carbon mitigation scenarios for Mexican forests:
Methodological considerations and results. Interciencia, 20, 388-395.
Matsuo, N., 1999: Baselines as the critical issue of CDM-possible pathways
to standardization. In: Proceeding of the Global Industrial and Social Progress
Research Institute (GISPRI) Baseline Workshop, 25-26 February. GISPRI, Tokyo,
Japan, pp. 9-21.
Maya, R.S. and J. Gupta (eds.), 1996: Joint Implementation: Carbon
Colonies or Business Opportunities? Southern Centre for Energy and Environment,
Harare, Zimbabwe, 164 pp.
McPherson, G., 1994: Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of
the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. General Technical Report NE-186,
U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station, Radnor, PA, USA, 46 pp.
Michaelowa, A. and H. Schimdt, 1997: A dynamic crediting regime for
joint implementation to foster innovation in the long term. Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2, 45-56.
Michaelowa, A., 1998: Joint Implementation-the baseline issue. Global
Environmental Change, 8, 81-92.
Michaelowa, A., 1999: Baseline Methodologies for the CDM-Which Road
to Take. Paper presented at the Institute for Global and Environmental Strategies
(IGES) meeting, 23 June 1999, Tokyo, Japan, 12 pp.
Ministerio del Ambiente y Energia (MINAE), 1996: Sistema Nacional de
Areas de Conservacion, Situación de Tenencia de la Tierra en las Areas Silvestres
Protegidas del Pais, Proyectos Gruas. San Jose, Costa Rica, 35 pp.
Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning, and the Environment, Directorate
General for Environmental Protection, Climate Change Department, 1996: Activities
Implemented Jointly: The Netherlands Pilot Phase Programme. The Hague, Netherlands.
Mohren, G.M.J., J.F. Garza Caligaris, O. Masera, M. Kanninen, T. Karjalainen,
and G.J. Nabuurs, 1999: CO2FIX for Windows:
A Dynamic Model of the CO2 Fixation in Forest Stands. Institute for Forestry
and Nature Research, Netherlands; Instituto de Ecologia, National University
of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico; Centro Agronomico Tropicalde Investigacion y Enseñanza,
Costa Rica; and European Forest Institute, Finland, 27 pp.
Moura-Costa, P.H., 1996a: Tropical forestry practices for carbon sequestration:
A review and case study from Southeast Asia. Ambio, 25, 279-283.
Moura-Costa, P.H., 1996b: Tropical forestry practices for carbon sequestration.
In: Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems-Towards Sustainable Management [Schulte,
A. and D. Schone (eds.)]. World Scientific, Singapore, pp. 308-334.
Moura-Costa, P.H., 1993: Large scale enrichment planting with dipterocarps,
methods and preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the Yogyakarta Workshop,
BIO-REFOR/IUFRO/SPDC: Bio-reforestation in Asia-Pacific Region [Suzuki,
K., S. Sakurai, and K. Ishii (eds.)]. pp. 72-77.
Moura-Costa, P. and M. Stuart, 1998: Forestry based greenhouse gas mitigation:
a story of market evolution. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 77, 191-202.
Moura-Costa, P., M. Stuart, M. Pinard, and G. Phillips, 2000: Issues
related to monitoring, verification and certification of forestry-based carbon
offset projects. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,
(in press).
Moura-Costa, P.H. and C. Wilson, 2000: An equivalence factor between
CO2 avoided emissions and sequestration-description and applications in forestry.
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, (in press).
Moura-Costa, P.H., S.W. Yap, C.L. Ong, A. Ganing, R. Nussbaum, and T.
Mojiun, 1996: Large scale enrichment planting with dipterocarps as an alternative
for carbon offset-methods and preliminary results. In: Proceedings of the
5th Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps. Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 1994
[Appanah, S. and K.C. Khoo (eds.)]. Forest Research Institute of Malaysia
(FRIM), Kepong, Thailand. pp. 386-396.
Mulongoy, K., J. Smith, P. Alirol, and A. Witthoeft-Muehlmann, 1998:
Are Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism Opportunities
for Forest Sustainable Management Through Carbon Sequestration Projects? Academy
of the Environment, Background paper 1, Climate Change in the Global Economy
Programme, Geneva, Switzerland, 36 pp.
