Thanks to Mark O'Brien, Kimberley Reade Hall, Alison Saunders, Margo Davies, Rukshika Parera, Sophie Maupin, Mary McKenney Easterling, the Center for Integrated Regional Assessment, and many more for their assistance. Thanks to all our families for their tolerance and understanding while the authors worked long hours as "volunteers" to complete this chapter. Thanks to the numerous reviewers for being so thorough in their reading and their constructive comments.

Abel, N., 1997: Mis-measurement of the productivity and sustainability of African communal rangelands—a case study and some principles from Botswana. Ecological Economics, 23(2), 113-133.
Adams, R.M., B.H. Hurd, S. Lenhart, and N. Leary, 1998: Effects of global climate change on agriculture: an interpretive review. Climate Research, 11, 19-30.
Adams, R.M., B.A. McCarl, K. Seerson, C. Rosenzweig, K.J. Bryant, B.L. Dixon, R. Conner, R.E. Evenson, and D. Ojima, 1999: The economic effects of climate change on U.S. agriculture. In: Impacts of Climate Change on the U.S. Economy [Mendelsohn, R. and J. Neumann (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 55-74.
ADB, 1998: The Bank's Policy on Water. Working paper, Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.
ADB, 1994: Climate Change in Asia: Bangladesh Country Report, Volume 2: ADB Regional Study on Global Environmental Issues. Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines.
Adrian, R. and T. Hintze, 2001: Effects of winter air temperature on the ice phenology of the Muggelsee (Berlin, Germany). Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fuer Limnologie, (in press).
Aerts, R., 1997: Atmospheric nitrogen deposition affects potential denitrification and N₂O emission from peat soils in the Netherlands. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29, 1153-1156.
Aerts, R. and F. Ludwig, 1997: Water-table changes and nutritional status affect trace gas emissions from laboratory columns of peatland soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29, 1691-1698.
Aerts, R. and S. Toet, 1997: Nutritional controls of carbon dioxide and methane emission from Carex-dominated peat soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29, 1683-1690.
Aerts, R., B. Wallén, and N. Malmer, 1992: Growth-limiting nutrients in Sphagnum-dominated bogs subject to low and high atmospheric nitrogen supply. Journal of Ecology, 80, 131-140.
Aerts, R., R. van Logtestijn, M. van Staalduinen, and S. Toet, 1995: Nitrogen supply effects on productivity and potential leaf litter decay of Carex species from peatlands differing in nutrient limitation. Oecologia, 104, 447-453.
Agakhanjanz, O. and S.W. Breckle, 1995: Origin and evolution of the mountain flora in middle Asia and neighboring mountain regions. In: Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences [Chapin, F.S. III and C. Körner (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 63-80.
Ainley, D.G., C.R. Ribic, and W.R. Fraser, 1994: Ecological structure among migrant and resident seabirds of the Scotia-Weddell confluence region. Journal of Animal Ecology, 63, 347-364.
Akef Mamdouh, S.A. and H. Schneider, 1995: Calling behavior and mating call pattern in the mascarene frog, Ptychadena mascareniensis (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) in Egypt. Journal of African Zoology, 109, 225-229.
Akey, D.H. and B.A. Kimball, 1989: Growth and development of the beet armyworm on cotton grown in enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres. Southwest Entomology, 14, 255-260.
Akey, D.H., B.A. Kimball, and J.R. Mauny, 1988: Growth and development of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), on bolls of cotton grown in enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres. Environmental Entomology, 17, 452-455.
Akin, D.E., B.A. Kimball, W.R. Windham, P.J. Pinter Jr., G.W. Wall, R.L. Garcia, R.L. La Morte, and W.H. Morrison III, 1995: Effect of free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) on forage quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 53, 29-43.
Albon, S.D. and T.H. Clutton-Brock, 1988: Climate and population dynamics of red deer in Scotland. In: Ecological Change in the Uplands [Usher, M.B. and D.B.A. Thompson (eds.)]. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 93-107.
Alcamo, J., R. Leemans, and E. Kreileman (eds.), 1998: Global Change Scenarios of the 21st Century: Results from the IMAGE 2.1 Model. Pergamon Press, Elsevior Science, Oxford, United Kingdom, 296 pp.
Alexandratos, N. (ed.), 1995: World Agriculture: Towards 2010. An FAO Study. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, 488pp.
Alexandrov, V., 1999: Vulnerability and adaptation of agronomic systems in Bulgaria. Climate Research, 12, 161-173.
Alho Cleber, J.R. and M. Vieira Luiz, 1997: Fish and wildlife resources in the pantanal wetlands of Brazil and potential disturbances from the release of environmental contaminants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 71-74.
Alig, R., D. Adams, B. McCarl, J. Callaway, and S. Winnett, 1997: Assessing effects of mitigation strategies for global climate change with an intertemporal model of the U.S. forest and agriculture sectors. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 27, S97-S111.
Allen, C.D. and D.D. Breshears, 1998: Drought-induced shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: rapid landscape response to climate variation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 14839-14842.
Allen-Diaz, B., 1996: Rangelands in a changing climate; impacts, adaptations, and mitigation. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 131-158.
Alm, J.J.T. Huttunen, H. Nykänen, J. Silvola, and P.J. Martikainen, 1997a: Greenhouse gas emmissions from small eutrophic lakes in Finland. In: Abstracts of Invited and Volunteer Papers for XIII International Symposium on Environmental Biogeography, Matter and Energy Fluxes in the Anthropogenic Environment, Sept. 21-26, 1997, Monopoli (Bari), Italy [Senesi, N. and T.M. Miano (eds.)].
Alm, J., A. Talanov, S. Saarnio, J. Silvola, E. Ikkonen, H. Aaltonen, H. Nykänen, and P.J. Martikainen, 1997b: Reconstruction of the carbon balance for microsites in a boreal oligotrophic pine fen, Finland. Oecologia, 110, 423-431.
Alward, R.D., J.K. Detling, and D.G. Milchunas, 1999: Grassland vegetation changes and nocturnal global warming. Science, 283(5399), 229-231.
Amien, I., P. Redjekiningrum, A. Pramudia, and E. Susanti, 1996: Effect of interannual climate variability and climate change on rice yield in Java, Indonesia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 29-39.
Ammann, B., H.J.B. Birks, S.J. Brooks, U. Eicher, B. von Grafenstein, U. Hofmann, W. Lemdahl, G. Schwander, J. Tobolski, and K.L. Wick, 2000: Quantification of biotic responses to rapid climatic changes around the Younger Dryas—a synthesis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 159, 313-347.
Amthor, J.S., 1997: Plant respiratory responses to elevated carbon dioxide partial pressure. Advances in Carbon Dioxide Research, 61, 35-77.
Anderson, A.R., D.G. Pyatt, J.M. Sayers, S.R. Blackhall, and H.D. Robinson, 1992: Volume and mass budgets of blanket peat in the north of Scotland. Suo, 43, 195-198.
Anderson, R.S., 1996: Postglacial biogeography of Sierra lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var murrayana) in California. Ecoscience, 3, 343-351.
André, M. and H. Du Cloux, 1993: Interaction of CO₂ enrichment and water limitations on photosynthesis and water efficiency in wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 31, 103-112.
Andrewartha, H.G. and L.C. Birch, 1954: The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 782 pp.
Anon., 1987: Chinese Forestry Yearbook, 1987. Beijing, China.
Antle, J.M., 1996a: Why is World agriculture still in disarray? In: Economics of Agriculture, Vol 2 [Antle, J.M. and D.A. Summer (eds)]. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 400-419.
Antle, J.M., 1996b: Methodological issues in assessing potential impacts of climate change on agriculture. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 80, 67-85.
Antle, J.M., S.M. Capalbo, and J. Hewitt, 2000: Testing hypotheses in integrated impact assessments: climate variability and economic adaptation in great plains agriculture. National Institute for Global Environmental Change, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, Available online at http://nigec.ucdavis.edu.
Antle, J.M., D. Hayes, S. Mohanty, P. Vavra, and V.H. Smith, 1999a: Long-term supply and demand trends: whither the real price of Wheat? In: The Economics of World Wheat Markets [Antle, J.M. and V.H. Smith (eds.)]. CAB International, Montana State University, USA, pp. 39-76.
Antle, J.M., S.M. Capalbo, and J. Hewitt, 1999b: Testing hypotheses in integrated impact assessments: climate variability and economic adaptation in great plains agriculture. National Institute for Global Environmental Change, Nebraska Earth Science Education Network, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA, pp. T5-4 and 21. Available online at http://nesen.unl.edu/nigec/facts/projects/Antle98.html.
Apps, M.J., 1993: NBIOME: a biome-level study of biospheric response and feedback to potential climate changes. World Research Review, 5(1), 41-65.
Apps, M.J. and D.T. Price, 1996: Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management, and the Global Carbon Cycle. NATO ASI Series, Subseries 1: Global Environmental Change, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, Vol. 40, 452 pp.
Apps, M.J., J.S. Bhatti, D. Halliwell, H. Jiang, and C. Peng, 2000: Simulated carbon dynamics in the boreal forest of central Canada under uniform and random disturbance regimes. In: Global Climate Change and Cold Regions Ecosystems [Lal, R., J.M. Kimble, and B.A. Stewart (eds.)]. Advances in Soil Science, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 107-121.
Apps, M.J., W.A. Kurz, R.J. Luxmoore, L.O. Nilsson, R.A. Sedjo, R. Schmidt, L.G. Simpson, and T.S. Vinson, 1993: Boreal forests and tundra. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70(1-4), 39-53.
Archer, S., 1995: Herbivore mediation of grass-woody plant interactions (Harry Stobbs Memorial Lecture, 1993). Tropical Grasslands, 29(4), 218-235.
Archer, S., D.S. Schimel, and E.A. Holland, 1995: Mechanisms of shrubland expansion—land use, climate or CO₂. Climatic Change, 29(1), 91-99.
Armentano, T.V. and E.S. Menges, 1986: Patterns of change in the carbon balance of organic soil -wetlands of the temperate zone. Journal of Ecology, 74, 755-774.
Arnell, N., B. Bates, H. Lang, J. Magnuson, P. Mulholland, S. Fisher, C. Liu, D. McKnight, O. Starosolszky, and M. Taylor, 1996: Hydrology and freshwater ecology. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 327-363.
Arnell, N.W., M.G.R. Cannell, M. Hulme, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.S. Kovats, R.J. Nicholls, M.L. Parry, M.T.J. Livermore, and A. White, 2001: The consequences of CO₂ stabilisation for the impacts of climate change. Climate Change (in press).
Arntzen, J. and S. Ringrose, 1996: Changes in rangelands. In: Climate Change and Southern Africa: An Exploration of Some Potential Impacts and Implications in the SADC Region [Hulme, M. (ed.)]. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom and World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 62-71.
Aronson, J., E. Lefloch, J.F. David, S. Dhillion, M. Abrams, J.L. Guillerm, and A. Grossmann, 1998: Restoration ecology studies at Cazarils (southern France): biodiversity and ecosystem trajectories in a mediterranean landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 41(3-4), 273-283.
Arseneault, D. and S. Payette, 1997: Reconstruction of millennial forest dynamics from tree remains in a subarctic tree line peatland. Ecology, 78, 1873-1883.
Aspelin, A.L. and A.H. Grube, 1999: Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage: 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA, 40 pp.
Asplund, D., 1996: Energy use of peat. In: Global Peat Resources [Lappalainen, E. (ed.)]. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 319-325.
Aurela, M., J.-P. Tuovinen, and T. Laurila, 1998: Carbon dioxide exchange in a sub-Arctic peatland ecosystem in northern Europe measured by the eddy covariance technique. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 11289-11301.
Aust, W.M. and R. Lea, 1991: Soil temperature and organic matter in a disturbed forested wetland. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 1741-1746.
Austarå, Ö., 1971: Cold hardiness in eggs of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hym., Diprionidae) under natural conditions. Norsk Ent. Tidsskr, 18, 45-48.
Awmack, C.S., R. Harrington, and S.R. Leather, 1997a: Host plant effects on the performance of the aphid Aulacorthum solani (Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphidae) at ambient and elevated CO₂. Global Change Biology, 3, 545-549.
Awmack, C.S., C.M. Woodcock, and R. Harrington, 1997b: Climate change may increase vulnerability of aphids to natural enemies. Ecological Entomology, 22, 366-368.
Ayres, M.P., 1993: Plant defense, herbivory, and climate change. In: Biotic Interactions and Global Change [Kareiva, P.M., J.G. Kingsolver, and R.B. Huey (eds.)]. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA, USA, pp. 75-94.
Baker, B.B., J.D. Hanson, R.M. Bourdon, and J.B. Eckert, 1993: The potential effects of climate change on ecosystem processes and cattle production on U.S. rangelands. Climatic Change, 25, 97-117.
Ball, T., 1983: The migration of geese as an indicator of climate change in the southern Hudson Bay region between 1715 and 1851. Climatic Change, 5, 85-93.
Balling, R.C. Jr., 1982: Weight gain and mortality in feedlot cattle as influenced by weather conditions: refinement and verification of statistical models. In: Center for Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology Report 82-1. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA, 52 pp.
Baradas, M.W., 1999: Using PVC pipes to double the irrigated area in the Philippines. In: Proceedings, Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers' National Convention, General Santos City, Philippines, April 26-29, 1999.
Barber, V.A., G.P. Juday, and B.P. Finney, 2000: Reduced growth of Alaskan white spruce in the twentieth century from temperature-induced drought stress. Nature, 405, 668-673.
Barnard, P., C.J. Brown, A.M. Jarvis, A. Robertson, and L. Vanrooyen, 1998: Extending the namibian protected area network to safeguard hotspots of endemism and diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7(4), 531-547.
Baron, J.S., M.D. Hartman, T.G.F. Kittel, L.E. Band, D.S. Ojima, and R.B. Lammers, 1998: Effects of land cover, water redistribution, and temperature on ecosystem processes in the South Platte Basin. Ecological Applications, 8(4), 1037-1051.
Baroni, C. and G. Orombelli, 1994: Abandoned penguin rookeries as Holocene paleoclimatic indicators in Antarctica. Geology, 22, 23-26.
Barrow, E.M. and M.A. Semenov, 1995: Climate change scenarios with high spatial and temporal resolution for agricultural application. Forestry, 68, 349-360.
Batchelor, C.H., C.J. Lovell, and A.J. Semple, 1994: Garden irrigation for improving agricultural sustainability in dryland areas. Land Use Policy, 11(4), 286-293.
Batts, G.R., R.H. Ellis, J.I.L. Morison, and P. Hadley, 1998: Canopy development and tillering of field grown crops of two contrasting cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in response to CO₂ and temperature. Annals of Applied Biology, 133, 101-109.
Bawa, K.S., 1995: Pollination, seed dispersal, and diversification of angiosperms. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 311-312.
Bawa, K.S. and M. Gadgil, 1997: Ecosystem services in subsistence economies and conservation of biodiversity. In: Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [Daily, G. (ed.)]. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 295-310.
Bayley, J.R. and A.C. Highfield, 1996: Observations on ecological changes threatening a population of Testudo graeca graeca in the Souss Valley, Southern Morocco. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2, 36-42.
Bayliss, B.L., K.G. Brennan, I. Eliot, C.M. Finlayson, R.N. Hall, T. House, R.W.J. Pidgeon, D. Walden, and P. Waterman, 1997: Vulnerability Assessment of Predicted Climate Change and Sea Level Rise in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory, Australia. Report 123, Supervising Scientist, Canberra, Australia, 134.
Bazzaz, A., J.S. Coleman, and S.R. Morse, 1990: Growth responses of seven major co-occuring tree species of the northeastern United States to elevated CO₂. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20, 1479-1484.
Bazzaz, F.A., 1996: Succession and global change: will there be a shift toward more early successional systems? In: Plants in Changing Environments: Linking Physiological, Population, and Community Ecology [Bazaaz, F.A. (ed)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 264-279.
Beck, B.B., L.G. Rapaport, M.R. Stanley Price, and A.C. Wilson, 1994: Reintroduction of captive-born animals. In: Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals [Olney, P.J.S., G.M. Mace, and A.T.C. Feistner (eds.)]. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom, pp. 265-286.
Beebee, T.J.C., 1995: Amphibian breeding and climate. Nature, 374, 219-220.
Beerling, D.J., F.I. Woodward, M. Lomas, and A.J. Jenkins, 1997: Testing the responses of a dynamic global vegetation model to environmental change—a comparison of observations and predictions. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 6, 439-450.
Beerling, D.J. and C.K. Kelly, 1997: Stomatal density repsonses of temperate woodland plants over the past seven decades of CO₂ increase: a comparison of Salisbury (1927) with contemporary data. American Journal of Botany, 84, 1572-1583.
Belnap, J., 1995: Surface disturbances—their role in accelerating desertification. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 37(1-3), 39-57.
Belnap, J. and D.A. Gillette, 1998: Vulnerability of desert biological soil crusts to wind erosion—the influences of crust development, soil texture, and disturbance. Journal of Arid Environments, 39(2), 133-142.
Belyea, L.R. and R.S. Clymo, 1999: Do hollows control the rate of peat bog growth? In: Patterned Mires: Origin and Development, Flora and Fauna [Meade, R., V. Standen, and J.H. Tallis (eds.)]. British Ecological Society Mires Research Group, London, United Kingdom, pp. 1-15.
Beniston, M., 1997: Variation of snow depth and duration in the Swiss Alps over the last 50 years: links to changes in large-scale climatic forcings. Climatic Change, 36, 281-300.
Beniston, M. and D.G. Fox, 1996: Impacts of climate change on mountain regions. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 191-214.
Benites, J.R. and C.S. Ofori, 1993: Crop production through conservation-effective tillage in the tropics. Soil and Tillage Research, 27(1-4), 9-33.
Benjaminsen, T.A., 1993: Fuelwood and desertification—sahel orthodoxies(1) discussed on the basis of field data from the gourma region in mali. Geoforum, 24(4), 397-409.
Berg, B., M.P. Berg, P. Bottner, E. Box, A. Breymeyer, R. Calvo de Anta, M.M. Couteaux, A. Escudero, A. Gallardo, W. Kratz, M. Madeira, E. Mälkönen, C. McGlaugherty, V. Meentemeyer, F. Munoz, P. Piussi, J. Remacle, and A. Virzo de Santo, 1993: Litter mass loss rates in pine forests of Europe and eastern United States: some relationships with climate and litter quality. Biogeochemistry, 20, 127-159.
Berger, L., R. Speare, P. Daszak, D.E. Green, A.A. Cunningham, C.L. Goggin, R. Slocombe, M.A. Ragan, A.D. Hyatt, K.R. McDonald, H.B. Hines, K.R. Lips, G. Marantelli, and H. Parkes, 1998: Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95, 9031-9036.
Bergman, I., B.H. Svensson, and M. Nilsson, 1998: Regulation of methane production in a Swedish acid mire by pH, temperature and substrate. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 729-741.
Berntson, G.M., N. Rajakaruna, and F.A. Bazzaz, 1998: Growth and nitrogen uptake in an experimental community of annuals exposed to elevated atmospheric CO₂. Global Change Biology, 4(6), 607-626.
Berven, K.A., 1982a: The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the wood frog Rana sylvatica, I: an experimental analysis of life history traits. Evolution, 36, 962-983.
Berven, K.A., 1982b: The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the wood frog Rana sylvatica, II: an experimental analysis of larval development. Oecologia, 52, 360-369.
Berz, G.A, 1999: Catastrophes and climate change: concerns and possible countermeasures of the insurance industry. Mitigation and Adaptation Stategies for Global Change, 4, 283-293.
Betts, A.K. and J.H. Ball, 1997: Albedo over the boreal forest. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres, 102, 28901-28909.
Bezemer, T.M. and T.H. Jones, 1998: Plant-insect herbivore interactions in elevated atmospheric CO₂: quantitative analyses and guild effects. Oikos, 82, 212-22.
Bezzel, E. and W. Jetz, 1995: Delay of the autumn migratory period in the Blackcap (Sylvia atricappila) 1966-1993: a reaction to global warming? Journal Für Ornithologie, 136, 83-87.
Bhatti, J.S., M.J. Apps, and H. Jiang, 2000: Examining the carbon stocks of boreal forest ecosystems at stand and regional scales. In: Assessment Methods for Soil C Pools [Lal, R., J.M. Kimble, R.F. Follett, and B.A. Stewart (eds.)]. Advances in Soil Science Series, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 513-531.
Bibby, C.J., N.J. Collar, M.J. Crosby, M.F. Heath, C. Imboden, T.H. Johnson, A.J. Long, A.J. Stattersfield, and S.J. Thurgood, 1992: Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 90 pp.
Biber, J.P. and T.T. Salathe, 1991: Threats to migratory birds. In: Conserving Migratory Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 12 [Salathe, T. (ed.)]. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 17-35.
Billings, W.D., 1987: Carbon balance of Alaskan tundra and taiga ecosystems: past, present and future. Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 165-177.
Billings, W.D., 1973: Arctic and alpine vegetation: similarities, differences, and susceptibility to disturbance. BioScience, 23, 697-704.
Binkley, C.S., M.J. Apps, R.K. Dixon, P.E. Kauppi, and L.O. Nilsson, 1997: Sequestering carbon in natural forests. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 27, S23-S45.
Binkley, C.S, 1988: A case study of the effects of CO₂-induced climatic warming on forest growth and the forest sector, B: economic effects on the world's forest sector. In: The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture [Parry, M.L., T.R. Carter, and N.T. Konijn (eds.)]. J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Birkhead, T.R. and R.W. Furness, 1984: Regulation of seabird populations. In: Behavioural Ecology, Ecological Consequences of Adaptive Behaviour [Sibly, R.M. and R.H. Smith (eds.)]. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, United Kingdom, pp. 145-67.
