| |
| |
Adoption of opportunities including greenhouse
gas-reducing technologies and measures may require overcoming barriers
through the implementation of policy measures.
|
|
| |
| Table
7-2: Estimates of potential global greenhouse gas emission reductions
in the year 2010: land use, land-use change, and forestry. |
| Categories of Mitigation Options |
Potential Emission Reductions in 2010
[Mt C yr-1] |
Potential Emission Reductions
[Mt C] |
|
| Afforestation/reforestation (AR)a |
197-584 |
|
Includes carbon in above- and below-ground biomass.
Excludes carbon in soils and in dead organic matter. |
| Reducing deforestation (D)b |
|
1,788 |
Potential for reducing deforestation is very uncertain
for the tropics and could be in error by as much as ±50%. |
| Improved management within a land use (IM)c |
570 |
|
Assumed to be the best available suite of management
practices for each land use and climatic zone. |
| Land-use change (LC)c |
435 |
|
|
| Total |
1,202-1,589 |
1,788 |
|
a. Source: SRLULUCF
Table SPM-3. Based on IPCC definitional scenario. Information
is not available for other definitional scenarios. Potential refers
to the estimated range of accounted average stock change for the period
2008-2012 (Mt C yr-1).
b. Source: SRLULUCF
Table SPM-3. Based on IPCC definitional scenario. Information
is not available for other definitional scenarios. Potential refers
to the estimated average stock change (Mt C).
c. Source: SRLULUCF
Table SPM-4. Potential refers to the estimated net change in carbon
stocks in the year 2010 (Mt C yr-1). The list of activities
is not exclusive or complete, and it is unlikely that all countries
will apply all activities. Some of these estimates reflect considerable
uncertainty. |
|
|
| 7.6 |
The successful implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation
options would need to overcome technical, economic, political, cultural,
social, behavioral, and/or institutional barriers that prevent the full
exploitation of the technological, economic, and social opportunities
of these mitigation options (see Figure
7-1). The potential mitigation opportunities and types of barriers
vary by region and sector, and over time. Most countries could benefit
from innovative financing, social learning and innovation, and institutional
reforms, removing barriers to trade, and poverty eradication. This is
caused by a wide variation in mitigation capacity. The poor in any country
are faced with limited opportunities to adopt technologies or change their
social behavior, particularly if they are not part of a cash economy.
Most countries could benefit from innovative financing and institutional
reform and removing barriers to trade. In the industrialized countries,
future opportunities lie primarily in removing social and behavioral barriers;
in countries with economies in transition, in price rationalization; and
in developing countries, in price rationalization, increased access to
data and information, availability of advanced technologies, financial
resources, and training and capacity building. Opportunities for any given
country, however, might be found in the removal of any combination of
barriers.
|
WGIII TAR Sections 1.5 &
5.3-5 |
7.7
|
National responses to climate change
can be more effective if deployed as a portfolio of policy instruments
to limit or reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. The portfolio
of national climate policy instruments may include -- according to national
circumstances -- emissions/carbon/energy taxes, tradable or non-tradable
permits, provision and/or removal of subsidies, land-use policies, deposit/refund
systems, technology or performance standards, energy mix requirements,
product bans, voluntary agreements, information campaigns, environmental
labeling, government spending and investment, and support for research
and development (R&D). The literature in general gives no preference
for any particular policy instrument.
|
WGIII
TAR Sections 1.5.3, 5.3-4,
& 6.2 |
| 7.8 |
Coordinated actions among countries and
sectors may help to reduce mitigation cost by addressing competitiveness
concerns, potential conflicts with international trade rules, and carbon
leakage. A group of countries that wants to limit its collective greenhouse
gas emissions could agree to implement well-designed international instruments.
Instruments assessed in the WGIII TAR, and being developed in the Kyoto
Protocol, are emissions trading, Joint Implementation (JI), and the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM). Other international instruments also assessed
in the WGIII TAR include coordinated or harmonized emission/carbon/energy
taxes, an emission/carbon/energy tax, technology and product standards,
voluntary agreements with industries, direct transfers of financial resources
and technology, and coordinated creation of enabling environments such as
reduction of fossil-fuel subsidies. Some of these have been considered only
in some regions to date.
|
WGIII
TAR Sections 6.3-4 & 10.2 |
| |
Figure 7-1: Penetration of environmentally sound
technologies (including practices): a conceptual framework. Various
barriers prevent the different potentials from being realized. Opportunities
exist to overcome barriers through innovative projects, programs, and financing
arrangements. An action can address more than one barrier. Actions may be
pursued to address barriers at all levels simultaneously. Their implementation
may require public policies, measures, and instruments. The socio-economic
potential may lie anywhere in the space between the economic and technological
potential.
|
WGIII
TAR Section 5.2 |
|
|