Nabuurs, G.J., A. Dolman, E.Verkaik, P. Kuikman, C. van Diepen, A. Whitmore,
W. Daamen, O. Oenema, P. Kabat, and G. Mohren, 2000. Article 3.3 and 3.4 of
the Kyoto Protocol: consequences for industrialised countries' commitment, the
monitoring needs, and possible side effects. Environmental Science and Policy,
(in press).
Nair, P.K.R., 1989: The role of trees in soil productivity and protection.
In: Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics [Nair, P.K.R. (ed.)]. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 567-589.
Niles, J. and R. Schwarze, 2000: Long-term forest sector emission reductions
under the Kyoto Protocol's Article 12. In: International Energy Agency (IEA)
Bioenergy Task 25, Proceedings of the Workshop on Bioenergy for Mitigation of
CO2 Emissions: the Power, Transportation, and Industrial Sectors, 27-30 September
1999 [Schlamadinger, B. and K. Robertson (eds.)]. Medienfabrik Graz, Graz,
Austria, pp. 145-153.
Olson, D.M. and E. Dinerstein, 1998: The Global 200: A Representation
Approach to Conserving the Earth's Distinctive Ecoregions. World Wildlife
Fund, Washington, DC, USA, 152 pp.
Padbury, G., 1999. Soil Carbon Initiatives on Prairies. Available
at: http://res.agr.ca/clm/padbury.htm.
Parrotta, J., J. Turnbull, and N. Jones., 1997a: Catalyzing native forest
regeneration on degraded tropical lands. Forest Ecology and Management, 99,
1-7.
Parrotta, J., O. Knowles and J. Wunderle, Jr., 1997b: Development of
floristic diversity in 10-year-old restoration forests on a bauxite mined site
in Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 99, 21-42.
Paustian, K., E. Levine, W.M. Post, and I.R. Ryzhova, 1997: The use
of models to integrate information and understanding of soil carbon at the regional
scale. Geoderma, 79, 227-260.
Phillips, D.L., S.L. Brown, P.E. Schroeder and R.A. Birdsey, 2000: Toward
error analysis of large-scale forest carbon budgets. Global Ecology and Bioegeography,
(in press).
Pinard, M. and F. Putz, 1997: Monitoring carbon sequestration benefits
associated with reduced-impact logging project in Malaysia. Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2, 203-215.
Pinard, M.A. and F.E. Putz, 1996: Retaining forest biomass by reduced
impact logging damage. Biotropica, 28, 278-295.
Post, W.M., R.C. Izaurralde, L.K. Mann, and N. Bliss, 1999: Monitoring
and verification of soil organic carbon sequestration. In: Symposium-Carbon
Sequestration in Soils: Science, Monitoring, and Beyond, 3-5 December 1999 [Rosenberg,
N.J., R.C. Izaurralde, and E.L. Malone (eds.)]. Batelle Press, Columbus, OH,
USA, pp. 41-66.
Powell, M.H., 1999: Effects of Inventory Precision and Variance on
the Estimated Number of Sample Plots and Inventory Variable Cost: the Noel Kempff
Climate Action Project. Winrock International, Morrilton, AR, USA, 6 pp.
Programme for Belize, 1997a: Rio Bravo Carbon Sequestration Pilot
Project. Offsets Attributable to Project Actions for Project Year 2 (1996).
Report to the US Initiative on Joint Implementation and the Government of
Belize. Programme for Belize, Belize City, Belize, 15 pp.
Programme for Belize, 1997b: Rio Bravo Carbon Sequestration Pilot
Project: Operational Protocol 3. Report to the US Initiative on Joint Implementation
and the Government of Belize. Programme for Belize, Belize City, Belize, 33
pp.
Puhl, I., 1998: Status of Research on Project Baselines Under the
UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Organization for Economic and Commercial
Development and International Energy Agency Information Paper. Organization
for Economic and Commercial Development, Paris, France, 15 pp.