Bizer, J.R., 1978: Growth rates and size at metamorphosis of high elevation populations of Ambystoma tigrinum. Oecologia, 34, 175-184.
Björkman, L., 1999: The establishment of Fagus sylvatica at the stand-scale in southern Sweden. Holocene, 9, 237-245.
Black, T.A., W.J. Chen, A.G. Barr, M.A. Arain, Z. Chen, Z. Nesic, E.H. Hogg, H.H. Neumann, and P.C. Yang, 2000: Increased carbon sequestration by a boreal deciduous forest in years with a warm spring. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 1271-1274.
Bloomberg, W.J., 1962: Cytospora canker of poplars: factors influencing the development of the disease. Canadian Journal of Botany, 40, 1271-1280.
Blumberg, A.F. and D.M. Di Toro, 1990: Effects of climate warming on dissolved oxygen concentrations in Lake Erie. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 119(2), 210-223.
Blumentahl, C., H.M. Rawson, E. McKenzie, P.W. Gras, E.W.R. Barlow, and C.W. Wrigley, 1996: Changes in wheat grain quality due to doubling the level of atmospheric CO₂. Cereal Chemistry, 73, 762-766.
Bock, C.E., J.H. Bock, M.C. Grant, and T.R. Seastedt, 1995: Effects of fire on abundance of eragrostis intermedia in a semi-arid grassland in southeastern Arizona. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6, 325-328.
Bolin, B. and R. Sukumar, 2000: Global perspective. In: Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry [Watson, R.T., I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo, and D.J. Dokken (eds.)]. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 23-51.
Bolortsetseg, B. and G. Tuvaansuren, 1996: The potential impacts of climate change on pasture and cattle production in Mongolia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 95-105.
Bomford, M. and J. Caughley (eds.), 1996: Sustainable Use of Wildlife by Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia, 216 pp.
Bonan, G.B., 1993: Physiological controls of the carbon balance of boreal ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23, 1453-1471.
Bond, W.J., W.D. Stock, and M.T. Hoffman, 1994: Has the karoo spread? A test for desertification using carbon isotopes from soils. South African Journal of Science, 90(7), 391-397.
Bos, E., M. Vu, E. Massiah, and R. Bulatao, 1994: World Population Projections, 1994-95. World Bank, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA, 532 pp.
Boskey, A.L., 1998: Will biomimetics provide new answers for old problems of calcified tissues? Calcified Tissue International, 63, 179-182.
Botch, M.S., K.I. Kobak, T.S. Vinson, and T.P. Kolchugina, 1995: Carbon pools and accumulation in peatlands of the former Soviet Union. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 37-46.
Bothwell, M.L., D.M.J. Sherbot, and C.M. Pollack, 1994: Ecosystem response to solar ultraviolet-B radiation: influence of trophic-level interactions. Science, 265, 97-100.
Bousquet, P., P. Ciais, P. Peylin, M. Ramonet, and P. Monfray, 1999: Inverse modeling of annual atmospheric CO₂ sources and sinks, part 1: method and control inversion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 26161-26178.
Boutaleb Joutei, A., J. Roy, G. Van Impe, and P. Lebrun, 2000: Effect of elevated CO₂ on the demography of a leaf-sucking mite feeding on bean. Oecologia, 23(1), 75-81.
Bowes, G., 1993: Facing the inevitable: plants and increasing atmospheric CO₂. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 44, 309-332.
Bowes, G., J.C.V. Vu, M.W. Hussain, A.H. Pennanen, and L.H. Allen Jr., 1996: An overview of how rubisco and carbohydrate metabolism may be regulated at elevated atmospheric (CO₂) and temperature. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 5, 261-270.
Box, E.O., 1981: Macroclimate and Plant Forms: An Introduction to Predictive Modeling in Phytogeography. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands, 272 pp.
Boyer, D.A. and R.D. Brown, 1988: A survey of translocation of mammals in the United States. In: Translocation of Wild Animals [Nielson, L. and R.D. Brown (eds.)]. Wisconsin Humane Society, Milwaukee, WI, and Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, TX, USA, pp. 1-11.
Bradbury, I.K. and J. Grace, 1983: Primary production in wetlands. In: Ecosystems of the World, 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. General Studies [Gore, A.J.P. (ed.)]. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Oxford, United Kingdom; and New York, NY, USA, pp. 285-310.
Bradley, N.L., A.C. Leopold, J. Ross, and W. Huffaker, 1999: Phenological changes reflect climate change in Wisconsin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 9701-9704.
Bradstock, R., A.M. Bedward, B.J. Kenny, and J. Scott 1998: Spatially-explicit simulation of the effect of prescribed burning on fire regimes and plant extinctions in shrublands typical of south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation, 86, 83-95.
Brady, M.A., 1997: Effects of vegetation changes on organic matter dynamics in three coastal peat deposits in Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands [Rieley, J.O. and S.E. Page (eds.)]. Samara Publishing, Cardigan, Wales, United Kingdom, pp. 113-134.
Braekke, F.H. and L. Finer, 1991: Fertilization effects on surface peat of pine bogs. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 6, 433-449.
Branfireun, B.A. and N.T. Roulet, 1998: The baseflow and stormflow hydrology of a Precambrian Shield headwater peatland. Hydrological Processes, 12, 57-72.
Brasier, C.M., 1996: Phytophthora cinnamomi and oak decline in southern Europe: environmental constraints including climate change. Annales des Sciences Forestieres, 53(2-3), 347-358.
Braun-Blaunquet, J., 1956: Ein Jahrhundert Florenwandel am Piz Linard (3414 m). Bulleti Jardin Botanique de l'Etat Bruxelles, 26, 221-232.
Brereton, R., S. Bennett, and I. Mansergh, 1995: Enhanced greenhouse climate change and its potential effect on selected fauna of south-eastern Australia—a trend analysis. Biological Conservation, 72, 339-354.
Briffa, K.R., F.H. Schweingruber, P.D. Jones, T.J. Osborn, S.G. Shiyatov, and E.A. Vaganov, 1998: Reduced sensitivity of recent tree-growth to temperature at high northern latitudes. Nature, 391, 678-682.
Brklacich, M., D. McNaab, C. Bryant, and J. Dumnski, 1997: Adaptability of agricultural systems to global climate change: a Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada pilot study. In: Agricultural Restrecturing and Sustainability: A Geographical Perspective [Ilbery, B. and T. Rickard (eds.).] CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Brooks, D., 1997: The outlook for demand and supply of wood: implications for policy and sustainable management. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 76(1), 31-36.
Brooks, D.J., H. Pajuoja, T.J. Peck, B. Solberg, and P.A. Wardle, 1996: Long term trends and prospects in world supply and demand for wood. In: Long Term Trends and Prospects for World Supply and Demand for Wood and Implications for Sustainable Management [Solberg, B. (ed.)]. Research Report 6, European Forest Institute and Norwegian Forest Research Insitute, Joensuu, Finland, pp. 75-106.
Brotton, J. and G. Wall, 1997: Climate change and the Bathurst caribou herd in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Climatic Change, 35, 35-52.
Brown, J., O.J.J. Ferrians, J.A. Heginbottom, and E.S. Melnikov, 1997a: International Permafrost Association Circum Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions. U.S. Geological Survey, Circum Pacific Map Series, Map CP 45, Scale 1:10,000,000, Washington, DC, USA.
Brown, J.H., T.J. Valone, and C.G. Curtin, 1997b: Reorganization of an arid ecosystem in response to recent climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 9729-9733.
Brown, J.L., S.-H. Li, and N. Bhagabati, 1999: Long-term trend toward earlier breeding in an American bird: a response to global warming? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 5565-5569.
Brown, J.R. and S. Archer, 1999: Shrub invasion of grassland: recruitment is continuous and not regulated by herbaceous biomass or density. Ecology, 80, 2385-2396.
Brown, J.R. and J. Carter, 1998: Spatial and temporal patterns of exotic shrub invasion in an Australian tropical grassland. Landscape Ecology, 13(2), 93-102.
Brown, R.A. and N.J. Rosenberg, 1999: Climate change impacts on the potential productivity of corn and winter wheat in their primary United States growing regions. Climatic Change, 41, 73-107.
Brown, S., 1998: Present and future role of forests in global climate change. In: Ecology Today: An Anthology of Contemporary Ecological Research [Goapl, B., P.S. Pathak, and K.G. Saxena (eds.)]. International Scientific Publications, New Delhi, India, pp. 59-74.
Brown, S. and P.E. Schroeder, 1999: Spatial patterns of aboveground production and mortality of woody biomass for eastern U.S. forests. Ecological Applications, 9, 968-980.
Brown, S., J. Sathaye, M. Cannell, and P. Kauppi, 1996: Management of forests for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 878pp.
Buan, R.D., A.R. Maglinao, P.P. Evangelista, and B.G. Pajuelas, 1996: Vulnerability of rice and corn to climate change in The Philippines. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 41-51.
Bubier, J.L., 1995: The relationship of vegetation to methane emission and hydrochemical gradients in northern peatlands. Journal of Ecology, 83, 403-420.
Buchmann, S.L. and G.P. Nabhan, 1996: The Forgotten Pollinators. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 320pp.
Buck, B.J. and H.C. Monger, 1999: Stable isotopes and soil-geomorphology as indicators of Holocene climate change, northern Chihuahuan Desert. Journal of Arid Environments, 43, 357-373.
Bugmann, H.K.M., 1997: Sensitivity of forests in the European Alps to future climatic change. Climate Research, 8, 35-44.
Bugmann, H.K.M. and A.M. Solomon, 1995: The use of a European forest model in North America: a study of ecosystem response to climate gradients. Journal of Biogeography, 2(2-3), 477-484.
Bugmann, H.K.M., H.A. Fischlin, and F. Kienast, 1996: Model convergence and state variable update in forest gap models. Ecological Modelling, 89, 197-208.
Bullock, P. and H. Le Houérou, 1996: Land degredation and desertification. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 171-190.
Burgis, M.J. and P. Morris, 1987: The Natural History of Lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 218 pp.
Burton, K.L., W.R. Rouse, and L.D. Boudreau, 1996: Factors affecting the summer carbon dioxide budget of sub-Arctic wetland tundra. Climate Research, 6, 203-213.
Busby, J.R., 1988: Potential impacts of climate change on Australia's flora and fauna. In: Greenhouse: Planning for Climate Change [Pearman, G.I. (ed.)]. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, FL, USA, pp. 387-398.
Cahoon, D.R., B.J. Stocks, J.S. Levine, W.R. Cofer, and J.M. Pierson, 1994: Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern China and southeastern Siberia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(D9), 18627-18638.
Calef, G.W., 1973: Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora. Ecology, 54, 741-758.
Callaghan, T.V. and S. Jonasson, 1995: Implications for changes in Arctic plant biodiversity from environmental manipulation experiments. In: Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes, and Ecosystem Consequences [Chapin, F.S. III and C. Körner (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 151-166.
Campbell, B.M., M. Luckert, and I. Scoones, 1997: Local-level valuation of savanna resources: a case study from zimbabwe. Economic Botany, 51(1), 59-77.
Campbell, I.D. and J.H. McAndrews, 1993: Forest disequilibrium caused by rapid Little Ice Age Cooling. Nature, 366, 336-338.
Campbell, I.D. and M.D. Flannigan, 2000: Long-term perspectives on fire-climate-vegetation relationships in the North American boreal forest. In: Boreal Forests [Stocks, B.J. and E. Kasischke (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1-29.
Campeau, S. and L. Rochefort, 1996: Sphagnum regeneration on bare peat surfaces: field and greenhouse experiments. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 599-608.
Canadell, J.G., L.F. Pitelka, and J.S.I. Ingram, 1996: The effects of elevated CO₂ on plant-soil carbon below-ground: a summary and synthesis. Plant and Soil, 187, 391-400.
Cannell, M.G.R. and R.C. Dewar, 1995: The carbon sink provided by plantation forests and their products in Britain. Forestry, 68, 35-48.
Candau, J.-N., R.A. Fleming, and A.A. Hopkin, 1998: Spatio-temporal patterns of large-scale defoliation caused by the spruce budworm in Ontario since 1941. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28, 1-9.
Canziani, O.F. and S. Diaz, 1998: Latin America. In: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Special Report of IPCC Working Group II [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 187-230.
Cao, M., S. Marshal, and K. Gregson, 1996: Global carbon exchange and methane emissions from natural wetlands: application of a process-based model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 14399-14414.
Cardon, Z.G., 1996: Influence of rhizodeposition under elevated CO₂ on plant nutrition and soil organic matter. Plant and Soil, 187, 277-288.
Carroll, A.L., J. Hudak, J.P. Meades, J.M. Power, T. Gillis, P.J. McNamee, C.H.R. Wedeles, and G.D. Sutherland, 1995: EHLDSS—a decision support system for management of the eastern hemlock looper. In: Proceedings of Decision Support 2001 [Power, J.M. and T.C. Daniel (eds.)]. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp. 807-824.
Carroll, P. and P.M. Crill, 1997: Carbon balance of a temperate poor fen. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11, 349-356.
Carter, T., 1998: Changes in the thermal growing season in Nordic countries during the past century and prospects for the future. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 7, 161-179.
Carter, T.R. and R.A. Saarikko, 1996: Estimating regional crop potential in Finland under a changing climate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 79, 301-313.
Casella, E. and J.F. Soussana, 1997: Long-term effects of CO₂ enrichment and temperature increase on the carbon balance of a temperate grass sward. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48, 1309-1321.
Casella, E., J.F. Soussana, and P. Loiseau, 1996: Long term effects of CO₂ enrichment and temperature increase on a temperate grass sward, I: productivity and water use. Plant and Soil, 182, 83-99.
Casselman, J., 2000: Quantitative fish community changes after establishment of exotic species—impact of bass introductions. In: Abstracts, American Fisheries Society 130th Annual Meeting, August 20-24, 2000, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Caughley, G., G.C. Grigg, and L. Smith, 1985: The effect of drought on kangaroo populations. Journal of Wildlife Management, 49, 679-685.
Cecil, C.B., F.T. Dulong, J.C. Cobb, and X.X. Supardi, 1993: Allogenic and autogenic controls on sedimentation in the Central Sumatra Basin as an analogue for Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the Appalachian Basin. In: Modern and Ancient Coal-Forming Environments [Cobb, J.C. and C.B. Cecil (eds.)]. Special Paper 286, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA, pp. 3-22.
Cerezke, H.F. and W.J.A. Volney, 1995: Forest insect pests in the northwest region. In: Forest Insect Pests in Canada [Armstrong, J.A. and W.G.H. Ives (eds.)]. Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp. 59-72.
Chambers, P.A., G.J. Scrimgeour, and A. Pietroniro, 1997: Winter oxygen conditions in ice-covered rivers: the impact of pulp mill and municipal effluents. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54, 2796-2806.
Chameides, W.L., P.S. Kasibhatla, J. Yienger, and H. Levy II, 1994: Growth of continental-scale metro-agro-plexes, regional ozone pollution, and world food production. Science, 264, 74-77.
Chapin, F.S. III and A.M. Starfield, 1997: Time lags and novel ecosystems in response to transient climatic change in Arctic Alaska. Climatic Change, 35, 449-461.
Chapin, F.S. III, G.R. Shaver, A.E. Giblin, K.G. Nadelhoffer, and J.A. Laundre, 1995: Responses of Arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology, 76, 694-711.
Chapin, F.S. III, W. Eugster, J.P. McFadden, A.H. Lynch, and D.A. Walker, 2000: Summer differences among Arctic ecosystems in regional climate forcing. Journal of Climate, 13, 2002-2010.
Chapin, F.S. III, S.A. Zimov, G.R. Shaver, and S.E. Hobbie, 1996: CO₂ fluctuation at high latitudes. Nature, 383, 585-586.
Chapman, A.L., J.D. Sturtz, A.L. Cogle, W.S. Mollah, and R.J. Bateman, 1996: Farming systems in the Australian semi-arid tropics: a recent history. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36, 915-928.
Chapman, W.L. and J.E. Walsh, 1993: Recent variations of sea ice and air temperature in high latitudes. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 74, 33-47.
Chen, H. and H. Libai, 1997: Investigating about varieties filtering in winter wheat northward shifting. Journal of Chenyang Agricultural University, 28, 175-179.
Chen, D.X., H.W. Hunt, and J.A. Morgan, 1996: Responses of a C₃ and C₄ perennial grass to CO₂ enrichment and climate change: comparison between model predictions and experimental data. Ecological Modelling, 87, 11-27.
Chen, J.M., W.J. Chen, J. Liu, J. Cihlar, and S. Gray, 2001: Annual carbon balance of Canada's forest during 1895-1996. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, (in press).
Chen, R.S. and R.W. Kates, 1996: Towards a food secure world: prospect and trends. In: Climate Change and World Food Security [Downing T.E. (ed)]. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 23-51.
Chiotti, Q., 1998: An assessment of the regional impacts and opportunities from climate change in Canada. Canadian Geographer, 42, 380-393.
Christensen, T.R. and P. Cox, 1995: Response of methane emission from Arctic tundra to climatic change: results from a model simulation. Tellus, 47B, 301-309.
Christensen, T.R., I.C. Prentice, J. Kaplan, A. Haxeltine, and S. Sitch, 1996: Methane flux from northern wetlands and tundra: an ecosystem source modelling approach. Tellus, 48B, 652-661.
Churkina, G., S.W. Running and A.L. Schloss, 1999: Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): the importance of water availability. Global Change Biology, 5(Suppl. 1), 46-55.
Ciais, P., P.P. Tans, M. Trolier, J.W.C. White, and R.J. Francey, 1995: A large northern hemisphere terrestrial CO₂ sink indicated by the ¹³C/¹²C ratio of atmospheric CO₂. Nature, 269, 1098-1102.
Clark, J.S., P.D. Royall, and C. Churmbley, 1996: The role of fire during cliamte change in an eastern deciduous forest at Devils's Bathtub, New York. Ecology, 77, 2148-2166.
Clark, D.A. and D.B. Clark, 1999: Assessing the growth of tropical rain forest trees: issues for forest modeling and management. Ecological Applications, 9, 981-997.
Clymo, R.S., 1984: The limits to peat bog growth. Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 303, 605-654.
Clymo, R.S., J. Turunen, and K. Tolonen, 1998: Carbon accumulation in peatland. Oikos, 81, 368-388.
Coakley, S.M., H. Scherm, and S. Chakraborty, 1999: Climate change and plant disease management. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 37, 399-426.
Cochrane, M.A., A. Alencar, M.D. Schulze, C.M. Souza, D.C. Nepstad, P. Lefebvre, and E.A. Davidson, 1999: Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. Science, 284, 1832-1835.
Coffin, D.P. and W.K. Lauenroth, 1996: Transient responses of North American grasslands to changes in climate. Climatic Change, 34, 269-278.
Colborn, T., D. Dumanoski, J.P. Myers and A. Gore Jr. 1997: Our Stolen Future. Penguin Books, New York, NY, USA, 336 pp.
Cole, G.A., 1994: Textbook of Limnology. Waveland Press Inc., Prospect Heights, IL, USA, 4th. ed., 412 pp.
Cole, J.J., N.F. Caraco, G.W. Kling, and T.K. Kratz, 1994: Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes. Science, 265, 1568-1570.
Colinvaux, P.A., P.E. De Oliveira, and M.B. Bush, 2000: Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: the failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 141-169.
Colinvaux, P.A., M.B. Bush, M. Steinitzkannan, and M.C. Miller, 1997: Glacial and postglacial pollen records from the Ecuadorian Andes and Amazon. Quaternary Research, 48, 69-78.
Collins, J.P., 1979: Intrapopulation variation in the body size at metamorphosis of and timing of metamorphosis in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Ecology, 60, 738-749.
Colombo, S.J., 1998: Climatic warming and its effect on bud burst and risk of frost damage to white spruce in Canada. Forestry Chronicle, 74, 567-577.
Comins, H.N. and R.E. McMurtrie, 1993: Long term response of nutrient limited forests to CO₂ enrichment: equilibrium behaviour of plant-soil models. Ecological Applications, 3, 666-681.
Conroy, J.P., S. Seneweera, A.S. Basra, G. Rogers, and B. Nissenwooller, 1994: Influence of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and temperature on growth, yield and grain quality of cereal crops. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 21, 741-758.
Cook, A.C., W.C. Oechel, J.S. Amthor, S.E. Trumbore, and J.R. Southon, 1999: Effects of long-term elevated CO₂ on ecosystem carbon accumulation. EOS, 80(17), S128.
Coope, G.R., 1995: The effects of quaternary climate change on insect populations: lessons from the past. In: Insects in a Changing Environment [Harrington, R. and N.E. Stork (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 30-39.
Costanza, R., R. d'Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R. V. O'Neill, J. Paruelo, R. G. Raskin, P. Sutton, and M. van den Belt, 1997: The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253-60.
Coughenour, M.B. and D.X. Chen, 1997: Assessment of grassland ecosystem responses to atmospheric change using plant-soil process models. Ecological Applications, 7, 802-827.
Coughenour, M.B. and J.E. Ellis, 1993: Landscape and climatic control of woody vegetation in a dry tropical ecosystem—Turkana District, Kenya. Journal of Biogeography, 20(4), 383-398.
Couteaux, M.M., K.B. McTiernan, B. Berg, D. Szuberla, P. Dardenne, and P. Bottner, 1998: Chemical composition and carbon mineralisation potential of Scots pine needles at different stages of decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 583-595.
