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REPORTS - SPECIAL REPORTS |
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Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer |
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12.5.6 Technology Transfer among non-Annex I Countries
Technology transfer among tropical countries, and in general among developing
countries is crucial, given the similarities of forest types, silvicultural practices,
socio-economic and resource conditions. There is a relatively less prominent but
increasing technology transfer among non-Annex I countries. The government initiated
programmes are either on a bilateral basis or through regional cooperation arrangements
such as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) or Southern African
Development Community (SADC) with collaboration in areas likely to enhance technology
transfer, including natural resource management, trade and investment. For example,
during the 1997 forest fires in Indonesia, there was an extensive regional collaboration
and exchange of techniques on fire suppression and subsequent fire prevention
measures. Regional community networks, involved in conservation and climate-friendly
activities, have been used to exchange techniques among developing countries.
Private sector driven technology transfer has not been as prominent but is likely
to increase due to economic liberalisation and globalisation in non-Annex I countries.
Technology transfer among developing countries in the forestry sector has mainly
been through capacity building and exchange of key needs such as genetically improved
species (e.g., Mexico and Brazil) and procurement of provenance-relevant seeds.
For example, in 1998 the political party subsequently elected to the state government
in Acre, Brazil sent a resource manager to Costa Rica to learn from the experiences
of that country about applicable conservation techniques. Inadequate technology
transfer among non-Annex I countries is primarily due to lack of targeted funding.
This could be addressed by the multilateral and bilateral mechanisms under the
convention.
South-South technology transfer is increasing in scale and has potential for being
highly cost-effective. Examples in the climate change context include the Costa
Rican Joint Implementation Office assistance to other Latin countries in establishing
programmes to evaluate JI projects; sharing of carbon accounting and monitoring
experience and tools from ECOSUR in Chiapas, Mexico, with other institutes and
NGOs throughout Mexico and other Latin countries, including Brazil; and Malaysian
reduced impact logging technicians training Indonesians (Tipper and de Jong, 1998;
Jones, 1996).
| Table 12.5 Policies and Measures
to Promote Technology Transfer Between Countries |
| DOMINANT PATHWAY |
POLICIES, MEASURES AND PROGRAMMES |
| GOVERNMENT DRIVEN |
| Multilateral Agencies (World Bank, FAO, ADB, GEF, etc) |
- Increase funding to forestry sector projects and programmes
- Funding for research on causes of deforestation and impacts of policies
- Facilitate grants and low interest loans for sustainable forest harvesting,
industrial plantations, Protected Areas, forest restoration
- Strengthen forest certification programmes
- Tax or import Duty on timber from non sustainable logged forests
- Setting up forest monitoring and verification programmes in non-Annex
I countries
- Funding for institution and human capacity building and for improving
R&D capabilities in non-Annex I countries
- GEF should include forestry in mitigation projects in its operational
programmes
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Bilateral development assistance
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- Increase funding to forestry sector projects and programmes
- Link technology transfer to grants and concessional loans
- Facilitate grants and low interest loans for sustainable forest harvesting,
industrial plantations, Protected Areas, forest restoration
- Funding for institution and human capacity building and for improving
R&D capabilities in non-Annex I countries.
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| PRIVATE SECTOR DRIVEN |
| Climate Change Related Mechanisms (JI/CDM) |
- CDM potentially offers opportunity for facilitating technology transfer
in forestry mitigation and adaptation projects
- Set up and expedite monitoring and verification procedures
- Brokerage institutions to assist in preparation of proposals
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| Timber Industries |
- Financial incentives (such as tax concessions) to sustainable harvesting
of natural forests and forest plantations
- Facilitate agreements between industries in Annex I countries with
timber industries and farmer cooperatives in non-Annex I countries
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| COMMUNITY DRIVEN |
| International NGOs |
- NGOs could monitor timber certification and import of sustainable
timber
- Alliance for conservation and sustainable use of forests
- International verification and monitoring on logging practices and
methods
- Public awareness campaigns
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