Putz, F.E. and M.A. Pinard, 1993: Reduced impact logging as a carbon-offset
project. Conservation Biology, 7(4), 755-757.
Ravindranath, N. and D. Hall, 1995: Biomass, Energy, and Environment,
A Developing Country Perspective from India. Oxford University Press, Oxford,
United Kingdom, 376 pp.
Ravindranath, N.H., N. Byron, R. Dixon, P. Fearnside, K. MacDicken,
W. Makundi, O. Masera, A. DiNicola, and N. Mongia, 2000: Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change: Special Report on Technology Transfer: Technology Transfer
in the Forestry Sector. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA, (in press).
Ravindranath, N. and Somashekhar, B., 1995: Potential and economics
of forestry options for carbon sequestration in India. Biomass and Bioenergy,
8(5), 323-336.
Ravindranath, N.H. and P.R. Bhat, 1997: Monitoring of carbon abatement
in forestry projects-case study of Western Ghat Project. Mitigation and Adaptation
Strategies for Global Change, 2, 217-230.
Ravindranath, N.H., A. Meili, and R. Anita, 1998: AIJ in the Non-Energy
Sector in India: Opportunities and Concerns. Research Paper LBNL-41999,
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA, 39 pp.
Read, P., 1999: Cooperative implementation after Kyoto: Joint Implementation
and the need for commercialized offsets trading. In: On the Compatibility
of Flexible Instruments [Jepma, C. and W. van der Gaast (eds.)]. Kluwer
Academic Press, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 151-163.
Reid, W.V., 2000: Capturing the value of ecosystem services to protect
biodiversity. In: Managing Human-Dominated Ecosystems. Island Press,
Washington, DC and Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis, MO, USA, (in press).
Reppeto, R. and M. Gillis, 1988. Public Policies and the Misuse of
Forest Resources. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA, 432 pp.
Repollo, A.Q., and E.R. Castillo, 1989: Agroforestry technology in hillyland
households: factors affecting its adoption. In: Social Forestry in Asia [Vergara,
N.T. and R.A. Fernandez (eds.)]. Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization
(SEAMEO), Regional Center for Graduate Study in Research in Agriculture (SEARCA),
Los Baños, Philippines, pp. 117-132.
Richards, K.R. and C. Stokes, 1994: Regional Studies of Carbon Sequestration:
A Review and Critique. Paper written for the US Department of Energy, Washington,
DC, USA, Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. 40 pp.
Sathaye, J., K. Andrasko, W. Makundi, E.L. La Rovere, N.H. Ravindranath,
A. Melli, A. Rangachari, M. Imaz, C. Gay, R. Friedmann, B. Goldberg, C. Van
Horen, G. Simmonds, and G. Parker, 1999: Concerns about climate change mitigation
projects; summary of findings from case studies in Brazil, India, Mexico and
South Africa. Environmental Science and Policy, 2(2), 187-198.
Saxena, N.C., 1997: The Saga of Participatory Forest Management in
India. Center for International Forestry Research Special Publication, Bogor,
Indonesia, 214 pp.
Schlamadinger, B. and G. Marland, 1996: Carbon implications of forest
management strategies. In: Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management, and the
Global Carbon Cycle [Apps, M.J. and D.T. Price (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Germany, pp. 217-229..
Schroeder, P., 1992: Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical
tree plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 50, 31-41.
Shapiro, A.C., 1996: Multinational Financial Management, 5th edition.
Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 200 pp.
Smith, J., K. Mulongoy, R. Persson and J. Sayer, 1999: Harnessing
Carbon Markets for Tropical Forest Conservation: Towards a More Realistic Assessment.
Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, and International
Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Switzerland, 27 pp.
Société Générale de Surveillance (SGS), 1998: Final Report of the
Assessment of project design and schedule of emission reduction units for the
Protected Areas Project of the Costa Rican Office for Joint Implementation.
SGS, Oxford, United Kingdom, 133 pp.
Sokona, Y., S. Humphreys, and J.-P. Thomas, 1999: The Clean Development
Mechanism: What Prospects for Africa? Environment et Dévelopement du Tiers
Monde (ENDA-TM), Dakar, Senegal, 25 pp.