Coviella, C.E. and J.T. Trumble, 1999: Elevated atmospheric CO₂ will alter the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis. In: Proceedings of the Ecological Society of America Poster Session, Snowbird, Utah, 2-4th August 2000. Ecological Society of America, USA, 428pp.
Cox, P.A., T. Elmquist, E.D. Pierson, and W.D. Rainey, 1991: Flying foxes as strong interactors in South Pacific Island ecosystems: a conservation hypothesis. Conservation Biology, 5, 448-454.
Cramer, W. and W. Steffen. 1997: Forecast changes in the global environment: What they mean in terms of ecosystem responses on different time-scales. Pages 415-426 in B. Huntley, W. Cramer, A. V. Morgan, H. C. Prentice, and J. R. M. Allen, editors. Past and future rapid environmental changes: The spatial and evolutionary responses of terrestrial biota. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Cramer, W., H.H. Shugart, I.R. Noble, F.I. Woodward, H. Bugmann, A. Bondeau, J.A. Foley, R.H. Gardner, W.K. Laurenroth, L.F Pitelka, and R.W. Sutherst, 1999: Ecosystem composition and structure. In: The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change: Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems [Walker, B., W. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. Ingram (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 190-228.
Cramer, W., A. Bondeau, F.I. Woodward, I.C. Prentice, R.A. Betts, V. Brovkin, P.M. Cox, V. Fisher, J. Foley, A.D. Friend, C. Kucharik, M.R. Lomas, N. Ramankutty, S. Sitch, B. Smith, A. White, and C. Young-Molling, 2001: Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO₂ and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology, (in press).
Crawford, H.S. and D.T. Jennings, 1989: Predation by birds on spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana: functional, numerical and total responses. Ecology, 70, 152-163.
Crawford, R.M.M., 1983: Root survival in flooded soils. In: Ecosystems of the World, 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. General Studies [Gore, A.J.P. (ed.)]. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Oxford, United Kingdom; and New York, NY, USA, pp. 257-283.
Crick, H.Q.P. and T.H. Sparks, 1999: Climate change related to egg-laying trends. Nature, 399, 423-424.
Crick, H.Q., C. Dudley, D.E. Glue, and D.L. Thomson, 1997: UK birds are laying eggs earlier. Nature, 388, 526.
Crill, P.M., K.B. Bartlett, R.C. Harriss, E. Gorham, E.S. Verry, D.I. Sebacher, R. Madzar, and W. Sanner, 1988: Methane fluxes from Minnesota peatlands. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2, 371-384.
Crosson, P., D. Pimentel, and C. Harvey, 1995: Soil erosion estimates and costs. Science, 269, 461-465.
Cruciani, R.A., J.L. Barker, S.R. Durell, G. Raghunathan, H.R. Guy, M. Zasloff, and E.F. Stanley, 1992: Magainin 2: a natural antibiotic from frog skin forms ion channels in lipid bilayer membranes. European Journal of Pharmacology-Molecular Pharmacology Section, 8, 287-296.
Cuculeanu, V., A. Marica, and C. Simota, 1999: Climate change impact on agricultural crops and adaptation options in Romania. Climate Research, 12, 153-160.
Cumming, S.G. and P.J. Burton, 1996: Phenology-mediated effects of climatic change on some simulated British Columbia forests. Climatic Change, 34(2), 213-222.
Cunjak, R.A., T.D. Prowse, and D.L. Parrish, 1998: Atlantic salmon in winter: "the season of parr discontent." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55(1), 161-180.
Cunningham, D.M. and P.J. Moors, 1994: The decline of Rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) at Campbell Island, Southern Ocean and the influence of rising sea temperatures. Emu, 94, 27-36.
Curtis, P.S., 1996: A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide. Plant, Cell and Environment, 19, 127-137.
Cushing, C.E. (ed.), 1997: Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America: A Regional Assessment. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, 262 pp.
Dabbagh, A.E. and W.A. Abdelrahman, 1997: Management of groundwater resources under various irrigation water use scenarios in Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 22(1C), 47-64.
Dahl, T.E. and S.C. Zoltai, 1997: Forested northern wetlands of North America. In: Northern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management [Trettin, C.C., M.F. Jurgensen, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum (eds.)]. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA; New York, NY, USA; London, United Kingdom; and Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3-17.
Daily, G. (ed.), 1997: Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 392 pp.
Daily, G.C., P.A. Matson, and P.M. Vitousek, 1997: Ecosystem services supplied by soils. In: Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [Daily, G. (ed.)]. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 113-132.
Darwin, R., 1999: A farmer's view of the Ricardian approach to measuring agricultural effects of climatic change. Climatic Change, 41, 371-411.
Darwin, R. and D. Kennedy, 2000: Economic effects of CO₂ fertilization of crops: transforming changes in yield into changes in supply. Environmental Modeling and Assessment. 5(3), 157-168.
Darwin, R.F., M. Tsigas, J. Lewandrowski, and A. Raneses, 1995: World Agriculture and Climate Change: Economic Adaptations. Agricultural Economic Report Number 703, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, USA, 86 pp.
Davis, M.B., 1990: Climate change and the survival of forest species. In: The Earth in Transition: Patterns and Processes of Biotic Impoverishment [Woodwell, G.M. (ed.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 544 pp.
Davis, M.B., 1981: Quaternary history and the stability of forests. In: Forest Succession: Concepts and Application [West, D.C., H.H. Shugart, and D.B. Botkin (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, pp. 132-153.
Davis, M.B. and D.B. Botkin, 1985: Sensitivity of cool-temperate forests and their fossil pollen record to rapid temperature change. Quaternary Research, 23, 327-340.
de Groot, R.S., 1992: Functions of Nature: Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planning, Management, and Decision Making. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, The Netherlands.
de Groot, R.S. and P. Ketner, 1994: Senstivity of NW European species and ecosystems to climate change and some implications for nature conservation and management. In: Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems and Species: Implications for Protected Areas [Pernetta, J., R. Leemans, D. Elder, and S. Humphrey (eds.)]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Gland, Switzerland, pp. 29-53.
de la Mare, W.K., 1997: Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature, 389, 57-60.
De Jong, P.W. and P.M. Brakefield, 1998: Climate and change in clines for melanism in the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 39-43.
DeLucia, E.H., J.G. Hamilton, S.L. Naidu, R.B. Thomas, J.A. Andrews, A. Finzi, M. Lavine, R. Matamala, J.E. Mohan, G.R. Hendrey, and W.H. Schlesinger, 1999: Net primary production of a forest ecosystem with experimental CO₂ enrichment. Science, 284, 1177-1179.
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 1998: 1995 Survey Highlights: Survey of Recreational Fishing in Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada.
Dettmers, J.M. and R.A. Stein, 1996: Quantifying linkages among gizzard shad, zooplankton, and phytoplankton in reservoirs. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 125, 27-41.
Devito, K.J., A.R. Hill, and N.T. Roulet, 1996: Groundwater-surface water interactions in headwater forested wetlands of the Canadian Shield. Journal of Hydrology, 181, 127-147.
Dexter, E.M., A.D. Chapman, and J.R. Busby, 1995: The Impact of Global Warming on the Distribution of Threatened Vertebrates. Environment Australia, Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australia. Available online at http://www.environment.gov.au/life/end_vuln/animals/climate/climate_change/ccch5.html
Dhakhwa, G.B. and C.L. Campbell, 1998: Potential effects of differential day-night warming in global climate change on crop production. Climatic Change, 40, 647-667.
Dhakhwa, G.B., C.L. Campbell, S.K. LeDuc, and E.J. Cooter, 1997: Maize growth: assessing the effects of global warming and CO₂ fertilization with crop models. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 87, 251-270.
Dhillion, S.S., J. Roy, and M. Abrams, 1996: Assessing the impact of elevated CO₂ on soil microbial activity in a Mediterranean model ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 187, 333-342.
Diaz, H.F. and R. Bradley, 1997: Temperature variations during the last century at high elevation sites. Climatic Change, 36, 253-279.
Diemont, W.H., G.J. Nabuurs, J.O. Rieley, and H.D. Rijksen, 1997: Climate change and management of tropical peatlands as a carbon reservoir. In: Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands [Rieley, J.O. and S.E. Page (eds.)]. Samara Publishing, Cardigan, Wales, United Kingdom, pp. 363-368.
Dillon, P.J., L.A. Mollot, and M. Futter, 2001: The effect of El Niño-related drought on the recovery of acidified lakes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, (in press).
Dixon, R.K., J.K. Winjum, K.J. Andrasko, J.J. Lee, and P.E. Schroeder, 1994a: Integrated land-use systems: assessment of promising agroforest and alternative land-use practices to enhance carbon conservation and sequestration. Climatic Change, 27(1), 71-92.
Dixon, R.K., S. Brown, R.A. Houghton, A.M. Solomon, M.C. Trexler, and J. Wisniewski, 1994b: Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science, 263, 185-190.
Doering, O.C., M. Habeck, J. Lowenberg-DeBoer, J.C. Randolph, J.J. Johnston, B.Z. Littlefield, M.A. Mazzocco, and R. Pfeifer, 1997: Mitigation strategies and unforseen consequences: a systematic assessment of the adaptation of upper midwest agriculture to future climate change. World Resources Review, 9, 447-459.
Domisch, T., L. Finér, M. Karsisto, R. Laiho, and J. Laine, 1998: Relocation of carbon from decaying litter in drained peat soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 1529-1536.
Domoto, A., K. Iwatsuki, T. Kawamichi, and J. McNeely (eds.), 2000: A Threat to Life: The Impact of Climate Change on Japan's Biodiversity. Tsukiji-Shokan Publishing Co. Ltd., Japan and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Döös, B.R. and R. Shaw, 1999: Can we predict the future food production? A sensitivity analysis. Global Environmental Change, 9, 261-283.
Downing, T.E., M.J. Watts, and H.G. Bhole, 1996a: Climate change and food insecurity: towards a sociology and geography of vulnerability. In: Climate Change and World Food Security [Downing, T.E. (ed.)]. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Scientific Affairs Division, Springer-Verlag, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 182-206.
Downing, T.E., A.A. Olsthoorn, and R.S.J. Tol (eds.), 1996b: Climate Change and Extreme Events: Altered Risk, Socio-Economic Impacts and Policy Responses. Environmental Change Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom and Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 309 pp.
Dradjad, M., S. Soekodarmodjo, M.S. Hidyat, and M. Nitisapto, 1986: Subsidence of peat soils in the tidal swamp lands of Barambai, South Kalimantan. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Lowland Development in Indonesia. Research Papers, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Drake, B.G., M.A. Gonzales-Meler, and S.P. Long, 1997: More efficient plants: a consequence of rising atmospheric CO₂? Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 48, 607-637.
Drake, B.G., G. Peresta, E. Beugeling, and R. Matamala, 1996: Long-term elevated CO₂ exposure in a Chesapeake Bay wetland: ecosystem gas exchange, primary production, and tissue nitrogen. In: Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems [Koch, G.W. and H.A. Mooney (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 197-214.
Dregne, H.E., 1995: Desertification control: a framework for action. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 37(1-3), 111-122.
Duellman, W.E., 1999: Global distribution of amphibians: patterns, conservation, and future challenges. In: Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: A Global Perspective [Duellman, W.E. (ed.)]. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA, pp. 1-30.
Dugas, W.A., M.L. Heuer, D. Hunsaker, B.A. Kimball, K.F. Lewin, J. Nagy, and M. Johnson, 1994: Sap flow measurements of transpiration from cotton grown under ambient and enriched CO₂ concentrations. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 70, 231-245.
Dukes, J.S. and H.A. Mooney, 1999: Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14, 135-139.
Dunn, P.O. and D.W. Winkler, 1999: Climate change has affected the breeding date of tree swallow throughout North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 266, 2487-2490.
Dyurgerov, M.B. and M.F. Meier, 1997: Year-to-year fluctuation of global mass balance of small glaciers and their contributions to sea level changes. Arctic and Alpine Research, 29, 392-402.
Easterling, D.R., B. Horton, P.D. Jones, T.C. Peterson, T.R. Karl, D.E. Parker, M.J. Salinger, V. Razuvayev, N. Plummer, P. Jamason, and C.K. Folland, 1997: Maximum and minimum trend for the globe. Science, 277, 364-367.
Easterling, W.E. III, 1996: Adapting North American agriculture to climate change in review. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 80, 1-53.
Easterling, W.E., A. Weiss, C.J. Hays, and L.O. Mearns, 1998: Spatial scales of information for simulating wheat and maize productivity: the case of the U.S. great plains. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 90, 51-63.
Easterling, W.E., X. Chen, C.J. Hays, J.R. Brandle, and H. Zhang, 1996: Improving the validation of model-simulated crop yield response to climate change: an application to the EPIC model. Climate Research, 6, 263-273.
Edwards, S.F., 1991: The demand for Galapagos vacations: estimation and application to wilderness preservation. Coastal Management, 19, 155-199.
Eeley, H.A.C., M.J. Lawes, and S.E. Piper, 1999: The influence of climate change on the distribution of indigenous forest in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 595-617.
Ehleringer, J.R., T.E. Cerling, and B.R. Helliker, 1997: C4 photosynthesis, atmospheric CO₂ and climate (review). Oecologia, 112(3), 285-299.
Eliot, I., P. Waterman, and C.M. Finlayson, 1999: Predicted climate change, sea level rise and wetland management in the Australian wet-dry tropics. Wetlands Ecology and Management.
Ellis, W.N., J.H. Donner, and J.H. Kuchlein, 1997: Recent shifts in phenology of microlepidoptera, related to climatic change (Lepidoptera). Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam), 57, 66-72.
Emslie, S.D., W. Fraser, R.C. Smith, and W. Walker, 1998: Abandoned penguin colonies and environmental change in the Palmer Station area, Anvers Island, Anatarctic Peninsula. Antarctic Science, 10, 257-268.
Englin, J., P. Boxall, K. Chakraborty, and D. Watson, 1996: Valuing the impacts of forest fires on backcountry forest recreation. Forest Science 42, 450-455.
Epstein, H.E., W.K. Lauenroth, I.C. Burke, and D.P. Coffin, 1998: Regional productivities of plant species in the great plains of the United States. Plant Ecology, 134, 173-195.
Eugster, W., W.R. Rouse, R.A. Pielke, J.P. McFadden, D.D. Baldocchi, T.G.F. Kittel, F.S. Chapin III, G.E. Liston, P.L. Vidale, E. Vaganov, and S. Chambers, 2000: Land-atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: available data and feedbacks to climate. Global Change Biology, 6(1), 84-115.
Everett, J.T., A. Krovnin, D. Lluch-Belda, E. Okemwa, H.A. Regier, and J.-P. Troadec, 1996: Fisheries. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 511-537.
Ewel, K.C., 1997: Water quality improvement by wetlands. In: Natures Services, Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [Daily, G.C. (ed.)]. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 329-344.
Ewel, K., R. Twilley, and J. Ong, 1998: Different kinds of mangrove forests different kinds of goods and services. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 7(1), 83-94.
Fahrig, L. and G. Merriam, 1994: Conservation of fragmented populations. Conservation Biology, 8, 50-59.
Fan, S., M. Gloor, J. Mahlman, S. Pacala, J. Sarmiento, T. Takahashi, and P. Tans, 1998: A large terrestrial carbon sink in North America implied by atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide data and models. Science, 282, 442-446.
Fang, X. and H.G. Stefan, 1998: Projections of climate change effects on ice covers of small lakes in the contiguous U.S. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 27, 119-140.
Fang, X. and H.G. Stefan, 1997: Simulated climate change effects on dissolved oxygen characteristics in ice-covered lakes. Ecological Modelling, 103, 209-229.
Fang, X., S.R. Alam, and H.G. Stefan, 1998: Continental-Scale Projections of Potential Climate Change Effects on Small Lakes in the Contiguous U.S., Vol. 3: Effects of Climate Conditions on Fish Habitat. Project 421, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 37 pp.
FAO, 1999a: The State of Food Security in the World, 1999. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 32 pp.
FAO, 1999b: The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 1998. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 125 pp.
FAO, 1999c: Review of the State of the World Fisheries Resources: Inland Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Circular No. 942, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 59 pp.
FAO, 1998: FAO Yearbook of Forestry Products, 1996. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 1997a: State of the World's Forests, 1997. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 1997b: FAO Provisional Outlook for Global Forest Products Consumption, Production, and Trade to 2010. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 54-57.
FAO, 1996: Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Survey of Tropical Forest Cover and Study of Change Processes. FAO Forestry Paper 130, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
FAO, 1992: Co-ordinating Working Party on Atlantic Fishery Statistics: Recreational Fisheries. CWP-15/10, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 6 pp.
FAO, 1988: International Introductions of Inland Aquatic Species. Technical Paper 294, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy, 318 pp.
Fearnside, P.M., 1997: Greenhouse-gas emissions from Amazonian hydroelectric reservoirs: the example of Brazil's Tucurui Dam as compared to fossil fuel alternatives. Environmental Conservation, 24(1), 64-75.
Fearnside, P.M., 1995: Hydrolectric dams in the Brazilian Amazon as sources of ‘greenhouse' gases. Environmental Conservation, 22, 7-19.
Feehan, J. and G. O'Donovan, 1996: The Bogs of Ireland. An Introduction to the Natural, Cultural and Industrial Heritage of Irish Peatlands. The Environmental Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Ferguson, M.A.D., 1999: Arctic tundra caribou and climatic change: questions of temporal and spatial scales. Geoscience Canada, 23, 245-252.
Ferland, C. and L. Rochefort, 1997: Restoration techniques for Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75, 1110-1118.
Fielding, C.A., J.B. Whittaker, J.E.L. Butterfield, and J.C. Coulson, 1999: Predicting responses to climate change: the effect of altitude and latitude on the phenology of the Spittlebug Neophilaenus lineatus. Functional Ecology, 13, 65-73.
Filip, G.M., 1977: An Armillaria epiphytotic on the Winema National Forest, Oregon. Plant Disease Reporter, 61, 708-711.
Finér, L. and J. Laine, 1998: Fine root dynamics at drained peatland sites of different fertility in southern Finland. Plant and Soil, 201, 27-36.
Finlayson, C.M. and N.C. Davidson, 1999: Global review of wetland resources and priorities for wetland inventory: project description and methodology. In: Global Review of Wetland Resources and Priorities for Wetland Inventory [Finlayson, C.M. and A.G. Spiers (eds.)]. Supervising Scientist Report No. 144, Supervising Scientist, Canberra, Australia, pp. 15-64.
Finlayson, C.M. and A.G. van der Valk, 1995: Wetland classification and inventory: a summary. In: Classification and Inventory of the World's Wetlands. Advances in Vegetation Science 16 [Finlayson, C.M. and A.G. van der Valk (eds.)]. J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 185-192.
Finlayson, C.M. and C.D. Woodroffe, 1996: Wetland vegetation. In: Landscape and Vegetation Ecology of the Kakadu Region, Northern Australia. Geobotany 23 [Finlayson, C.M. and I. von Eortzen (eds.)]. J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 81-112.
Finlayson, C.M., B.J. Bailey, W.J. Freeland, and M. Fleming, 1988: Wetlands of the Northern Territory. In: The Conservation of Australian Wetlands [McComb, A.J. and P.S. Lake (eds.)]. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney, Australia, pp. 103-116.
Fiscus, E.L., C.D. Reid, J.E. Miller, and A.S. Heagle, 1997: Elevated CO₂ reduces O₃ flux and O₃-induced yield losses in soybeans: possible implications for elevated CO₂ studies. Journal of Experimental Botany, 48, 307-313.
Flannigan, M.D. and Y. Bergeron, 1998: Possible role of disturbance in shaping the northern distribution of Pinus resinosa. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 477-482.
Flannigan, M.D., Y. Bergeron, O. Engelmar, and B.M. Wotton, 1998: Future wildfire in circimboreal forests in relation to global warming. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9, 469-476.
Fleming, R.A., 1996: A mechanistic perspective of possible influences of climate change on defoliating insects in North America's boreal forests. Silva Fennica, 30, 281-294.
Fleming, R.A. and J.-N. Candau, 1998: Influences of climate change on some ecological processes of an insect outbreak system in Canada's boreal forests and the implications for biodiversity. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 49, 235-249.
Fleming, R.A. and G.M. Tatchell, 1995: Shifts in the flight periods of British aphids: a response to climate warming? In: Insects in a Changing Environment [Harrington, R. and N.E. Stork (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 505-508.
Fleming, R.A. and W.J.A. Volney, 1995: Effects of climate change on insect defoliator population processes in Canada's boreal forest: some plausible scenarios. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 82, 445-454.
Foley, J.A., S. Levis, I.C. Prentice, D. Pollard, and S.L. Thompson, 1998: Coupling dynamic models of climate and vegetation. Global Change Biology, 4, 561-579.
Folgarait, P.J., 1998: Ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning: a review. Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 1221-1244.
Forchhammer, M.C., E. Post, and N.C. Stenseth, 1998: Breeding phenology and climate. Nature, 391, 29-30.
Fowler, D., K.J. Hargreaves, J.A. Macdonald, and B. Gardiner, 1995: Methane and CO₂ exchange over peatland and the effects of afforestation. Forestry, 68, 327-334.
Franzen, L.G., 1994: Are wetlands the key to the ice-age cycle enigma? Ambio, 23, 300-308.
Fraser, W.R. and D.L. Patterson, 1997: Human disturbance and long-term changes in Adélie Penguin populations: a natural experiment at Palmer Station, Antarctica. In: Antarctic Communities: Species, Structure, Survival [Battaglia, B., J. Valencia, and D. Walton (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 445-452.
Fraser, W.R., W.Z. Trivelpiece, D.C. Ainley, and S.G. Trivelpiece, 1992: Increases in Antarctic penguin populations: reduced competition with whales or a loss of sea ice due to environmental warming? Polar Biology, 11, 525-531.
Frazer, N.B., J.L. Greene, and J.W. Gibbons, 1993: Temporal variation in growth rate and age at maturity of male painted turtles, Chrysemys picta. American Midland Naturalist, 130, 314-324.
Frenzel, P. and J. Rudolph, 1998: Methane emission from a wetland plant: the role of CH₄ oxidation in Eriophorum. Plant and Soil, 202, 27-32.
Friborg, T., T.R. Christensen, and H. Sogaard, 1997: Rapid response of greenhouse gas emission to early spring thaw in a sub-Arctic mire as shown by micrometeorological techniques. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 3061-3064.
Frolking, S.E., J.L. Bubier, T.R. Moore, T. Ball, L.M. Bellisario, A. Bhardwaj, P. Carroll, P.M. Crill, P.M. Lafleur, J.H. McCaughey, N.T. Roulet, A.E. Suyker, S.B. Verma, J.M. Waddington, and G.J. Whiting, 1998: Relationship between ecosystem productivity and photosynthetically active radiation for northern peatlands. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 115-126.
Fuller, D.O. and S.D. Prince, 1996: Rainfall and foliar dynamics in tropical southern Africa: potential impacts of global climatic change on savanna vegetation. Climatic Change, 33, 69-96.
Fung, I., 1997: A greener north. Nature, 386, 659-660.
Galbraith, H., R. Jones, R. Park, S. Herrod-Julius, J. Clough, G. Page, and B. Harrington, 2001: Potential impacts of sea level rise due to global climate change on migratory shorebird populations at coastal sites in the United States. Climate Change, (in press).
Gao, Q. and M. Yu, 1998: A model of regional vegetation dynamics and its application to the study of northeast China transect (NECT) responses to global change. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 329-344.
Gatter, W., 1992: Timing and patterns of visible autumn migration: can effects of global warming be detected? Journal Für Ornithologie, 133, 427-436.
Giardina, C.P. and M.G. Ryan, 2000: Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature. Nature, 404, 858-861.
Gifford, R.M., 1995: Whole plant respiration and photosynthesis of wheat under increased CO₂ concentration and temperature long-term vs. short-term distinctions for modelling. Global Change Biology, 1, 385-396.
Gifford, R.M., 1994: The global carbon cycle: a viewpoint on the missing sink. Australian Journal Plant Physiology, 21, 1-15.
Gifford, R.M., 1992: Interaction of carbon dioxide with growth-limiting environmental factors in vegetation productivity: implications for the global carbon cycle. Advances in Bioclimatology, 1, 25-58.
Gignac, L.D., B.J. Nicholson, and S.E. Bayley, 1998: The utilization of bryophytes in bioclimatic modeling: predicted northward migration of peatlands in the MackenzieRiver Basin, Canada, as a result of global warming. Bryologist, 101, 572-587.
Gignac, L.D., D.H. Vitt, S.C. Zoltai, and S.E. Bayley, 1991: Bryophyte response surface along climatic, chemical, and physical gradients in peatlands of western Canada. Nova Hedwigia, 53, 27-71.
Gill, R.A. and I.C. Burke, 1999: Ecosystem consequences of plant life form changes at threesites in the semiarid United States. Oecologia, 121(4), 551-563.
Gindl, W., M. Grabner and R. Wimmer, 2000: The influence of temperature on latewood lignin content in treeline Norway spruce compared with maximum density ring width. Trees- Structure and Function, 14, 409-414.
Gitay, H. and I.R. Noble, 1998: Middle East and arid Asia. In: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Special Report of IPCC Working Group II [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 231-252.
Glantz, M.H. and J.H. Ausubel, 1988: Impact assessment by analogy: comparing the Ogallala aquifer depletion and CO₂-induced climate change. In: Social Response to Regional Climate Change [Glantz, M.H. (ed.)]. A Westview Special Study, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, pp. 113-142.
Glaser, P.H., P.C. Jansen, and D.I. Siegel, 1996: The response of vegetation to chemical and hydrologic gradients in the Lost River peatland, northern Minnesota. Journal of Ecology, 78, 1021-1048.
Glenn, S., A. Heyes, and T.R. Moore, 1993: Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from drained peatland soils, southern Quebec. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 247-258.
Goldammer, J.G. and C. Price, 1998: Potential impacts of climate change on fire regimes in the tropics based on MAGICC and a GISS GCM-derived lightning model. Climatic Change, 39, 273-296.
Goodfriend, G.A. and R.M. Mitterer, 1988: Late quaternary land snails from the north coast of Jamaica: local extinctions and climatic change. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 63, 293-312.
Gordon, G., A.S. Brown, and T. Pulsford, 1988: A koala (Phascolartos cinereus Goldfuss) population crash during drought and heatwave conditions in south-western Queensland. Australian Journal of Ecology, 13, 451-461.
Gorham, E., 1991: Northern peatlands: role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications, 1, 182-195.
Gorham, E., 1994a: The future of research in Canadian peatlands: a brief survey with particular reference to global change. Wetlands, 14, 206-215.
Gorham, E., 1994b: The biogeochemistry of northern peatlands and its possible responses to global warming. In: Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? [Woodwell, G.M. and F.T. Mackenzie (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 169-187.
Gorham, E. and J.A. Janssens, 1992: The paleorecord of geochemistry and hydrology in northern peatlands and its relation to global change. Suo, 43, 117-126.
Goudriaan, J., S.C. van de Geijn, and J.S.I. Ingram, 1994: GCTE Focus 3 Wheat Modelling and Experimental Data Comparison. Workshop Report, Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Focus 3 Office, Oxford, United Kingdom, 16 pp.
Goulden, M.L., S.C. Wofsy, J.W. Harden, S.E. Trumbore, P.M. Crill, S.T. Gower, T. Fries, B.C. Daube, S.M. Fan , D.J. Sutton, A. Bazza and J.W. Munger, 1998: Sensitivity of boreal forest carbon balance to soil thaw. Science, 279, 214-216.
Goulder, L.H. and D. Kennedy, 1997: Valuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods. In: Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [Daily, G. (ed.)]. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 23-48.
Grabherr, G., M. Gottfried, and H. Pauli, 1994: Climate effects on mountain plants. Nature, 369, 448.
Grace, J., J. Lloyd, J. McIntyre, A.C. Miranda, P. Meir, H. Miranda, C. Nobre, J.B. Moncrieff, J. Massheder, Y. Malhi, I.R. Wright, and J. Gash, 1995: Carbon dioxide uptake by an undisturbed tropical rain forest in south-west Amazonia, 1992-1993. Science, 270, 778-780.
Graf, B., A.P. Gutierrez, O. Rakotobe, P. Zahner, and Y. Delucchi, 1990: A simulation model for the dynamics of rice growth and development, II: the competition with weeds for nitrogen and light. Agricultural Systems, 32, 367-392.
Graham, R.W. and E.C. Grimm, 1990: Effects of global climate change on the patterns of terrestrial biological communities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 5, 289-292.
Granberg, G., 1998: Environmental Controls of Methane Emission from Boreal Mires. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, No. 146, Umeå, Sweden.
Granin, N.G., D.H. Jewson, A.A. Zhdanov, L.A. Levin, A.I. Averin, R.Y. Gnatovsky, L.A. Tcekhanovsky, and N.P. Minko, 2001: Physical processes and mixing of algal cells under the ice of Lake Baikal. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fuer Limnologie, (in press).
Greening, H.S. and J. Gerritsen, 1987: Changes in macrophyte community structure following drought in the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia, USA. Aquatic Botany, 28, 113-128.
Gregory, P., J. Ingram, B. Campbell, J. Goudriaan, T. Hunt, J. Landsberg, S. Linder, M. Stafford-Smith, B. Sutherst, and C. Valentin, 1999: Managed production systems. In: The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change. Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems. Synthesis Volume [Walker, B., W. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. Ingram (eds.)]. International Geosphere-Biosphere Program Book Series 4, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 229-270.
Grulke, NE., C.P. Andersen, M.E. Fen, and P.R. Miller, 1998: Ozone exposure and nitrogen deposition lowers root biomass of ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Environmental Pollution, 103, 63-73.
Gunn, A., 1995: Responses of Arctic ungulates to climate change. In: Human Ecology and Climate Change—People and Resources in the Far North [Peterson, D.L. and D.R. Johnson (eds.)]. Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 89-104.
Gunn, A. and T. Skogland, 1997: Responses of caribou and reindeer to global warming. Ecological Studies, 124, 189-200.
Gutzke, W.H.N. and D. Crews, 1988: Embryonic temperature determines adult sexuality in a reptile. Nature, 332, 832-834.
Haack, R.A. and J.W. Byler, 1993: Insects and pathogens - regulators of forest ecosystems. Journal of Forestry, 91 (9), 32-37.
Haapala, J. and M. Leppäranta, 1997: The Baltic Sea ice season in changing climate. Boreal Environment Research, 2(1), 93-108.
Hahn, G.L., 1999: Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science, 77(2), 10-20.
Hahn, G.L., 1995: Environmental influences on feed intake and performance, health and well-being of livestock. Japanese Journal of Livestock Management, 30, 113-127.
Hahn, G.L., 1981: Housing and management to reduce climatic impacts on livestock. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 175-186.
Hahn, G.L., 1976: Rational environmental planning for efficient livestock production. Biometeorology, 6(II), 106-114.
Hahn, G.L. and B.A. Becker, 1984: Assessing livestock stress. Agricultural Engineering, 65, 15-17.
Hahn, G.L. and T.L. Mader, 1997: Heat waves in relation to thermoregulation, feeding behavior, and mortality of feedlot cattle. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Livestock Environment Symposium, Minneapolis, MN, USA. pp. 563-571.
Hahn, G.L. and J.A. Morgan, 1999: Potential consequences of climate change on ruminant livestock production. In: Proceedings of Workshop on Global Change Impacts in the Great Plains, February 25, 1999, Omaha, NE, USA.
Hahn, G.L. and J. Morrow-Tesch, 1993: Improving livestock care and well-being. Agricultural Engineering, 74, 14-17.
Hahn, G.L., P.L. Klinedinst, and D.A. Wilhite, 1992: Climate Change Impacts on Livestock Production and Management. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI, USA, 16 pp.
Haight, R.G., W.D. Smith, and T.J. Straka, 1995: Hurricanes and the economics of Loblolly pine plantations. Forest Science, 41, 675-688.
Hall, A.E. and L.H. Allen Jr., 1993: Designing cultivars for the climatic conditions of the next century. In: International Crop Science I [Buxton, D.R., R. Shibles, R.A. Forsberg, B.L. Blad, K.H. Asay, G.M. Paulsen, and R.F. Wilson (eds.)]. Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI, USA, pp. 291-297.
Hall, D.O., D.S. Ojima, W.J. Parton, and J.M.O. Scurlock, 1995: Response of temperate and tropical grasslands to CO₂ and climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 537-547.
Hall, J.P. and B.H. Moody, 1994: Forest Depletions Caused by Insects and Diseases in Canada, 1982-1987. Information Report ST-X-8, Canadian Forest Service, Science and Sustainable Development Directorate, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 14 pp.
Hallgren, W.S. and A.J. Pitman, 2000: The uncertainty in simulations by a Global Biome Model (BIOME3) to alternative parameter values. Global Change Biology, 6, 483-495.
Halpin, P.N., 1997: Global climate change and natural-area protection: management responses and research directions. Ecological Applications, 7, 828-843.
Halsey, L., D.H. Vitt, and S.C. Zoltai, 1997: Climatic and physiographic controls on wetland type and distribution in Manitoba, Canada. Wetlands, 17, 243-262.
Halsey, L., D.H. Vitt, and S.C. Zoltai, 1995: Disequilibrium response of permafrost in boreal continental western Canada to climate change. Climatic Change, 30, 57-73.
Ham, J.M., C.E. Owensby, P.I. Coyne, and D.J. Bremer, 1995: Fluxes of CO₂ and water vapor from a prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated atmospheric CO₂. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 77, 73-93.
Hamburg, S.P. and C.V. Cogbill, 1988: Historical decline of red spruce population and climatic warming. Nature, 331, 428-431.
Hamilton, L.S., 1995: Mountain cloud forest conservation and research: a synopsis. Mountain Research and Development, 15, 259-266.
Happell, J.D and J.P. Chanton, 1993: Carbon remineralization in a north Florida swamp forest - effects of water level on the pathways and rates of soil organic matter decomposition. Global Biogeochemical Cycle,. 7(3), 475-490.
Hardy, Y., M. Mainville, and D.M. Schmitt, 1986: An Atlas of Spruce Budworm Defoliation in Eastern North America, 1938-1980. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1449, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Washington, DC, USA, 51 pp.
Harris, A.H., 1993: Wisconsinan pre-pleniglacial biotic change in southeastern New Mexico. Quaternary Research (Orlando), 40, 127-133.
Harris, W.F. and S.E. Frolking, 1992: The sensitivity of methane emissions from northern freshwater wetlands to global warming. In: Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems [Firth, P. and S. Fisher (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, pp. 48-67.
Hart, R.P., S.D. Bradshaw, and J.B. Iveson, 1985: Salmonella infections in a marsupial, the Quokka (Setonix brachyurus), in relation to seasonal changes in condition and environmental stress. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 49, 1276-1281.
Harwell, E.E., 2000: Remote sensibilities: discourses of technology and the making of Indonesia's natural disaster. Development and Change, 31(1), 307-340.
Hasenauer, H., R.R. Nemani, K. Schadauer, and S.W. Running, 1999: Forest growth response to changing climate between 1961 and 1990 in Austria. Forest Ecology and Management, 122, 209-219.
Hassal and Associates, 1998 Climate Change Scenarios and Managing the Scarce Water Resources of the Macquarie River. Report for the Department of the Environment, Sports, and Territories, Under the Climate Impacts and Adaptation Grants Program, Canberra, Australia, 113 PP.
Hauer, F.R., J.S. Baron, D.H. Campbell, K.D. Fausch, S.W. Hostetler, G.H. Leavesley, P.R. Leavitt, D.M. McKnight, and J.A. Stanford, 1997: Assesment of climate change and freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains, USA, and Canada. Hydrological Processes, 11, 85-106.
Haxeltine, A. and I.C. Prentice, 1996: BIOME3: An equilibirium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 693-709.
Hayami, Y. and K. Otsuka, 1994: Beyond the green revolution: agricultural development strategy into the new Century. In: Agricultural Technology: Policy Issues for the International Community [Anderson, J.R. and U.K. Wallingford (eds.)]. CAB International and World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 15-42.
Hayami, Y. and V.W. Ruttan, 1985: Agricultural Development: An International Perspective. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA, 506 pp.
Haynes, R.W. and H.F. Kaiser, 1990: Forests: methods for valuing acidic deposition and air pollution effects. In: Acidic Deposition: State of Science and Technology, Volume IV: Control Technologies, Future Emissions, and Effects Valuation [Irving, P.M. (ed.)]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, USA.
He, H.S. and D.J. Mladenoff, 1999: Spatially explicit and stochastic simulation of forest-landscape fire disturbance and succession. Ecology, 80, 81-99.
Heagle, A.S., R.L. Brandenburg, J.C. Burns, and J.E. Miller, 1994: Ozone and carbon dioxide effects on spider mites in white clover and peanut. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 1168-1176.
Heagle, A.S., J.E. Miller, F.L. Booker, and W.A. Pursley, 1999: Ozone stress, carbon dioxide enrichment, and nitrogen fertility interactions in cotton. Crop Science, 39, 731-741.
Hebeisen, T., A. Lüscher, S. Zanetti, B.U. Fischer, U.A. Hartwig, M. Frehner, G.R. Hendrey, H. Blum, and J. Nösberger, 1997: Growth response of Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. as monocultures and bi-species mixture to free air CO₂ enrichment and management. Global Change Biology, 3, 149-160.
Henning, F.P., C.W. Wood, H.H. Rogers, G.B. Runion, and S.A. Prior, 1996: Composition and decomposition of soybean and sorghum tissues grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Environmental Quality, 25, 822-827.
Herremans, M., 1998: Conservation status of birds in Botswana in relation to land use. Biological Conservation, 86, 139-160.
Hess, K. and J.L. Holechek, 1995: Policy roots of land degradation in the arid region of the United States—an overview. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 37(1-3), 123-141.
Heywood, V.H. and R.T. Watson, 1996: Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1152 pp.
Hilbert, D.W., N.T. Roulet, and T.R. Moore, 1998: Modelling and analysis of peatlands as dynamical systems. Journal of Ecology, 88, 230-242.
Hobbie, J.E., 1996: Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in Alaskan tundra. Ecological Monographs, 66, 503-522.
Hocking, P.J. and C.P. Meyer, 1991: Carbon dioxide enrichment decreases critical nitrate and nitrogen concentrations in wheat. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 14, 571-584.
Hofstede, R.G.M., 1995: Effects of livestock farming and recommendations for management and conservation of paramo grasslands (Colombia). Land Degradation and Rehabilitation, 6, 133-147.
Hogenbirk, J.C. and R.W. Wein, 1991: Fire and drought experiments in a northern wetland: a climate change analogue. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21, 1689-1693.
Hogg, E.H, 1999: Simulation of interannual responses of trembling aspen stands to climatic variation and insect defoliation in western Canada. Ecological Modelling, 114, 175-193.
Hogg, E.H., 1997: Temporal scaling of moisture and the forest-grassland boundary in western Canada. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 84, 115-122.
Hogg, E.H. and A.G. Schwarz, 1997: Regeneration of planted conifers across climatic moisture gradients on the Canadian prairies: implications for distribution and climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 24, 527-534.
Holland, E.A. and S. Brown, 1999: North American carbon sink. Science, 283, 1815a.
Horak, D., 1995: Native and non-native fish species used in state fisheries management programs in the United States. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 15, 61-67.
Horie, T., J.T. Baker, H. Nakagawa, and T. Matsui, 2000: Crop ecosystem responses to climatic change: rice. In: Climate Change and Global Crop Productivity [Reddy, K.R and H.F. Hodges (eds)]. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom, pp. 81-106.
Horie, T., T. Matsui, H. Nakagawa, and K. Omasa, 1996: Effects of elevated CO₂ and global climate change on rice yield in Japan. In: Climate Change and Plants in East Asia [Omasa, K., K. Kai, H. Taoda, Z. Uchijima, and M. Yoshino (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, Japan, 215 pp.
Horne, A.J. and C.R. Goldman, 1994: Limnology. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 2nd. ed., 576 pp.
Horton, B., 1995: Geographical distribution of changes in maximum and minimum temperatures. Atmospheric Research, 37, 101-117.
Hou, L., 1995: About the feasibility and practice of winter wheat northward shifting in Liaoning province. Foreign Agronomy-Wheat Crop, 3, 42-44.
Hou, L., 1994: The initial appraise of winter wheat over wintering in Shenyang region. Agricultural Science of Liaoning, 5, 36-40.
Houghton, R.A., 2001: A new estimate of global sources and sinks of carbon from land-use change. AGU Weekly (EOS Supplement), (in press).
Houghton, R.A. and J.L. Hackler, 1999: Emissions of carbon from forestry and land-use change in tropical Asia. Global Change Biology, 5, 481-492.
Houghton, R.A., E.A. Davidson, and G.M. Woodwell, 1998: Missing sinks, feedbacks and understanding the role of terrestrial ecosystems in the global carbon balance. Global Biogeochemistry Cycles, 12, 25-34.
Houghton, R.A., J.L. Hackler, and K.T. Lawrence, 1999: The U.S. carbon budget: contributions from land-use change. Science, 285, 574-578.
Houghton, R.A., D.L. Skole, C.A. Nobre, J.L. Hackler, K.T. Lawrence, and W.H. Chomentowski, 2000: Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon. Nature, 403, 301-304.
Houlahan, J.E., C.S. Findlay, B.R. Schmidt, A.H. Meyer, and S.L. Kuzmin, 2000: Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. Nature, 752, 752-755.
Howden, S.M., P.J. Reyenga, and H. Meinke, 1999a: Global Change Impacts on Australian Wheat Cropping. Working Paper Series 99/04, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Resource Futures Program, Australia, 122 pp.
Howden, S.M., G.M. McKeon, J.O. Carter, and A. Beswick, 1999b: Potential global change impacts on C3-C4 grass distribution in eastern Australian rangelands. In: People and Rangelands: Building the Future. Proceedings of the VI International Rangeland Congress, Townsville, Australia, July 19-23 1999 [Eldridge, D. and D. Freudenberger (eds.)]. The VI International Rangelands Congress, Aithkenval, Australia, pp. 41-43.
Howden, S.M., J.L. Moore, G.M. McKeon, P.J. Reyenga, J.O. Carter, and J.C. Scanlan, 1999c: Dynamics of mulga woodlands in south-west Queensland: global change impacts and adaptation. In: Modsim'99 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Proceedings, December 6-9, Hamilton, New Zealand. pp. 637-642.
Howden, S.M., G.M. McKeon, L. Walker, J.O. Carter, J.P. Conroy, K.A. Day, W.B. Hall, A.J. Ash, and O. Ghannoum, 1999d: Global change impacts on native pastures in south-east Queensland, Australia. Environmental Modelling and Software, 14, 307-316.
Hrabik, T.R., J.J. Magnuson, and A.S. Mclain, 1998: Predicting the effects of rainbow smelr on native fishes: evidence from long-term research on two lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 55, 1364-1371.