Stewart, R., D. Anderson, M.A. Aslam, C. Eyre, G. Jones, P. Sands, M.
Stuart, and F. Yamin, 1999: The Clean Development Mechanism: Building International
Public-Private Partnerships. A Preliminary Examination of Technical, Financial
& Institutional Issues. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,
Geneva, Switzerland, 95 pp.
Stuart, M.D. and P.H. Moura-Costa, 1998: Greenhouse gas mitigation:
A review of international policies and initiatives. In: Policies that Work
for People, Series No. 8. International Institute of Environment and Development,
London, United Kingdom, 27-32 pp.
Stuart, M.D., 1998: Financial tools and the Clean Development Mechanism.
In: Design and Implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism: a Concept
Paper for the International Working Group on the Clean Development Mechanism,
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland.
Subak, S., 2000: Costa Rica's Private Forestry Project: evaluation of
a Clean Development Mechanism prototype. Environmental Management, (in
press).
Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), 1992: An Evaluation
of the SIDA Supported Social Forestry Project in Tamil Nadu and Orissa.
Swedish International Development Agency. New Delhi, India, 86 pp.
Swisher, J. and Masters, G., 1992. A mechanism to reconcile equity and
efficiency in global climate protection: international carbon emissions offsets.
Ambio, 21(2), 154-159.
Swisher, J.N. 1997: Joint implementation under the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change: Technical and institutional challenges. Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2, 57-80.
Tattenbach, F., 1996: Certifiable, tradeable offsets in Costa Rica.
Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2(2), 2.
The Nature Conservancy (TNC), 1999: Written Information for and Comments
on IPCC LUCF. Special Report draft 1 for Expert Review, August 1999.
Tietenberg, T., M. Grubb, A. Michaelowa, B. Swift, and X.Z. Zhong, 1998:
International Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading. Defining the Principles,
Modalities, Rules and Guidelines for Verification, Reporting and Accountability.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, Switzerland,
93 pp.
Tipper, R. and B.H. de Jong, 1998: Quantification and regulation of
carbon offsets from forestry: comparison of alternative methodologies, with
special reference to Chiapas, Mexico. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 77,
219-228.
Tipper, R., B.H. de Jong, S. Ochoa-Gaona, M.L Soto-Pinto, M.A. Castillo-Santiago,
G. Montoya-Gómez, and I. March-Mifsut, 1998: Assessment of the Cost of Large
Scale Forestry for CO2 Sequestration: Evidence from Chiapas, Mexico. Report
PH12, International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Cheltenham,
Gloucester, United Kingdom, 87 pp.
Trexler and Associates, Inc., 1998: Final Report of the Biotic Offsets
Assessment Workshop, Baltimore, Maryland Sept. 5-7 1997. Prepared for US
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 107 pp.
Trexler, M., L. Kosloff, and R. Gibbons, 1999: Forestry and land-use
change in the AIJ pilot phase: The evolution of issues and methods to address
them. In: The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Activities Implemented
Jointly Pilot: Experiences and Lessons Learned [Dixon, R. (ed.)]. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 121-165.
Trexler, M., P. Faeth, and J. Kramer, 1989: Forestry as a Response
to Global Warming: An Analysis of the Guatemala Agroforestry and Carbon Sequestration
Project. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 66 pp.
Trexler, M.C. and L.H. Kosloff, 1998: The 1997 Kyoto Protocol: What
does it mean for project-based climate change mitigation? Mitigation and
Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 3, 1-58.
Trines, E., 1998a: Assessing and monitoring carbon offset projects:
the Costa Rican case. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 77, 214-218.
Trines, E. 1998b: SGS's carbon offset verification service. Commonwealth
Forestry Review, 77, 209-213.
United Nations Climate Change Convention Secretariat (UNCCCS), 1997:
UNFCCC AIJ Methodological Issues. Available at: www.unfccc.de/fccc/ccinfo/inf3.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1995:
Decision 5/CP.1 from the Conference of the Parties on its First Session
Held at Berlin from 28 March to 7 April 1995 Addendum (FCCC(CP/1995/7/Add.1).