Hughes, L., 2000: Biological consequences of global warming: is the change already apparent? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 56-61.
Hulme, M., E.M. Barrow, N.W. Arnell, P.A. Harrison, T.C. Johns, and T.E. Downing, 1999: Relative impacts of human-induced climate change and natural climate variability. Nature, 397, 688-691.
Hungate, B.A., F.S. Chapin, E.A. Zhong, E.A. Holland, and C.B. Field, 1997a: Stimulation of grassland nitrogen cycling under carbon dioxide enrichment. Oecologia, 109, 149-153.
Hungate, B.A., E.A. Holland, R.B. Jackson, F.S. Chapin, H.A. Mooney, and C.B. Field, 1997b: The fate of carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxide enrichment. Nature, 388, 576-579.
Hunsaker, D.J., G.R. Hendrey, B.A. Kimball, K.F. Lewin, J.R. Mauney, and J. Nagy, 1994: Cotton evapotranspiration under field conditions with CO₂ enrichment and variable soil moisture regimes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 70, 247-258.
Hunt, H.W., E.T. Elliott, J.K. Detling, J.A. Morgan, and D.-X. Chen, 1996: Responses of a C₃ and C₄ perennial grass to elevated CO₂ and climate change. Global Change Biology, 2, 35-47.
Huntley, B., 1995: Plant species response to climate change: implications for the conservation of European birds. Ibis, 137(1), 127-138.
Huntley, B., P.M. Berry, W. Cramer, and A.P. McDonald, 1995: Modelling present and potential future ranges of some European higher plants using climate response surfaces. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 967-1001.
Hurtt, G.C., P.R. Moorcroft, S.W. Pacala, and S.A. Levin, 1998: Terrestrial models and global change - Challenges for the future. Global Change Biology, 4(5), 581-590.
Hutchin, P.R., M.C. Press, J.A. Lee, and T.W. Ashenden, 1995: Elevated concentrations of CO₂ may double methane emissions from mires. Global Change Biology, 1, 125-128.
Hutchins, M., R. Wiese, and K. Willis, 1996: Why we need captive breeding. In: 1996 AZA Annual Conference Proceedings. American Zoo and Aquarium Association, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp. 77-86.
Hyvönen, T., A. Ojala, P. Kankaala, and P.J. Martikainen, 1998: Methane release from stands of water horestail (Equisetum fluviatile) in a boreal lake. Freshwater Biology, 40, 275-284.
Ibrahim, S., 1996: Forest management systems in peat swamp forest: a Malaysian perspective. In: Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia [Maltby, E., C.P. Immirzi, and R.J. Safford (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 175-180.
ICRF, 1998: Second National Communication. Roshydromet, Interagency Commission of the Russian Federation on Climate Change Problems, Moscow, Russia, 67 pp.
Idso, K.E. and S.B. Idso, 1994: Plant responses to atmospheric CO₂ enrichment in the face of environmental constraints: a review of the past ten year's research. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 69, 153-203.
Idso, S.B., 1999: The long-term response of trees to atmospheric CO₂ enrichment. Global Change Biology, 5, 593-595.
Idso, S.B. and B.A. Kimball, 1993: Tree growth in carbon dioxide enriched air and its implications for global carbon cycling and maximum levels of atmospheric CO₂. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 537-555.
Imaki, T., S. Tokunaga, and S. Obara, 1987: High temperature-induced spikelet sterility of rice in relation to flowering time. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 56, 209-210 (in Japanese).
Imhoff, M.L., E. Levine, M.V. Privalsky, V. Brown, W.T. Lawrence, C.D. Elvidge, and T. Paul, 1997: Using nighttime DMSP/OLS images of city lights to estimate the impact of urban land use on soil resources in the United States. Remote Sensing of Environment, 59, 105-117.
Immirzi, C.P., E. Maltby, and P. Vijarnsorn, 1996: Development problems and perspectives in the peat swamps of Southern Thailand: results of a village survey. In: Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia [Maltby, E., C.P. Immirzi, and R.J. Safford (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 199-246.
Immirzi, C.P., E. Maltby, and R.S. Clymo, 1992: The Global Status of Peatlands and Their Role in Carbon Cycling. A report for the Friends of the Earth by the Wetland Ecosystems Research Group, Department of Geology, University of Exeter, London, United Kingdom.
Ingram, H.A.P., 1983: Hydrology. In: Ecosystems of the World 4B Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. Regional Studies [Gore, A.J.P. (ed.)]. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 67-158.
Innes, J.L. 1991: High-altitude and high-latitude tree growth in relation to past, present and future global climate change. The Holocene, 12, 168-173.
IPCC, 2000: Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. A Special Report of the IPCC [Watson, R.T., I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo, and D.J. Dokken (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 377 pp.
IPCC, 1998: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Special Report of IPCC Working Group II [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 517 pp.
IPCC, 1990: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Working Group I [Houghton, J.T., G.J. Jenkins, and J.J. Ephraums (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 364 pp.
Irland, L., 1998: Ice storm 1998 and the forests of the Northeast. Journal of Forestry, 96, 22-30.
Irland, L., D. Adams, R. Alig, C.J. Betz, C. Chen, M. Muchins, B.A. McCarl, K. Skog, and B. Sohngen, 2001: Assessing socioeconomic impacts of climate change on U.S. forests, wood product markets, and forest recreation. BioScience, (in press).
Isack, H.A., 1987: The cultural and economic importance of birds among the Boran people of northern Kenya. In: The Value of Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 6 [Diamond, A.W. and F.L. Filion (eds.)]. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 89-98.
Isaev, A.S. (ed.), 1997: Program of Extraordinary Activities on Biolgical Fighting with Dangerous Insects in Forests of the Krasnoyarsk Kray. Project Report, Russian Federal Forest Service, Moscow, Russia, 154 pp. (in Russian).
IUCN, 2000: 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN, 1996: The 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN,Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN, 1994: 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Ivanova, K.E., 1981: Water Movement in Mirelands. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, 276 pp.
Iverson, L.R. and A.M. Prasad, 1998: Predicting abundance of 80 tree species following climate change in the eastern United States. Ecological Monographs, 68, 465-485.
Iverson, L.R., A. Prasad, and M.W. Schwartz, 1999: Modeling potential future individual tree-species distributions in the eastern United States under a climate change scenario: a case study with Pinus virginiana. Ecological Modelling, 115, 77-93.
Izrael, Y., Y. Anokhin, and A.D. Eliseev, 1997: Adaptation of water management to climate change. In: Global Changes of Environment and Climate: Collection of Selected Scientific Papers [Laverov, N.P. (ed.)]. The Federal Research Program of Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, pp. 373-392.
Jablonski, D. and J.J. Sepkoski, 1996: Paleobiology, community ecology, and scales of ecological pattern. Ecology, 77, 1367-1378.
Jackson, S.T. and C.Y. Weng, 1999: Late quaternary extinction of a tree species in eastern North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 13847-13852.
Jackson, D., 2000: Now that we have bass everywhere, what are they doing? In: Abstracts of the American Fisheries Society 130th Annual Meeting, August 20-24, 2000, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Jacobs, B.C. and C.J. Pearson, 1999: Growth, development and yield of rice in response to cold temperature. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 182, 79-88.
Jacobs, S.S. and J.C. Comiso, 1997: Climate variability in the Amundsenand Bellingshausen Seas. Journal of Climate, 10, 697-709.
Jacoby, G.C. and R.D. D'Arrigo, 1995: Tree ring width and density evidence of climatic and potential forest change in Alaska. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 227-234.
Jardine, K., 1994: Finger on the carbon pulse. The Ecologist, 24, 220-224.
Jarvinen, A., 1996: Correlation between egg size and clutch size in the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in cold and warm summers. Ibis, 138, 620-623.
Jarvinen, A., 1994: Global warming and egg size of birds. Ecography, 17(1), 108-110.
Jarvinen, A., 1989: Patterns and causes of long-term variation in reproductive traits of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in Finnish Lapland. Ornis Fennica, 66, 24-31.
Jarvis, P.G., J.M. Massheder, S.E. Hale, J.B. Moncrief, M. Rayment, and S.L. Scott, 1997: Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide, water vapour, and energy exchanges of a boreal black spruce forest. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D4), 28953-28966.
Jauhiainen, J. and J. Silvola, 1999: Photosynthesis of Sphagnum fuscum at long-term raised CO₂ concentrations. Annales Botanici Fennici, 36(1), 11-19.
Jauhiainen, J., J. Silvola, and H. Vasander, 1998a: The effects of increased nitrogen deposition and CO₂ on Sphagnum angustifolium and S. warnstorfii. Annales Botanici Fennici, 35(4), 247-256.
Jauhiainen, J., H. Vasander, and J. Silvola, 1998b: Nutrient concentration in Sphagna at increased N-deposition rates and raised atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Plant Ecology, 138, 149-160.
Jauhiainen, J., J. Silvola, K. Tolonen, and H. Vasander, 1997: Response of Sphagnum fuscum to water levels and CO₂ concentration. Journal of Bryology, 19, 391-400.
Jauhiainen, J., H. Vasander, and J. Silvola, 1994: Response of Sphagnum fuscum to N deposition and increased CO₂. Journal of Bryology, 18, 83-95.
Jefferies, R.L., J. Svoboda, G. Henry, M. Raillard, and R. Ruess, 1992: Tundra grazing systems and climatic change. In: Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective [Chapin, R.S., R.L. Jeffries, J.F. Reynolds, G.R. Shaver, J. Svoboda, and E. Chu (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 391-412.
Jinghua, W. and L. Erda, 1996: The impacts of potential climate change and climate variability on simulated maize production in China. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 75-85.
Johns, J., P. Barreto, and C. Uhl, 1996: Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the eastern Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 89, 59-77.
Johnson, C.W., 1985: Bogs of the Northeast. University Press of New England, Hanover and London, NH, USA,269 pp.
Johnson, D.G., 1999: Food security and world trade prospects. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80, 941-947.
Johnson, H.D., 1965: Response of animals to heat. Meteorological Monographs, 6, 109-122.
Jonauskas, P., 1996: Making multiple land use work. In: Proceedings of the Wetlands Workshop, December 1994, Darwin [Jonauskas, P. (ed.)]. Department of Lands, Planning and the Environment, Darwin, Australia, 120 pp.
Jones, M.B. and M. Jongen, 1996: Sensitivity of temperate grassland species to elevated atmospheric CO₂ and the interaction with temperature and water stress. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland, 5, 271-283.
Joyce, L., J. Aber, S. McNulty, V. Dale, A. Hansen, L. Irland, R. Neilson, and K. Skog, 2000: Potential consequences of climate variability and change for the forests of the United States. In: Climate Change Impacts on the United States: Foundation Report. National Assessment Synthesis Team, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, (in press).
Joyce, L.A., J.R. Mills, L.S. Heath, A.D. McGuire, R.W. Haynes, and R.A. Birdsey, 1995: Forest sector impacts from changes in forest productivity under climate change. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 703-713.
Kandeler, E., D. Tscherko, R.D. Bardgett, P.J. Hobbs, C. Kampichler, and T.H. Jones, 1998: The response of soil microorganisms and roots to elevated CO₂ and temperature in a terrestrial model ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 202, 251-262.
Kankaala, P., L. Arvola, T. Tulonen, and A. Ojala, 1996: Carbon budget for the pelagic food web of the euphotic zone in a boreal lake (Lake Paajarvi). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 53, 1663-1674.
Karim, Z., S.G. Hussain, and M. Ahmed, 1996: Assessing impacts of climatic variations on foodgrain production in Bangladesh. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 53-62.
Kasimir-Klemedtsson, A., L. Klemedtsson, K. Berglund, P. Martikainen, J. Silvola, and O. Ocenema, 1997: Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review. Soil Use and Management, 13, 245-250.
Kasischke, E.S., K. Bergen, R. Fennimore, F. Sotelo, G. Stephens, A. Janetos, and H.H. Shugart, 1999: Satellite imagery gives clear picture of Russian's boreal forest fires. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 80, 141-147.
Kasischke, E.S., N.L. Christensen, and B.J. Stocks, 1995: Fire, global warming and the carbon balance of boreal forests. Ecological Applications, 5, 437-451.
Kattenberg, A., F. Giorgi, H. Grassl, G.A. Meehl, J.F.B. Mitchell, R.J. Stouffer, T. Kokioka, A.J. Weaver, and T.M.L. Wigley, 1996: Climate models: projections of future climate. In: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 285-357.
Kaufman, L.S., 1992: Catastrophic change in species-rich freshwater ecosystems, the lessons of Lake Victoria. Bioscience, 42, 846-852.
Kaufmann, R.K. and S.E. Snell, 1997: A biophysical model of corn yield: integrating climatic and social determinants. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79, 178-190.
Kauppi, P., K. Mielikainen, and K. Kuusela, 1992: Biomass and carbon budget of European forests, 1971-1990. Science, 256, 70-74.
Keane, R.E., P. Morgan, and J.D. White 1999: Temporal patterns of ecosystem processes on simulated landscapes in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Landscape Ecology, 14, 311-329.
Keeling, C.D., J.F.S. Chin, and T.P. Whorf, 1996: Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO₂ measurements. Nature, 382, 146-149.
Keleher, C.J. and F.J. Rahel, 1996: Thermal limits to salmonid distributions in the Rocky Mountain Region and the potential habitat loss due to global warming: a geographic information system (GIS) approach. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 125, 1-13.
Kelly, C.A., J.W.M. Rudd, R.A. Bodaly, N.T. Roulet, V.L. St. Louis, A. Heyes, T.R. Moore, R. Aravena, B. Dyck, R. Harris, S. Schiff, B. Warner, and G. Edwards, 1997: Increases in fluxes of greenhouse gases and methyl mercury following flooding of an experimental reservoir. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 1334-1344.
Keltikangas, M., J. Laine, P. Puttonen, and K. Seppälä, 1986: Vuosina 1930-1978 metsäojitetut suot: ojitusalueiden inventoinnin tuloksia. (Summary: Peatlands drained for forestry during 1930-1978: results from field surveys of drained areas). Acta Forestalia Fennica, 193, 1-94.
Kerr, J. and L. Packer, 1998: The impact of climate change on mammal diversity in Canada. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 49, 263-270.
Keys, D., 1992: Canadian Peat Harvesting and the Environment. North American Wetlands Conservation Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Kienast, F., O. Wildi, and B. Brzeziecki, 1998: Potential impacts of climate change on species richness in mountain forests: an ecological risk assessment. Biological Conservation, 83, 291-305.
Kile, G.A., G.I. McDonald, and J.W. Byler, 1991: Ecology and disease in natural forests. In: Agricultural Handbook 691. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 102-121.
Kimball, B.A., F.S. Mauney, F.S. Nakayama, and S.B. Idso, 1993: Effects of elevated CO₂ and climate variables on plants. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 48, 9-14.
Kimball, B.A., P.J. Pinter Jr., G.W. Wall, R.L. Garcia, R.L. La Morte, P.M.C. Jak, K.F. Arnoud Frumau, and H.F. Vugts, 1997: Comparison of Responses of Vegetation to Elevated Carbon Dioxide in Free Air and Open-Top Chamber Facilities: Advances in Carbon Dioxide Research. ASA Special Publication, USA, 61 pp.
Kimball, B.A., P.J. Pinter Jr., R.L. Garcia, R.L. LaMorte, G.W. Wall, D.J. Hunsaker, G. Wechsung, F. Wechsung, and T. Karschall, 1995: Productivity and water use of wheat under free-air CO₂ enrichment. Global Change Biology, 1, 429-442.
Kimball, B.A., R.L. LaMorte, R.S. Seay, J. Pinter, P.J. Pinter, R.R. Rokey, D.J. Hunsaker, W.A. Dugas, M.L. Heuer, and J.R. Mauney, 1994: Effects of free-air CO₂ enrichment on energy balance and evapotranspiration of cotton. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 70, 259-278.
Kimball, B.A., R.L. LaMorte, J. Pinter, P.J.Pinter, G.W. Wall, D.J. Hunsaker, F.J. Adamsen, S.W. Leavitt, T.L. Thompson, A.D. Matthias, and T.J. Brooks, 1999: Free-air CO₂ enrichment and soil nitrogen effects on energy balance and evapotranspiration of wheat. Water Resources Research, 35, 1179-1190.
King, G.A. and R.P. Neilson, 1992: The transient response of vegetation to climate change: a potential source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 64(1-2), 365-383.
Kirilenko, A.P. and A.M. Solomon, 1998: Modeling dynamic vegetation response to rapid climate change using bioclimatic classification. Climatic Change, 38, 15-49.
Kirk, D.A., M.D. Evenden, and P. Mineau, 1996: Past and current attempts to evaluate the role of birds as predators of insect pests in temperate agriculture. In: Current Ornithology [Nolan, V. Jr. and E. Ketterson (eds.)]. Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 175-269.
Kirschbaum, M.U.F., 2000: Will changes in soil organic matter act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming? Biogeochemistry, 48, 21-51.
Kirschbaum, M.U.F., A. Fischlin, M.G.R. Cannell, R.V.O. Cruz, W. Cramer, A. Alvarez, M.P. Austin, H.K.M. Bugmann, T.H. Booth, N.W.S. Chipompha, W.M. Cisela, D. Eamus, J.G. Goldammer, A. Henderson-Sellers, B. Huntley, J.L. Innes, M.R. Kaufmann, N. Kräuchi, G.A. Kile, A.O. Kokorin, C. Körner, J. Landsberg, S. Linder, R. Leemans, R.J. Luxmoore, A. Markham, R.E. McMurtrie, R.P. Neilson, R.J. Norby, J.A. Odera, I.C. Prentice, L.F. Pitelka, E.B. Rastetter, A.M. Solomon, R. Stewart, J. van Minnen, M. Weber, and D. Xu, 1996: Climate change impacts on forests. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 95-129.
Kleidon, A. and H.A. Mooney, 2000: A global distribution of biodiversity inferred from climatic constraints: results from a process-based modelling study. Global Change Biology, 6, 507-523.
Kleiman, D.G., B.B. Beck, J.M. Dietz, and L.A. Dietz, 1991: Costs of a reintroduction and criteria for success: accounting and accountability in the golden lion tamarin conservation program. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 62, 125-142.
Klinedinst, P.L., D.A. Wilhite, G.L. Hahn, and K.G. Hubbard, 1993: The potential effects of climate change on summer season dairy cattle milk production and reproduction. Climatic Change, 23, 21-36.
Kohfeld, K.E. and S.P. Harrison, 2000: How well can we simulate past climates? Evaluating the models using global palaeoenvironmental datasets. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 321-346.
Komulainen, V.-M., H. Nykänen, P.J. Martikainen, and J. Laine, 1998: Short-term effect of restoration on vegetation succession and methane emissions from peatlands drained for forestry in southern Finland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28, 402-411.
Körner, C., 1999: Alpine Plant Life. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 330 pp.
Körner, C., 1996: The response of complex multispecies systems to elevated CO₂. In: Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems [Walker, B. and W. Steffen (eds.)]. IGBP book series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 20-42.
Körner, C., 1995a: Towards a better experimental basis for upscaling plant responses to elevated CO₂ and climate warming. Plant Cell and Environment, 18, 1101-1110.
Körner, C., 1995b: Alpine plant diversity: a global survey and functional interpretations. In: Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes, and Ecosystem Consequences [Chapin, F.S. III and C. Körner (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 45-62.
Kortelainen, P., J. Huttunen, T. Vaisanen, T. Mattsson, P. Karjalainen, and P. Martikainen, 2001: CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O supersaturation in 12 Finnish lakes before and after ice-melt. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fuer Limnologie, (in press).
Krabbenhoft, D.P. and K.E. Webster, 1995: Transient hydrogeological controls in the chemistry of a seepage lake. Water Resources Journal, 31(9), 2295-2305.
Krankina, O.N., R.K. Dixon, A.Z. Shvidenko, A.V. Selikhovkin, 1994: Forest dieback in Russia: causes, distribution and implications for the future. World Resource Review, 6(4), 524-534.
Kratz, T.K., R.B. Cook, C.J. Bowser, and P.L. Brezonik, 1987: Winter and spring pH depressions in northern Wisconsin lakes caused by increases in pCO₂. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44(5), 1082-1088.
Kratz, T.K., B.P. Hayden, B.J. Benson, and W.Y.B. Chang, 2001: Patterns in the interannual variability of lake freeze and thaw dates. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fuer Limnologie, (in press).
Kratz, T.K., B.J. Benson, E.R. Blood, G.L. Cunningham, and R.A. Dahlgren, 1991: The influence of landscape position on temporal variability in four North American ecosystems. The American Naturalist, 138(2), 355-378.
Kratz, T.K., K.E. Webster, C.J. Bowser, J.J. Magnuson, and B.J. Benson, 1997: The influence of landscape position on lakes in northern Wisconsin. Freshwater Biology, 37, 209-217.
Kuhry, P., B.J. Nicholson, L.D. Gignac, D.H. Vitt, and S.E. Bayley, 1993: Development of Sphagnum dominated peatlands in boreal continental Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71, 10-22.
Kullman, L., 1993: Tree limit dynamics of Betula pubescens spp. tortuosa in relation to climate variability: evidence from central Sweden. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4, 765-772.
Kullman, L., 1991: Pattern and process of present tree-limits in the Tärna region, southern Swedish Lapland. Fennia, 169, 25-38.
Kullman, L., 1990: Dynamics of altitudinal tree-limits in Sweden: a review. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 44, 103-116.
Kullman, L., 1986: Recent tree-limit history of Picea abies in the southern Swedish Scandes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 761-771.
Kurz, W.A. and M.J. Apps, 1999: A 70-year retrospective analysis of carbon fluxes in the Canadian forest sector. Ecological Applications, 9(2), 526-547.
Kurz, W.A., M.J. Apps, B.J. Stocks, and W.J.A. Volney, 1995: Global climatic change: disturbance regimes and biospheric feedbacks of temperate and boreal forests. In: Biospheric Feedbacks in the Global Climate System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? [Woodwell, G.F. and F. McKenzie (eds.)]. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 119-133.
Kuusela, K., 1992: The Dynamics of Boreal Forests. Finnish National Fund for Research and Development, SITRA, Helsinki, Finland, 172 pp.
Lachenbruch, A.H. and B.V. Marshall, 1986: Climate change: geothermal evidence from permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic. Science, 34, 689-696.
Lafleur, P.M., J.H. McCaughey, D.W. Joiner, P.A. Bartlett, and D.E. Jelinski, 1997: Seasonal trends in energy, water and carbon dioxide fluxes at a northern boreal wetland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D24), 29009-29020.
Laiho, R. and L. Finér, 1996: Changes in root biomass after water-level drawdown on pine mires in Southern Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 11, 251-260.
Laiho, R. and J. Laine, 1997: Tree stand biomass and carbon content in an age sequence of drained pine mires in southern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 93, 161-169.
Laine, J. and I. Vanha-Majamaa, 1992: Vegetation ecology along a trophic gradient on drained pine mires in southern Finland. Annales Botanici Fennici, 29, 213-233.
Laine, J., H. Vasander, and T. Laiho, 1995: Long-term effects of water level drawdown on the vegetation of drained pine mires in southern Finland. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 785-802.
Laine, J., J. Silvola, K. Tolonen, J. Alm, H. Nykänen, H. Vasander, T. Sallantaus, I. Savolainen, J., Sinisalo, and P.J. Martikainen, 1996: Effect of water-level drawdown in northern peatlands on the global climatic warming. Ambio, 25, 179-184.
Lal, R, 1989: Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture. Advanced Agronomy, 42, 85-197.
Lal, R., G.F. Hall, and F.P. Miller, 1989: Soil degradation, I: basic processes. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation, 1, 51-69.
Lal, R., H.M. Hassan, and J. Dumanski, 1999: Desertification control to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect. In: Carbon Sequestration in Soils: Science, Monitoring and Beyond [Rosenberg, R.J., R.C. Izaurralde, and E.L. Malone (eds.)]. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, USA, pp. 83-107.
Lal, R., L. M. Kimble, R. F. Follett, and C. V. Cole, 1998: The Potential of U.S. Crop land for carbon sequestration and greenhouse effect mitigation. USDA-NRCS, Washington DC. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, Michigan, 128 pp.
Lal, R., J.M. Kimble, and B.A. Stewart (eds.), 2000: Global Climate Change and Cold Regions Ecosystems. CRC/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 280 pp.
Lanner, R.M., 1996: Made for Each Other: A Symbiosis of Birds and Pines. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 160 pp.
Lappalainen, E., 1996: General review on world peatland and peat resources. In: Global Peat Resources [Lappalainen, E. (ed.)]. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 53-56.
Lappalainen, J. and H. Lehtonen, 1995: Year-class strength of pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca L.) in relation to environmental factors in a shallow Baltic Bay. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 32, 411-419.
LaRose, S., J. Price, and L. Rochefort, 1997: Rewetting of a cutover peatland: hydrologic assessment. Wetlands, 17, 416-423.
Lassiter, R.R., E.O. Box, R.G. Wiegert, J.M. Johnston, J. Bergengren, and L.A. Suarez, 2000: Vulnerability of ecosystems of the mid-Atlantic region, USA, to climate change. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, 1153-1160.
Lathrop, R.C., S.R. Carpenter, and D.M. Robertson, 1999: Summer water clarity responses to phosphorus, Daphnia grazing, and internal mixing in Lake Mendota. Limnology and Oceanography, 44(1), 137-146.
Lathrop, R.C., 1998: Water Clarity Responses to Phosphorus and Daphnia in Lake Mendota. Diss. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA, 140 pp.
Laurance, W.F., 1996: Catastrophic declines of Australian rainforest frogs: is unusual weather reponsible? Biological Conservation, 77, 203-212.
Lavee, H., A.C. Imeson, and P. Sarah, 1998: The impact of climate change on geomorphology and desertification along a Mediterranean-arid transect. Land Degradation and Development, 9(5), 407-422.
Lavoie, C. and S. Payette, 1996: The long-term stability of the boreal forest limit in subarctic Quebec. Ecology, 77, 1226-1233.
Le Houérou, H.N., 1996: Climate change, drought and desertification (review). Journal of Arid Environments, 34(2), 133-185.
Lee, H.S. and F. Chai, 1996: Production functions of peat swamp forests in Sarawak. In: Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia [Maltby, E., C.P. Immirzi, and R.J. Safford (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 129-136.
Leemans, R., 1999: Modelling for species and habitats: new opportunities for problem solving. The Science of the Total Environment, 240, 51-73.
Leemans, R., 1997: Effects of global change on agricultural land use: scaling up from physiological processes to ecosystem dynamics. In: Ecology in Agriculture [Jackson, L. (ed.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 415-452.
Legg, C.A. and Y. Laumonier, 1999: Fires in Indonesia, 1997: a remote sensing perspective. Ambio, 28(6), 479-485.
Lehtonen, H., 1996: Potential effects of global warming on northern European freshwater fish and fisheries. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 3(1), 59-71.
Leiros, M.C., C. Trasar-Cepeda, S. Seoane, and F. Gil-Sotres, 1999: Dependence of mineralization of soil organic matter on temperature and moisture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 31, 327-335.
Leng, R.A., 1990: Factors affecting the utilisation of ‘poor quality' forage by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. Nutrition Research Reviews, 3, 277-303.
Lenihan, J.M. and R.P. Neilson, 1995: Canadian vegetation sensitivity to projected climatic change at three organizational levels. Climatic Change, 30, 27-56.
Lesack, L.F.W., R.E. Hecky, and P. Marsh, 1991: The influence of frequency and duration of flooding on the nutrient chemistry of Mackenzie Delta lakes. In: Mackenzie Delta, Environmental Interactions and Implications of Development [Dixon, J. (ed.)]. National Hydrology Research Institute, NHRI Symposium No. 4, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, pp. 19-36.
Lescop-Sinclair, K. and S. Payette, 1995: Recent advance of the arctic treeline along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay. Journal of Ecology, 83, 929-936.
Levin, S.A. (ed.), 2000: Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA, 4700 pp.
Lewandrowski, J. and D. Schimmelpfennig, 1999: Economic implications of climate change for U.S. agriculture: assessing recent evidence. Land Economics, 75, 39-57.
Licht, L.E., 1975: Comparative life history features of the western spotted frog, Rana pretiosa, from low- and high-elevation populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53, 1254-1257.
Lillywhite, H.B., A.K. Mittal, T.K. Garg, and I. Das, 1998: Basking behavior, sweating and thermal ecology of the Indian tree frog Polypedates maculatus. Journal of Herpetology, 32, 169-175.
Lin, E., 1997: Modeling Chinese Agriculture Impact Under Globe Climate Change. Chinese Agricultural Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China, pp. 61-68.
Lin, P. and H.A. Regier, 1995: Use of Arrhenius models to describe temperature dependence of organismal rates in fish. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 121, 211-225.
Lincoln, D.E., D. Couvet, and N. Sionit, 1986: Response of an insect herbivore to host plants grown in carbon dioxide enriched atmosphere. Oecologia, 69, 556-560.
Lincoln, D.E., N. Sionit, and B.R. Strain, 1984: Growth and feeding response of Psuedoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to host plants grown in controlled carbon dioxide atmoshperes. Environmental Entomology, 13, 1527-1530.
Lindner, M., 2000: Developing adaptive forest management strategies to cope with climate change. Tree Physiology, 20(5-6), 299-307.
Lindner, M., 1999: Forest management strategies in the context of potential climate change. Forstwissenschafliches Centralblatt, 118(1), 1-13.
Lioubimtseva, E., B. Simon, H.M. Faure, L. Fauredenard, and J.M. Adams, 1998: Impacts of climatic change on carbon storage in the Sahara-Gobi Desert Belt since the last glacial maximum. Global and Planetary Change, 17, 95-105.
Lips, K.R., 1998: Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna. Conservation Biology, 12, 106-117.
Liski, J., H. llvesnieme, A. Makela, and C.J. Westman, 1999: CO₂ emissions from soil in response to climatic warming are overestimated: the decomposition of old soil organic matter is tolerant of temperature. Ambio, 28(2), 171-174.
Lloyd, J. and G.D. Farquhar, 1996: The CO₂ dependence of photosynthesis, plant-growth responses to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and their interaction with soil nutrient status, I: general principles and forest ecosystems. Functional Ecology, 10, 4-32.
Loeb, V., V. Siegel, O. Holm-Hansen, R. Hewitt, W. Fraser, W. Trivelpiece, and S. Trivelpiece, 1997: Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature, 387, 897-900.
Loiseau, P. and J.-F. Soussana, 2001: Effect of CO₂ temperature and N fertilization on nitrogen fluxes in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Global Change Biology, (in press).
Loiseau, P. and J.-F. Soussana, 1999a: Effects of elevated CO₂ temperature and N fertilizer on the accumulation of below-ground carbon in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 212, 123-134.
Loiseau, P. and J.-F. Soussana, 1999b: Effect of elevated CO₂ temperature and N fertilizer on the turnover of below-ground carbon in a temperate grassland ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 212, 233-247.
Long, S.P., 1991: Modification of the response of photosynthetic productivity to rising temperature by atmospheric CO₂ concentrations: has its importance been underestimated? Plant, Cell and Environment, 14, 729-739.
Loomis, J. and J. Crespi, 1999: Estimated effect of climate-change on selected outdoor recreation activities in the United States. In: The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Economy [Mendelsohn, R. and J.E. Neumann (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA.
Ludwichowski, I., 1997: Long-term changes of wing-length, body mass and breeding parameters in first-time breeding females of goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula clangula) in northern Germany. Vogelwarte, 39, 103-116.
Lugo, A.E., M.M. Brinson, and S. Brown (eds.), 1990: Forested Wetlands, Vol. 15: Ecosystems of the World. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 527 pp.
Lugo, A.E., S. Brown, and M.M. Brinson, 1988: Forested wetlands in freshwater and salt-water environments. Limnology and Oceanography, 33, 894-909.
Lugo, A.E., J.A. Parotta, and S. Brown, 1993: Loss in species caused by tropical deforestation and their recovery through management. Ambio, 22, 106-109.
Luo, Y. and J.F. Reynolds, 1999: Validity of extrapolating field CO₂ experiments to predict carbon sequestration in natural ecosystems. Ecology, 80, 1568-1583.
Luo, Y., D.O. TeBeest, P.S. Teng, and N.G. Fabellar, 1995: The effect of global temperature change on rice leaf blast epidemics: a simulation study in three agroecological zones. Agriculture, Ecosystema and Environment, 68, 187-196.
Lüscher, A. and J. Nösberger, 1997: Interspecific and intraspecific variability in the response of grasses and legumes to free air CO₂ enrichment. Acta Oecologica, 18, 269-275.
Lutz, W., W. Sanderson, S. Scherbov, and A. Goujon, 1996: World population scenarios for the twenty-first century. In: The Future Population of the World [Lutz, W. (ed.)]. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 361-396.
Lynch, A.H., G.B. Bonan, F.S. Chapin III, and W. Wu, 1999: The impact of tundra ecosystems on the surface energy budget and climate of Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres, 104, 6647-6660.
Macdonald, G.M., J.M. Szeicz, J. Claricoates, and K.A. Dale, 1998: Response of the central canadian treeline to recent climatic changes. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88(2), 183-208.
Magadza, C.H.D., 1996: Climate change: some likely multiple impacts in southern Africa. In: Climate Change and World Food Security [Downing, T.E. (ed.)]. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 449-483.
Magnuson, J.J., 1976: Managing with exotics: a game of chance. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 105, 1-9.
Magnuson, J.J. and T.K. Kratz, 2000: Lakes in the landscape: approaches to regional limnology. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fuer Limnologie. 27, 1-14.
Magnuson, J.J., K.E. Webster, R.A. Assel, C.J. Bowser, P.J. Dillon, J.G. Eaton, H.E. Evans, E.J. Fee, R.I. Hall, L.R. Mortsch, D.W. Schindler, and F.H. Quinn, 1997: Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and precambrian shield region. Hydrological Processes, 11, 825-871.
Magnuson, J.J., D.M. Robertson, B.J. Benson, R.H. Wynne, D.M. Livingstone, T. Arai, R.A. Assel, R.G. Barry, V. Card, E. Kuusisto, N.G. Granin, T.D. Prowse, K.M. Stewart, and V.S. Vuglinski, 2000: Historical trends in lake and river cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Science, 289, 1743-1746.
Magrin, G.O., M.I. Travasso, R.A. Díaz, and R.O. Rodríguez, 1997: Vulnerability of the agricultural systems of Argentina to climate change. Climate Research, 9, 31-36.
Malcolm, J.R. and A. Markham, 2000: Global Warming and Terrestrial Biodiversity Decline. World Wildlife Fund, Gland, Switzerland, 34 pp.
Maltby, E. and C.P. Immirzi, 1996: The sustainable utilisation of tropical peatlands. In: Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia [Maltby, E., C.P. Immirzi, and R.J. Safford (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 1-14.
Maltby, E. and M.C.F. Proctor, 1996: Peatlands: their nature and role in the biosphere. In: Global Peat Resources [Lappalainen, E. (ed.)]. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 11-19.
Maltby, E., P. Burbridge, and A. Fraser, 1996: Peat and acid sulphate soils: a case study from Vietnam. In: Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia [Maltby, E., C.P. Immirzi, and R.J. Safford (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 187-198.
Mallett, K.I. and WJ.A. Volney, 1999: The effect of Armillaria root disease on lodgpole pine tree growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29, 252-259.
Manion, P.D., 1991: Tree Disease Concepts. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 399 pp.
Manjarrez, J., 1996: Temperature limited activity in the garter snake Thamnophis melanogaster (Colubridae). Ethology, 102, 146-56.
Mark, U., and M. Tevini, 1997: Effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation, temperature and CO₂ on growth and physiology of sunflower and maize seedlings. Plant Ecology, 128, 224-234.
Marland, G. and B. Schlamadinger, 1995: Biomass fuels and forest-management strategies: how do we calculate the greenhouse-gas emissions benefits? Energy, 20(11), 1131-1140.
Martikainen, P.J., H. Nykänen, J. Alm, and J. Silvola, 1995: Change in fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide due to forest drainage of mire sites of different trophy. Plant and Soil, 168-169, 571-577.
Martikainen, P.J., H. Nykänen, P.M. Crill, and J. Silvola, 1993: Effect of a lowered water table on nitrous oxide fluxes from northern peatlands. Nature, 366, 51-53.
Martin, T.E., 1998: Are microhabitat preferences of coexisting species under selection and adaptive? Ecology, 79, 656-670.
Mason, C.F., 1995: Long-term trends in the arrival dates of spring migrants. Bird Study, 42, 182-189.
Masters, G.J., V.K. Brown, I.P. Clarke, and J.B. Whittaker, 1998: Direct and indirect effects of climate change on insect herbivores: Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera). Ecological Entomology, 23, 45-52.
Matsui, T., O.S. Namuco, L.H. Ziska, and T. Horie, 1997: Effects of high temperature and CO₂ concentration on spikelet sterility in indica rice. Field Crops Research, 5, 213-219.
Matthews, E. and I. Fung, 1987: Methane emission from natural wetlands: global distribution, area, and environmental characteristics of sources. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1, 61-86.
Matthews, R.B., M.J. Kropff, and D. Bachelet, 1997: Simulating the impact of climate change on rice production in Asia and evaluating options for adaptation. Agricultural Systems, 54, 399-425.
Mattson, W.J. and R.A. Haack, 1987: The role of drought in outbreaks of plant-eating insects. BioScience, 37, 110-118.
Mauney, J.R., B.A. Kimball, P.J. Pinter, R.L. Lamorte, K.F. Lewin, J. Nagy, and G.R. Hendrey, 1994: Growth and yield of cotton in response to a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) environment. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 70, 49-67.
May, S.A. and T.W. Norton, 1996: Influence of fragmentation disturbance on the potential impact of feral predators on native fauna in Australian forest ecosystems. Wildlife Research, 23, 387-400.
Mayeux, H.S., H.B. Johnson, and H.W. Polley, 1991: Global change and vegetation dynamics. In: Noxious Range Weeds [James, L.F., J.O. Evans, M.H. Ralphs, and R.D. Child (eds.)]. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, USA, pp. 62-74.
McCarl, B.A., D.M. Burton, D.M. Adams, R.J. Alig, and C.C. Chen, 2000: Forestry effects of global climate change. Climate Research, 15(3), 195-205.
McCauley, R. and T. Beitinger, 1992: Predicted effects of climate warming on the commercial culture of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Geojournal, 28(1), 29-37.
McCleery, R.H. and C.M. Perrins, 1998: Temperature and egg-laying trends. Nature, 391, 30-31.
McDonald, K.A. and J.H. Brown, 1992: Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology, 6, 409-415.
McGuire, A.D., J.W. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter, and L.A. Joyce, 1995: Equilibrium responses of soil carbon to climate change: empirical and process-based estimates. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 785-796.
McGuire, A.D., J.S. Clein, J.M. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter, R.A. Meier, C.J. Vorosmarty, and M.C. Serreze, 2000: Modeling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: sensitivity of pan-Arctic carbon storage to temporal and spatial variation in climate. Global Change Biology, 6(Suppl 1), 141-159.
McKane, R.B., E.B. Rastetter, G.R. Shaver, K.J. Nadelhoffer, A.E. Giblin, J.A. Laundre, and F.S. Chapin III, 1997: Climatic effects on tundra carbon storage inferred from experimental data and a model. Ecology, 78, 1170-1187.
McKee, I.F., J.F. Bullimore, and S.P. Long, 1997: Will elevated CO₂ concentrations protect the yield of wheat from O₃ damage? Plant, Cell and Environment, 20, 77-84.
McKnight, B., 1993: Biological Pollution: The Control and Impact of Invasive Exotic Species. Indiana Academy of Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
McNeely, J., K. Miller, W. Reid, and T. Werner, 1990: Conserving the World's Biological Diversity. World Resources Institute, IUCN, Conservation International, World Wildlife Fund, Gland, Switzerland, and World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 193 pp.
Mearns, L.O., F. Giorgi, L. McDaniel, and C. Shields, 1995: Analysis of climate variability and diurnal temperature in a nested regional climate model: comparison with observations and doubled CO₂ results. Climate Dynamics, 11, 193-209.
Mearns, L.O., C. Rosenzweig, and R. Goldberg, 1992: Effects of changes in interannual climatic variability on CERES-wheat yields: sensitivity and 2xCO₂ general circulation model studies. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 62, 159-189.
Mearns, L.O., T. Mavromatis, E. Tsvetsinskaya, C. Hays, and W. Easterling, 1999: Comparative response of EPIC and CERES Crop Models to high and low resolution climate change scenarios. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 6623-6646.
Meentemeyer, V., 1984: The geography of organic decomposition rates. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74, 551-560.
Megonigal, J.P. and W.H. Schlesinger, 1997: Enhanced CH₄ emissions from a wetland soil exposed to elevated CO₂. Biogeochemistry, 37, 77-88.
Megonigal, J.P., W.H. Conner, S. Kroeger, and R.R. Sharitz, 1997: Aboveground production in southeastern floodplain forests: a test of the subsidy-stress hypothesis. Ecology, 78, 370-384.
Meinzer, F.C. and J. Zhu, 1998: Nitrogen stress reduces the efficiency of the C4-CO₂ concentrating system, and therefore quantum yield, in Saccharum (sugarcane) species. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49, 1227-1234.
Melillo, J.M., A.D. McGuire, D.W. Kicklighter, B. Moore III, C.J. Vorosmarty, and A.L. Schloss, 1993: Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production. Nature, 363, 234-240.
Mendelsohn, R. and M. Markowski, 1999: The impact of climate change on outdoor recreation. In: The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Economy [Mendelsohn, R. and J.E. Neumann (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Mendelsohn, R., W. Nordhaus, and D. Shaw, 1994: Impact of global warming on agriculture: a Ricardian analysis. American Economic Review, 84, 753-771.
Menzel, A. and P. Fabian, 1999: Growing season extended in Europe. Nature, 397, 659.
Menzhulin, G.V., 1998: Impact of global warming of climate on agriculture in Russia. In: Influence of Global Change in the Environment and Climate on Functioning of Economy of Russia. Moscow, Russia, pp. 48-73 (in Russian).
Meyer, U., B. Kollner, J. Willenbrink, and G.H.M. Krause, 1997: Physiological changes on agricultural crops induced by different ambient ozone exposure regimes, I: effects on photsynthesis and assimilate allocation in spring wheat. New Phytologist, 136, 645-652.
Miaoulis, I.N. and B.D. Heilman, 1998: Butterfly thin films serve as solar collectors. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 91, 122-127.
Mikkelä, C., I. Sundh, B.H. Svensson, and M. Nilsson, 1995: Diurnal variation in methane emission in relation to the water table, soil temperature, climate and vegetation cover in a Swedish acid mire. Biogeochemistry, 28, 93-114.