UNFCCC, 1997: Report of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological
Advice on the Work of its Fifth Session, Bonn, Germany, 25-28 February 1997.
Annex III. Uniform Reporting Format: Activities Implemented Jointly under the
Pilot Phase. FCCC/SBSTA/1997/Fifth 4.
UNFCCC, 1998: Activities Implemented Jointly: Review of Progress
Under the Pilot. FCCC/ CP/ 1998/ 2 2, October.
UNFCCC, 1999a: Views on the Review Process of Activities Implemented
Jointly Under the Pilot Phase and Information on Experience Gained and Lessons
Learned, Including on the Uniform Reporting Format. FCCC/SB/1999/MISC.1.
Available at: http://www.unfccc.de.
UNFCCC, 1999b: UNFCCC-CC: Info /AIJ-List of AIJ Projects. Available
at: http://www.unfccc.de/fccc/ccinfo/aijproj.htm
United States Initiative on Joint Implementation (USIJI), 1996: Guidelines
for a USIJI Project Proposal. US Initiative on Joint Implementation, Washington,
DC, USA, 8 pp.
USIJI, 1997a: USIJI Project Criteria. US Initiative on Joint
Implementation, Washington, DC, USA, 28 pp.
USIJI, 1997b: Activities Implemented Jointly: 2nd Report to the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change, Vol. 2. US Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, DC, USA, 512
pp.
Verweij, H.J.A. and I.M. Emmer, 1998: Implementing carbon sequestration
projects in two contrasting areas: the Czech Republic and Uganda. The Commonwealth
Forestry Review, 77(3), 203-208.
Vine, E., J. Sathaye, and W. Makundi, 1999: Guidelines for the Monitoring,
Evaluation, Reporting, Verification, and Certification of Forestry Projects
for Climate Change Mitigation. Paper LBNL-41877, Energy Analysis Department,
Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA, USA, 79 pp. + appendices.
Vrolijk, C., 1999: The Potential Size of the Clean Development Mechanism.
Paper presented at Second International Conference, Emerging Markets for Emissions
Trading, April 26-27, 1999, London, United Kingdom, 9 pp.
Wangwacharakul, V. and R. Bowonwiwat, 1995: Economic evaluation of CO2
response options in the forestry sector: the case of Thailand. Biomass and
Bioenergy, 8(5), 293-308.
Warrick, R.A., G.K. Kenny, G.C. Sims, W. Ye, and N. de Wet, 1999: The
CC:TRAIN/PICCAP training course on climate change vulnerability and adaptation
assessment for Pacific islands. In: Proceedings of Heads of Forestry Meeting,
21-25 September 1998, Nadi, Fiji [Tang, H.T., S. Bulai, and B. Masianini
(eds.)]. Pacific Islands Forests and Trees Support Programme, RAS/97/330 Field
Document No. 1, pp. 197-203.
Winjum, J.K., S. Brown, and B. Schlamadinger, 1998: Forest harvests
and wood products: sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Forest
Science, 44, 272-284.
Winrock International, 1999: Field Tests for Carbon Monitoring Methods
in Forestry Projects. Forest Carbon Monitoring Program, Winrock International,
Arlington, VA, USA, 65 pp.
Witthoeft-Muehlmann, A., 1998: Carbon sequestration and sustainable
forestry: an overview from ongoing AIJ-forestry projects. W-75 Working Paper,
International Academy of the Environment, Geneva, Switzerland, 37 pp.
World Bank, 1997: Guidelines for Climate Change Global Overlays.
Paper No. 047, Environment Department Papers, Climate Change Series. World Bank,
Washington, DC, USA, 45 pp.
World Business Council for a Sustainable Development, 1997: Climate
Change Projects: Guidelines for Completing Proposals. Available at: www.wbcsd.climatechange.com/home.html.
Xu, D., 1995: The potential for reducing atmospheric carbon by large-scale
afforestation in China and related cost/benefit analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy,
8(5), 323-336.
Young, A., 1997: Agroforestry for Soil Management (2nd ed). CAB
International, Oxford, United Kingdom. 320 pp.
|