Milburn, D. and T.D. Prowse, 1998: An assessment of a northern delta as a hydrologic sink for sediment-bound contaminants. Nordic Hydrology, 29(4/5), 64-71.
Milburn, D. and T.D. Prowse, 1996: The effect of river-ice break-up on suspended sediment and select trace-element fluxes. Nordic Hydrology, 27(1/2), 69-84.
Miller, J.R., L.A. Joyce, and R.M. King, 1996: Forest roads and landscape structure in the southern Rocky Mountains. Landscape Ecology, 11, 115-127.
Milliman, J.D., J.M. Broadus, and F. Gable, 1989: Environmental and economic implications of rising sea level and subsiding deltas: the Nile and Bengal examples. Ambio, 18, 340-345.
Mills, E.L., J.H. Leach, J.T. Carlton, and C.L. Secor, 1994: Exotic species and the integrity of the Great Lakes: lessons from the past. Bioscience, 44(10), 666-676.
Mills, M.G.L., H.C. Biggs, and I.J. Whyte, 1995: The relationship between rainfall, lion predation and population trends in African herbivores. Wildlife Research, 22, 75-88.
Minkkinen, K. and J. Laine, 1998: Long-term effect of forest drainage on the peat carbon stores of pine mires in Finland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28, 1267-1275.
Minkkinen, K., H. Vasander, S. Jauhiainen, M. Karsisto, and J. Laine, 1999: Post-drainage changes in vegetation composition and carbon balance in Lakkasuo mire, Central Finland. Plant and Soil, 207, 107-120.
Minns, C.K. and J.E. Moore, 1995: Factors limiting the distributions of Ontario's freshwater fishes: the role of climate and other variables, and the potential impacts of climate change. In: Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations [Beamish, R.J. (ed.)]. Canadian Special Publication, Fish Aquatic Sciences, Canada, pp. 137-160.
Minshall, G.W., K.W. Cummins, and R.C. Peterson, 1985: Developments in stream ecosystem theory. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 42, 1045-1055.
Miranda, A.I., 1994: Forest fire emissions in Portugal: a contribution to global warming? Environmenal Pollution, 83, 121-123.
Mitch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink, 1993: Wetlands. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY, USA, 2nd. ed., 920 pp.
Mitchell, J.F.B., T.C. Johns, W.J. Ingram, and J.A. Lowe, 2000: The effect of stabilising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations on global and regional climate change. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 2977-2980.
Mitchell, R.A.C., V.J. Mitchell, S.P. Driscoll J. Franklin, and D.W. Lawlor, 1993: Effects of increased CO₂ concentration and temperature on growth and yield of winter wheat at 2 levels of nitrogen application. Plant Cell Environment, 16, 521-529.
Mohseni, O. and H.G. Stefan, 2000: Projections of Fish Survival in U.S. Streams After Global Warming. Project Report 441, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 100 pp.
Moore, K.S., C.L. Bevins, N. Tomassini, K.M. Huttner, K. Sadler, J.E. Moreira, J. Reynolds, and M. Zasloff, 1992: A novel peptide-producing cell in Xenopus multinucleated gastric mucosal cell strikingly similar to the granular gland of the skin. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 40, 367-378.
Moore, M.K. and V.R. Townsend, 1998: The interaction of temperature, dissolved oxygen and predation pressure in an aquatic predator-prey system. Oikos, 81, 329-336.
Moore, T.A. and Shearer, J.C. 1997: Evidence for aerobic degradation of Palangka Raya peat and implications for its sustainability. In: Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands [Rieley, J.O. and S.E. Page (eds.)]. Samara Publishing, Cardigan, Wales, United Kingdom, pp. 157-168.
Moore, T.R., T.A. Trofymow, B. Taylor, C. Prescott, C. Camire, L. Duschene, J. Fyles, L. Kozak, M. Kranabetter, I. Morrison, M. Siltanen, S. Smith, B. Titus, S. Visser, R. Wein, and S. Zoltai, 1999: Rates of litter decomposition in Canadian forests. Global Change Biology, 5, 75-82.
Morgan, J.A., H.W. Hunt, C.A. Monz, and D.R. LeCain, 1994a: Consequences of growth at two carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures for leaf gas exchange of Pascopyrum smithii (C3) and Bouteloua gracilis (C4). Plant, Cell and Environment, 17, 1023-1033.
Morgan, J.A., W.G. Knight, L.M. Dudley, and H.W. Hunt, 1994b: Enhanced root system C-sink activity, water relations and aspects of nutrient acquisition in mycotrophic Bouteloua gracilis subjected to CO₂ enrichment. Plant and Soil, 165, 139-146.
Morley, R.J., 1981: Development and vegetation dynamics of a lowland ombrogenous peat swamp in Kalimantan Tengah. Journal of Biogeography, 8, 383-404.
Morrison, D.J. and K.I. Mallett, 1996: Silvicultural management of Armillaria root disease in western Canadian forests. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 18, 194-199.
Morton, S.R., D.M.S. Smith, M.H. Friedel, G.F. Griffin, and G. Pickup, 1995: The stewardship of arid Australia: ecology and landscape management. Journal of Environmental Management, 43(3), 195-217.
Moya, T.B., L.H. Ziska, O.S. Namuco, and D. Olszyk, 1998: Growth dynamics and genotypic variation in tropical, field-grown paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to increasing carbon dioxide and temperature. Global Change Biology, 4, 645-656.
Moyle, P.B. and J.J. Cech Jr., 1996: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 590 pp.
Munasinghe, M. and J. McNeely (eds.), 1994: Protected Area Economics and Policy: Linking Conservation and Sustainable Development. World Conservation Union, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 364 pp.
Murray, D.R., 1997: Carbon Dioxide and Plant Response. Research Studies Press Ltd., John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, 275 pp.
Myers, N., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent, 2000: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853-858.
Myneni, R.B., C.D. Keeling, C.J. Tucker, G. Asrar, and R.R. Nemani, 1997: Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981-1991. Nature, 386, 698-702.
Nabuurs, G.J., R. Päivinen, R. Sikkema, and G.M. Mohren, 1997: The role of European forests in the global carbon cycle: a review. Biomass and Bioenergy, 13, 345-358.
Nadelhoffer, K.J., B.A. Emmett, P. Gundersen, C.J. Koopmans, P. Schleppi, A. Tietema and R.F. Wright, 1999: Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contribution to carbon sequestration in temperate forests. Nature, 398, 145-148.
Naiman, R.J., J.J. Magnuson, D.M. McKnight, J.A. Stanford, and J.R. Karr, 1995a: Freshwater ecosystems and their management: a national initiative. Science, 270, 584-585.
Naiman, R.J., J.J. Magnuson, D.M. McKnight, and J.A. Stanford, 1995b: The Freshwater Imperative: A Research Agenda. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 157 pp.
National Research Council, 1999: Perspectives on Biodiversity: Valuing Its Role in an Everchanging World. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 168 pp.
National Research Council, 1991: Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming. Report of the Committee on Science, Engineering and Public Policy, National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences (NRC/NAS), National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 127 pp.
NBIOME SSC, 1992: Northern Biosphere Observation and Modelling Experiment. Incidental Report Series No. IR93-1, NBIOME Science Steering Committee, Canadian Global Change Program, Science Plan, Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 61 pp.
Neilson, R.P. and R.J. Drapek, 1998: Potentially complex biosphere responses to transient global warming. Global Change Biology, 4, 505-521.
Neilson, R.P. and D. Marks, 1994: A global perspective of regional vegetation and hydrologic sensitivities from climatic change. Journal of Vegetation Science, 5(5), 715-730.
Neilson, R.P., I.C. Prentice, B. Smith, T. Kittel, and D. Viner, 1998: Simulated changes in vegetation distribution under global warming. In: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Special Report of IPCC Working Group II [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 441-446.
Neitzel, D.A., M.J. Scott, S.A. Shankle, and J.C. Chatters, 1991: The effect of climate change on stream environments: the Salmonid resource of the Columbia River Basin. The Northwest Environmental Journal, 7, 271-293.
Nepstad, D.C., A. Verissimo, A. Alancar, C. Nobre, E. Lima, P.A. Lefebve, P. Schlesinger, C. Potter, P. Moutinho, E. Mendoza, M. Cochrane, and V. Brooke, 1999: Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire. Nature, 348, 505-508.
Neuvonen, S., P. Niemelä, and T. Virtanen, 1999: Climatic change and insect outbreaks in boreal forests: the role of winter temperatures. Ecological Bulletins, 47.
Neuzil, S.G., 1997: Onset and rate of peat and carbon accumulation in four domed ombrogenous peat deposits, Indonesia. In: Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands [Rieley, J.O. and S.E. Page (eds.)]. Samara Publishing, Cardigan, Wales, United Kingdom, pp. 55-72.
Newton, P.C.D., H. Clark, C.C. Bell, and E.M. Glasgow, 1996: Interaction of soil moisture and elevated CO₂ on above-ground growth rate, root length density and gas exchange of turves from temperate pasture. Journal of Experimental Botany, 47, 771-779.
Ni, J., 2000: A simulation of biomes on the Tibetan Plateau and their responses to global climate change. Mountain Research and Development, 20(1), 80-89.
Niemelä, P., 1980: Dependence of Oporinia autumnata (Lep., Geometridae) outbreaks on summer temperature. Reports From the Kevo Sub-Arctic Research Station, 16, 27-30.
Nilsson, S., O. Sallnäs, and P. Duinker, 1992: Future Forest Resources of Western and Eastern Europe. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Vienna, Austria.
Nilsson, S., K. Blauberg, E. Samarskaia, and V. Kharuk, 1998: Pollution stress of Siberian forests. In: Air Pollution in the Ural Mountains [Linkov, I. and R. Wilson (eds.)]. J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 31-54.
Nix, H., 1986: A biogeographic analysis of Australian elapid snakes. In: Atlas of Elapid Snakes of Australia [Longmore, R. (ed.)]. Australian Government Pulic Service, Canberra, Australia, pp. 4-15.
Noble, I.R. and H. Gitay, 1996: Functional classifications for predicting the dynamics of landscapes. Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, 329-336.
Noble, I.R., M. Barson, R. Dumsday, M. Friedel, R. Hacker, N. McKenzie, G. Smith, M. Young, M. Maliel, and C. Zammit, 1996: Land resources. In: Australia: State of the Environment 1996 CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 6.1-6.55.
Norby, R.J., S.D. Wullschleger, C.A. Gunderson, D.W. Johnson, and R. Ceulemans, 1999: Tree response to rising CO₂ in field experiments: implications for the future forest. Plant Cell and Environment, 22, 683-714.
Notohadiprawiro, T., 1998: Conflict between problem-solving and optimising approach to land resources development policies: the case of Central Kalimantan wetlands. In: The Spirit of Peatlands: 30 Years of the International Peat Society [Sopo, R. (ed.)]. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 14-24.
Nykänen, H., J. Alm, K. Lång, J. Silvola, and P.J. Martikainen, 1995a: Emissions of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ from a virgin fen and a fen drained for grassland in Finland. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 351-357.
Nykänen, H., J. Silvola, J. Alm, and P.J. Martikainen, 1995b: Fluxes of greenhouse gases CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O from some peat harvesting areas. In: Proceedings: Peat Industry and Environment, Pärnu, Estonia, 12-15 September 1995. Ministry of Environment, Environment Information Centre, Tallinn, Estonia, pp. 41-43.
Nyrönen, T., 1996: Peat production. In: Global Peat Resources [Lappalainen, E. (ed.)]. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 315-318.
Oechel, W.C. and G.L. Vourlitis, 1994: The effects of climate change on Arctic tundra ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 324-329.
Oechel, W.C., S.J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis, M. Jenkins, G. Riechers, and N. Grulke, 1993: Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source. Nature, 361, 520-523.
Oechel, W.C., S. Cowles, N. Grulke, S.J. Hastings, B. Lawrence, T. Prudhomme, G. Riechers, B. Strain, D.T. Tissue, and G. Vourlitis, 1994: Transient nature of CO₂ fertilization in Arctic tundra. Nature, 371, 500-502.
Oerke, E.C., H.W. Dehne, F. Schohnbeck, and A. Weber, 1995: Crop Production and Crop Protection: Estimated Losses in Major Food and Cash Crops. Elesvier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 808 pp.
Oesterheld, M., C.M. Dibella, and H. Kerdiles, 1998: Relation between NOAA-AVHRR satellite data and stocking rate of rangelands. Ecological Applications, 8(1), 207-212.
Ogren, E., T. Nilsson, and L.G. Sunblad, 1997: Relationship between respiratory depletion of sugars and loss of cold hardiness in coniferous seedlings over-wintering at raised temperatures: indications of different sensitivities of spruce and pine. Plant Cell and Environment, 20(2), 247-253.
Ogutu-Ohwayo, R., R.E. Hecky, A.S. Cohen, and L. Kaufman, 1997: Human impacts on the African Great Lakes. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 50, 117-131.
Ojima, D.S., W.J. Parton, D.S. Schimel, J.M.O. Scurlock, and T.G.F. Kittel, 1993: Modeling the effects of climatic and CO₂ changes on grassland storage of soil-C. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 70, 643-657.
Okruszko, H., 1996: Agricultural use of peatlands. In: Global Peat Resources [Lappalainen, E. (ed.)]. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 303-309.
Oldeman, R.L., T.A. Hakkeling, and W.G. Sombroek, 1991: World Map of the Status of Human-Induced Soil Degradation, 2nd. Rev. Ed. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Oquist, M.G., B.H. Svensson, P. Groffman, M. Taylor, K.B. Bartlett, M. Boko, J. Brouwer, O.F. Canziani, C.B. Craft, J. Laine, D. Larson, P.J. Martikainen, E. Matthews, W. Mullie, S. Page, C.J. Richardson, J. Rieley, N. Roulet, J. Silvola, and Y. Zhang, 1996: Assessment of impacts and adaptation options: non-tidal wetlands. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 214-239.
Osbrink, W.L.A., J.T. Trumble, and R.E. Wagner, 1987: Host suitability of Phaseolus lunata for Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in controlled carbon dioxide atmospheres. Environmental Entomology, 16, 639-644.
Osterkamp, T.E. and V.E. Romanovsky, 1999: Evidence for warming and thawing of discontinuous permafrost in Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 10, 17-37.
Osterkamp, T.E., T. Zhang, and V.E. Romanovsky, 1994: Thermal regime of permafrost in Alaska and predicted global warming. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 4, 38-42.
Overpeck, J.T., P.J. Bartlein, and T. Webb III, 1991: Potential magnitude of future vegetation change in eastern North America: comparisons with the past. Science, 254, 692-695.
Overpeck, J.T., D. Rind, and R. Goldberg, 1990: Climate-induced changes in forest disturbance and vegetation. Nature, 343, 51-53.
Owen, J.G., and J.R. Dixon, 1989: An ecogeographic analysis of the herpetofauna of Texas (USA). Southwestern Naturalist, 34, 165-180.
Owensby, C.E., L.M. Auen, and P.I. Coyne, 1994: Biomass production in a nitrogen-fertilised tallgrass prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated levels of CO₂. Plant and Soil, 165, 105-113.
Owensby, C.E., J.M. Ham, A.K. Knapp, and L.M. Auen, 1999: Biomass production and species composition change in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem after long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO₂, Global Change Biology, 5, 497-506.
Owensby, C.E., J.M. Ham, A. Knapp, C.W. Rice, P.I. Coyne, and L.M. Auen, 1996: Ecosystem-level responses of tallgrass prairie to elevated CO₂. In: Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems [Körner, C. and F.A. Bazzaz (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 147-162.
Page, S.E., J.O. Rieley, K. Doody, S. Hodgson, S. Husson, P. Jenkins, H. Morrough-Bernard, S. Otway, and S. Wilshaw, 1997: Biodiversity of tropical peat swamp forest: a case study of animal diversity in the Sungai Sebangau catchment of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands [Rieley, J.O. and S.E. Page (eds.)]. Samara Publishing, Cardigan, Wales, United Kingdom, pp. 231-242.
Paine, R.T., 1974: Intertidal community structure: experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal competitor. Oecologia, 15, 93-120.
Päivänen, J., 1997: Forested mires as a renewable resource: toward a sustainable forestry practice. In: Northern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management [Trettin, C.C., M.F. Jurgensen, D.F. Grigal, M.R. Gale, and J.K. Jeglum (eds.)]. CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL and New York, NY, USA; London, United Kingdom; and Tokyo, Japan, pp. 27-44.
Päivänen, J. and H. Vasander, 1994: Carbon balance in mire ecosystems. World Resource Review, 6, 102-111.
Palmer, T.N., 1999: A nonlinear dynamical perspective on climate prediction. Journal of Climate, 12, 575-591.
Panario, D. and M. Bidegain, 1997: Climate change effects on grasslands in Uruguay. Climate Research, 9(1-2), 37-40.
Parmesan, C., 1996: Climate and species' range. Nature, 382, 765-766.
Parmesan, C., T.L. Root, and M.R. Willig, 2000: Impacts of extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 443-450.
Parmesan, C., N. Ryrholm, C. Stefanescu, J.K. Hill, C.D. Thomas, H. Descimon, B. Huntley, L. Kaila, J. Kullberg, T. Tammaru, W.J. Tennent, J.A. Thomas, and M. Warren, 1999: Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature, 399, 579-583.
Parry, M., C. Fischer, M. Livermore, C. Rosenzweig, and A. Iglesias, 1999: Climate change and world food security: a new assessment. Global Environmental Change, 9, S51-S67.
Parry, M.L., J.E. Hossell, P.J. Jones, T. Rehman, R.B. Tranter, J.S. Marsh, C. Rosenzweig, G. Fischer, I.G. Carson, and R.G.H. Bunce, 1996: Integrating global and regional analyses of the effects of climate change: a case study of land use in England and Wales. Climatic Change, 32, 185-198.
Parton, W.J., D.S. Ojima, and D.S. Schimel, 1994: Environmental change in grasslands: assessment using models (review). Climatic Change, 28, 111-141.
Parton, W.J., J.M.O. Scurlock, D.S. Ojima, D.S. Schimel, D.O. Hall, and SCOPEGRAM Group Members, 1995: Impact of climate change on grassland production and soil carbon worldwide. Global Change Biology, 1, 13-22.
Paustian, K., E.T. Elliott, and L. Hahn, 1999: Agroecosystem boundaries and C dynamics with global change in the central United States. In: Great Plains Region Annual Progress Reports, Reporting Period: 1 July 1998 to 30 June 1999. National Institute for Global Environmental Change, U.S. Department of Energy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, Available online at http://nigec.ucdavis.edu/publications/annual99/greatplains/GPPaustian0.html.
Paustian, K., E. T. Elliott, and L. Hahn, 2000: Agroecosystem Boundaries and C Dynamics with Global Change in the Central United States." FY 1999/2000 Progress Report, National Institute for Global Environmental Change. Available online at http://nigec.ucdavis.edu.
Paustian, K., E.T. Elliott, G.A. Peterson, and K. Killian, 1996: Modelling climate, CO₂ and management impacts on soil carbon in semi-arid agroecosystems. Plant and Soil, 187, 351-365.
Pavlov, A.V., 1994: Current changes of climate and permafrost in the Arctic and sub-Arctic of Russia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 5, 101-110.
Pearce, D. and D. Moran, 1994: The Economic Value of Biodiversity. Earthscan, London, United Kingdom, 172 pp.
Peng, S., K.T. Ingram, H.-U. Neue, and L.H. Ziska (eds.), 1995: Climate Change and Rice. International Rice Research Institute. Los Baños, The Phillipines, 374 pp.
Perez-Garcia, J., L.A. Joyce, C.S. Binkley, and A.D. McGuire, 1997: Economic impacts of climate change on the global forest sector: an integrated ecological/economic assessment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 27, S123-S138.
Perfecto, I., 1991: Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as natural control agents of pests in irrigated maize in Nicaragua. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84, 65-70.
Peterken, G.F. and E.P. Mountford, 1996: Effects of drought on beech in Lady Park Wood, an unmanaged mixed deciduous forest woodland. Forestry, 69, 125-136.
Peters, R.L., 1992: Conservation of biological diversity in the face of climate change. In: Global Warming and Biological Diversity [Peters, R.L. and T.E. Lovejoy (eds.)]. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, USA, pp. 15-30.
Peters, R.L. and J.D. Darling, 1985: The greenhouse effect and nature reserves. Bioscience, 35(11), 707-717.
Pettus, D. and G.M. Angleton, 1967: Comparative reproductive biology of montane and piedmont chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata, Hylidae). Evolution, 21, 500-507.
Phillips, O.L., Y. Malhi, N. Higuchi, W.F. Laurence, P.V. Nunez, R.M. Vasquez, S.G. Laurence, L.V. Ferreira, M. Stern, S. Brown, and J. Grace, 1998: Changes in the carbon balance of tropical forests: evidence from long-term plots. Science, 282, 439-442.
Pickup, G., 1998: Desertification and climate change: the Australian perspective. Climate Research, 11, 51-63.
Pimentel, D., 1997: Techniques for Reducing Pesticide Use Economic and Environmental Benefits. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
Pimentel, D., C. Harvey, and P. Resosudarmo, 1995: Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science, 267, 1117-1123.
Pimentel, D., L. McLaughlin, and A. Zepp, 1993: Environmental and economic effects of reducing pesticide use in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 46, 273-288.
Pimentel, D., H. Acquay, M. Biltonen, P. Rice, M. Silva, J. Nelson, V. Lipner, S. Giordano, A. Horowitz, and M. D'Amore, 1992: Environmental and economic costs of pesticide use. BioScience, 42, 750-760.
Pimm, S.L., G.J. Russell, and J.L. Gittleman, 1995: The future of biodiversity. Science, 269, 347-350.
Pingali, P., 1994: Technological prospects for reversing the declining trend in Asia's rice productivity. In: Agricultural Technology: Policy Issues for the International Community [Anderson, J.R. (ed.)]. CAB International and World Bank, Wallingford, United Kingdom, pp. 384-401.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P. and R. Pandya-Lorch, 1998: Food security and sustainable use of natural resources: a 2020 vision. Ecological Economics, 26, 1-10.
Pinter, P.J. Jr., B.A. Kimball, R.L. Garcia, G.W. Wall, D.J. Hunsaker, and R.L. LaMorte, 1996: Free-air CO₂ enrichment: responses of cotton and wheat crops. In: Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems [Koch, G.W. and H.A. Mooney (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 215-249.
Pitelka, L.F. and Plant Migration Workshop Group, 1997: Plant migration and climate change. American Scientist, 85, 464-473.
Polis, G.A., S.D. Hurd, C.T. Jackson, and F.S. Pinero, 1997: El Niño effects on the dynamics and control of an island ecosystem in the Gulf of California. Ecology, 78(6), 1884-1897.
Pollard, E., 1979: Population ecology and change in range of the white admiral butterfly Ladoga camilla L. in England. Ecological Entomology, 4, 61-74.
Polley, H.W., H.B. Johnson, H.S. Mayeux, and C.R. Tischler, 1996: Are some of the recent changes in grassland communities a response to rising CO₂ concentrations? In: Carbon Dioxide, Populations, and Communities [Körner, C. and F.A. Bazzaz (eds.)]. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, pp. 177-195.
Polley, H.W., H.S. Mayeux, H.B. Johnson, and C.R. Tischler, 1997: Viewpoint: atmospheric CO₂, soil water, and shrub/grass ratios on rangelands. Journal of Range Management, 50, 278-284.
Pontailler, J.-V., A. Faille, and G. Lemée, 1997: Storms drive successional dynamics in natural forests: a case study in Fontainebleau Forest (France). Forest Ecology and Management, 98, 1-15.
Poorter, H., 1993: Interspecific variation in the growth response of plants to an elevated ambient CO₂ concentration. Vegetatio, 104, 77-97.
Poorter, H., 1998: Do slow-growing species and nutrient stressed plants respond relatively strongly to elevated CO₂? Global Change Biology, 4, 639-697.
Post, E. and N.C. Stenseth, 1999: Climatic variability, plant phenology, and northern ungulates. Ecology, 80, 1322-1339.
Post, E., R.O. Peterson, N.C. Stenseth, and B.E. McLaren, 1999: Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate. Nature, 401, 905-907.
Postel, S. and S. Carpenter, 1997: Freshwater ecosystem services. In: Natures Services, Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems [Daily, G.C. (ed.)]. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 195-214.
Potter, C.S., 1997: An ecosystem siumulation model for methane production and emission from wetlands. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11, 495-506.
Potter, C.S., E.A. Davidson, and L.V. Verchot, 1996: Estimation of global biogeochemical controls and seasonality in soil methane consumption. Chemosphere, 32, 2219-2246.
Potter, S.C. and S.A. Klooster, 1999: North American carbon sink. Science, 283, 1815a.
Pounds, J.A. and M.L. Crump, 1994: Amphibian decline and climate disturbance: the case of the golden toad and the harlequin frog. Conservation Biology, 8, 72-85.
Pounds, J.A. and M.L. Crump, 1987: Harlequin frogs along a tropical montane stream: aggregation and the risk of predation by frog-eating flies. Biotropica, 19, 306-309.
Pounds, J.A., M.P.L. Fogden, and J.H. Campbell, 1999: Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature, 398, 611-615.
Power, G., R. Cunjak, J. Flannagan, and C. Katopodis, 1993: Biological effects of river ice. In: Environmental Aspects of River Ice [Prowse, T.D. and N.C. Gridley (eds.)]. NHRC Science Report No. 3, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, pp. 97-119.
Pregitzer, K.S., D.R. Zak, P.S. Curtis, M.E. Kubiske, J.A. Teeri, and C.S. Vogel, 1995: Atmospheric CO₂, soil nitrogen and turnover of fine roots. New Phytologist, 129, 579-585.
Pregitzer, K.S., D.D. Reed, T.J. Bornhorst, D.R. Foster, G.D. Mroz, J.S. Mclachlan, P.E. Laks, D.D. Stokke, P.E. Martin, and S.E. Brown, 2000: A buried spruce forest provides evidence at the stand and landscape scale for the effects of environment on vegetation at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. Journal of Ecology, 88, 45-53.
Prentice, I.C. and D. Parish, 1992: Conservation of peat swamp forest: a forgotten ecosystem. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Tropical Biodiversity. Malaysian Naturalist Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Prentice, I.C., M.T. Sykes, M. Lautenschlager, S.P. Harrison, O. Denissenko and P.J. Bartlein, 1993: A simulation model for the transient effects of climate change on forest landscape. Ecological Modelling, 65, 51-70.
Price, C. and D. Rind, 1994: Possible implications of global climate change on global lightning distributions and frequencies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 108-123.
Price, D.T., D.H. Halliwell, M.J. Apps, and C.H. Peng, 1999a: Adapting a patch model to simulate the sensitivity of central-Canadian boreal ecosystems to climate variability. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 1101-1113.
Price, D.T., C. Peng, M.J. Apps, and D.H. Halliwell, 1999b: Simulating effects of climate change on boreal ecosystem carbon pools in central Canada. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 1237-1248.
Price, J., 2000: Climate change, birds and ecosystems—why should we care? In: Proceedings of the International Health Conference, Sacramento, CA, USA, August 1999.
Price, J., 1995: Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change on the Summer Distributions of Some North American Grassland Birds. Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
Price, J., L. Rochefort, and F. Quinty, 1998: Energy and moisture considerations on cutover peatlands: surface microtopography, mulch cover and Sphagnum regeneration. Ecological Engineering, 10, 293-312.
Price, J.T., T.L. Root, K.R. Hall, G. Masters, L. Curran, W. Fraser, M. Hutchins, and N. Myers, 2000: Climate Change, Wildlife and Ecosystems. Supplemental information prepared for IPCC Working Group II, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available online at http://www.usgcrp.gov/ipcc/html/ecosystem.pdf.
Prieto, A.R., 2000: Vegetational history of the late glacial-Holocene transition in the grasslands of eastern Argentina. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 157, 167-188.
Pringle, H.J.R., 1995: Pastoralism, nature conservation and ecological sustainability in western Australia's southern shrubland rangelands. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 2(1), 26-44.
Prinn, R., H. Jacoby, A. Sokolov, C. Wang, X. Xiao, Z. Yang, R. Eckhaus, P. Stone, D. Ellerman, J. Melillo, J. Fitzmaurice, D. Kicklighter, G. Holian, and Y. Liu, 1999: Integrated global system model for climate policy assessment: feedbacks and sensitivity studies. Climatic Change, 41, 469-546.
Prior, S.A., H.A. Torbert, G.B. Runion, H.H. Rogers, C.W. Wood, B.A. Kimball, R.L. LaMorte, P.J. Pinter, and G.W. Wall, 1997: Free-air carbon dioxide enrichment of wheat: soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26, 1161-1166.
Prop, J., J.M. Black, P. Shimmings, and M. Owen, 1998: The spring range of barnacle geese Branta leucopsis in relation to changes in land management and climate. Biological Conservation, 86, 339-346.
Prowse, T.D., 1994: Environmental significance of ice to streamflow in cold regions. Freshwater Biology, 32, 241-259.
Prowse, T.D. and M. Conly, 1998: Impacts of climatic variability and flow regulation on ice-jam flooding of a northern delta. Hydrological Processes, 12(10-11), 1589-1610.
Prowse, T.D. and N.C. Gridley (eds.), 1993: Environmental Aspects of River Ice. NHRI Science Report No. 5, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 155 pp.
Puigdefabregas, J., 1998: Ecological impacts of global change on drylands and their implications for desertification. Land Degradation and Development, 9(5), 393-406.
Pulliam, W.M., 1993: Carbon dioxide and methane exports from a southeastern floodplain swamp. Ecological Monographs, 63, 29-53.
Quiggin, J. and J.K. Horowitz, 1999: The impact of global warming on agriculture: a Ricardian analysis: comment. American Economic Review, 89, 1044-1045.
Quinn, H. and H. Quinn, 1993: Estimated number of snake species that can be managed by species survival plans in North America. Zoo Biology, 12, 243-255.
Rabinowitz, D., 1981: Seven forms of rarity. In: Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation [Synge, H. (ed.)]. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 205-217.
Rabinowitz, D., S. Cairns, and T. Dillon, 1986: Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles. In: Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity [Soulé, M. (ed.)]. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, USA, pp. 182-204.
Rahel, F.J., 2000: Homogenation of fish faunas across the United States. Science, 288, 854-856.
Rahel, F.J., C.J. Keleher, and J.L. Anderson, 1996: Potential habitat loss and population fragmentation for cold water fish in the North Platte River drainage of the Rocky Mountains: response to climate warming. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 1116-1123.
Randall, P.J. and H.J. Moss, 1990: Some effects of temperature regimes during grain filling on wheat quality. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 41, 603-617.
Randerson, J.T., C.B. Field, I.Y. Fung, and P.P. Tans, 1999: Increases in early season net ecosystem uptake explain changes in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO₂ at high northern latitudes. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 2765-2768.
Rayner, P.J., I.G. Enting, R.J. Francey, and R. Langenfelds, 1999: Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO₂, D13C, and O2/N2 observations. Tellus, 51B, 213-232.
Read, J.J., J.A. Morgan, N.J. Chatterton, and P.A. Harrison, 1997 : Gas exchange and carbohydrate and nitrogen concentrations in leaves of Pascopyrum smithii (C3) and Bouteloua gracilis (C4) at different carbon dioxide concentrations and temperatures. Annals of Botany, 79, 197-206.
Reading, C.J., 1998: The effect of winter temperatures on the timing of breeding activity in the common toad Bufo bufo. Oecologia, 117, 469-475.
Reading, C.J. and R.T. Clarke, 1995: The effects of density, rainfall and environmental temperature on body condition and fecundity in the common toad, Bufo bufo. Oecologia, 102, 453-459.
Reeburgh, W.S. and S.C. Whalen, 1992: High latitude ecosystems as CH₄ sources. Ecological Bulletin, 42, 62-70.
Regier, H.A., J.A. Holmes, and D. Pauly, 1990: Influence of temperature changes on aquatic ecosystems: an interpretation of empirical data. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 119, 374-389.
Regina, K., H. Nykänen, M. Maljanen, and J. Silvola, 1998: Emissions of N₂O and NO and net nitrogen mineralization in a boreal forested peatland treated with different nitrogen compounds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28, 132-140.
Rehfeldt, G.E., C.C. Ying, D.L. Spittlehouse, and D.A. Hamilton, 1999a: Genetic responses to climate in Pinus contorta: niche breadth, climate change, and reforestation. Ecological Monographs, 69, 375-407.
Rehfeldt, G.E., N.M. Tchebakova, and L.K. Barnhardt, 1999b: Efficacy of climate transfer functions: introduction of Eurasian populations of Larix into Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29, 1660-1668.
Reier, Ü., 1982: Murakad. Valgus, Tallinn, Estonia.
Reilly, J., 1996: Agriculture in a changing climate: impacts and adaptation. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 429-467.
Reinert, R.A., G. Eason, and J. Barton, 1997: Growth and fruiting of tomato as influenced by elevated carbon dioxide and ozone. New Phytology, 137, 411-420.
Repo, T., H. Hanninen, and S. Kellomaki, 1996: The effects of long-term elevation of air temperature and CO₂ on the frost hardiness of Scots Pine. Plant, Cell and Environment, 19(2), 209-216.
Reyenga, P.J., S.M. Howden, H. Meinke, and W.B. Hall, 1999: Global change impacts on wheat production along an environmental gradient in South Australia. In: Modsim '99 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation Proceedings, December 6-9, 1999, Hamilton, New Zealand. pp. 753-758.
Richardson, C.J. and E.J. McCarthy, 1994: Effect of land development and forest management on hydrologic response in southeastern coastal wetlands: a review. Wetlands, 14, 56-71.
Richardson, C.J. and J.W. Gibbons, 1993: Pocosins, Carolina bays, and mountain bogs. In: Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States: Lowland Terrestrial Communities [Martin, W.H., S.G. Boyce, and A.C. Echternacht (eds.)]. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom; New York, NY, USA; Brisbane, Australia; Tokyo, Japan; and Singapore, pp. 257-310.
Rieley, J.O. and A.A. Ahmad-Shah, 1996: The vegetation of tropical peat swamp forests. In: Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia [Maltby, E., C.P. Immirzi, and R.J. Safford (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 55-74.
Rieley, J.O., A.A. Ahmad-Shah, and M.A. Brady, 1996: The extent and nature of tropical peat swamps. In: Tropical Lowland Peatlands of Southeast Asia [Maltby, E., C.P. Immirzi, and R.J. Safford (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 17-54.
Riera, J.L., J.E. Schindler, and T.K. Kratz, 1999: Seasonal dynamics of carbon dioxide and methane in two clear-water lakes and two bog lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56(2), 265-274.
Riera, J.L., J.J. Magnuson, T.K. Kratz, and K.E. Webster, 2000: A geomorphic template for the analysis of lake districts applied to Northern Highland Lake District, Wisconsin, USA. Freshwater Biology, 43, 301-318.
Rijksen, H.D., W.H. Diemont, and M. Griffith, 1997: The Singkil Swamp: the kidneys of the Leuser ecosystem in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands [Rieley, J.O. and S.E. Page (eds.)]. Samara Publishing, Cardigan, Wales, United Kingdom, pp. 355-362.
Roberston, G., 1986: The mortality of kangaroos in drought. Australian Wildlife and Restoration, 13, 349-354.
Robinson, D.C.E., W.A. Kurz, and C. Pinkham, 1999: Estimating the Carbon Losses from Deforestation in Canada. ESSA Technologies Ltd., National Climate Change Secretariat, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 81 pp. Available online at http://www.nccp.ca/html/index.htm.
Robinson, G.R. and S.N. Handel, 1993: Forest restoration on a closed landfill: rapid addition of new species by bird dispersal. Conservation Biology, 7, 271-278.
Rodhe, H. and B.H. Svensson, 1995: Impact on the greenhouse effect of peat mining and combustion. Ambio, 24, 221-225.
Rodriguez-Trelles, F. and M.A. Rodriguez, 1998: Rapid micro-evolution and loss of chromosomal diversity in Drosophila in response to climate warming. Evolutionary Ecology, 12, 829-838.
Rogers, D., 1996: Changes in disease vectors. In: Climate Change and Southern Africa: An Exploration of Some Potential Impacts and Implications in the SADC Region [Hulme, M. (ed.)]. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, and World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland.
Rogers, G., P.J. Milham, M. Gillings, and J.P. Conroy, 1996a: Sink strength may be the key to growth and nitrogen responses in N-deficient wheat at elevated CO₂. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 23, 253-264.
Rogers, G., P.J. Milham, M.C. Thibaud, and J.P. Conroy, 1996b: Interactions between rising CO₂ concentration and nitrogen supply in cotton, I: growth and leaf nitrogen concentration. In Australian journal of plant physiology, 23, 119-125.
Rogers, H.H., G.B. Runion, and S.V. Krupa, 1994: Plant responses to atmospheric CO₂ enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere. Environmental Pollution, 83, 155-189.
Roland, J., B.G. Mackey, and B. Cooke, 1998: Effects of climate and forest structure on duration of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks across central Ontario, Canada. Canadian Entomologist, 130, 703-714.
Root, T.L., 1988c: Energy constraints on avian distributions and abundances. Ecology, 69, 330-339.
Root, T.L., 1988a: Environmental factors associated with avian distributional boundaries. Journal of Biogeography, 15, 489-505.
Root, T.L., 1988b: Atlas of Wintering North American Birds: An Analysis of Christmas Bird Count Data. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, 312 pp.
Root, T.L. and S.H. Schneider, 1995: Ecology and climate: research strategies and implications. Science, 269, 334-341.
Rosegrant, M.W. and C. Ringler, 1997: World food markets into the 21st century: environmental and resource constraints and policies. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 41, 401-428.
Rosegrant, M.W., M. Agcaoili-Sombilla, and N.D. Perez, 1995: Global Food Projections to 2020: Implications for Investment. 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment. Discussion Paper No. 5, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
Rosenberg, N.J., 1982: The increasing CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere and its implication on agricultural productivity, part II: effects through CO₂-induced climatic change. Climatic Change, 4, 239-254.
Rosenzweig, C. and A. Iglesias, 1998: The use of crop models for international climate change impact assessment. In: Understanding Options for Agriculture Production [Tsuji, G.Y., G. Hoogrnboom, and P.K. Thorton (eds.)]. J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 267-292.
Rosenzweig, C., A. Iglesias, X. Yang, P. Epstein, and E. Chivian, 2000: Climate Change and U.S. Agriculture: The Impacts of Warming and Extreme Weather Events on Productivity, Plant Diseases, and Pests. Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 46 pp.
Ross, D.J., S. Saggar, K.R. Tate, C.W. Feltham, and P.C.D. Newton, 1996: Elevated CO₂ effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling in grass/clover turves of a Psammaquent soil. Plant and Soil, 182, 185-198.
Ross, M.S., J.J. O'Brien, L. Da Silveira, and L. Sternberg, 1994: Sea-level rise and the reduction in pine forests in the Florida keys. Ecological Applications, 4, 144-156.
Roulet, N.T. and R. Ash, 1992: Low boreal wetlands as a source of atmospheric methane. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 3739-3749.
Roulet, N.T. and T.R. Moore, 1995: The effect of forestry drainage practices on the emission of methane from northen peatlands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 25, 491-499.
Roulet, N.T., R. Ash, W. Quinton, and T.R. Moore, 1993: Methane flux from drained northern peatland: effect of persistent water table lowering on flux. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 749-769.
Roulet, N.T., T.R. Moore, J.L. Bubier, and P. Lafleur, 1992: Northern fens: methane flux and climatic change. Tellus, 44B, 100-105.
Roulet, N.T., P.M. Crill, N.T. Comer, A. Dove, and R.A. Boubonniere, 1997: CO₂ and CH₄ flux between a boreal beaver pond and the atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 29313-29319.
Rouse, W.R., M.S.V. Douglas, R.E. Hecky, A.E. Hershey, G.W. Kling, L. Lesack, P. Marsh, M.M. McDonald, B.J. Nicholson, N.T. Roulet, and J.P. Smol, 1997: Effects of climate change on the freshwaters of Arctic and Subarctic North America. In: Freshwater Ecosystems and Climate Change in North America [Cushing, C.E. (ed.)]. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA, pp. 55-84.
Royama, T., 1984: Population dynamics of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. Ecological Monographs, 54, 429-462.
Rozelle, S. and D.D. Huang, 1999: Wheat in China: supply, demand and trade in the 21st century. In: The Economics of World Wheat Markets [Antle, J.M. and V.H. Smith (eds.)]. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
Rubec, C.A., P. Lynch-Stewart, G.M. Wickware, and I. Kessel-Taylor, 1988: Wetland utilization in Canada. In: Wetlands of Canada [Group, N.W.W. (ed.)]. Polyscience Publications and Environment Canada, Montreal, QB, Canada, Vol. 24, pp. 381-412.
Ruget, F., O. Bethenod, and L. Combe, 1996: Repercussions of increased atmospheric CO₂ on maize morphogenesis and growth for various temperature and radiation levels. Maydica, 41, 181-191.
Rupp, T.S., A.M. Starfield, and F.S. Chapin III, 2000: A frame-based spatially explicit model of subarctic vegetation response to climatic change: comparison with a point model. Landscape Ecology, 15, 383-400.
Russell-Smith, J., D. Lucas, M. Gapindi, B. Gunbunuka, N. Kapirigi, G. Namingum, K. Lucas, P. Giuliani, and G. Chaloupka, 1997: Aboriginal resource utilization and fire management practice in western arnhem land, monsoonal northern Australia: notes for prehistory, lessons for the future (review). Human Ecology, 25(2), 159-195.
Ruttan, V.W., 1996: Constraints on sustainable growth in agricultural production: into the twenty-first century. In: The Economics of Agriculture, Volume 2: Papers in Honor of D. Gale Johnson [Antle, J.M. and D.A. Sumner (eds.)]. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 204-221.
Saarnio, S., J. Alm, P.J. Martikainen, and J. Silvola, 1998: Effects of raised CO₂ on potential CH₄ production and oxidation in, and CH₄ emission from, a boreal mire. Journal of Ecology, 86, 261-268.
Sahagian, D. and J. Melack, 1998: Global wetland distribution and functional characterization: trace gases and the hydrologic cycle. In: Report from the Joint GAIM, BAHC, IGBP-DIS, IGAC, and LUCC Workshop, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, May 1996. IGBP Report 46, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sakovets, V.V. and N.I. Germanova, 1992: Changes in the carbon balance of forested mires in Karelia due to drainage. Suo, 43, 249-252.
Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin III, J.J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson, A. Kinzig, R. Leemans, D.M. Lodge, H.A. Mooney, M. Oesterheld, N.L. Poff, M.T. Sykes, B.H. Walker, M. Walker, and D.H. Wall, 2000: Biodiversity: global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287, 1770-1774.
Salo, K., 1996: Peatland berries: a valuable nourishing resource. In: Peatlands in Finland [Vasander, H. (ed.)]. Finnish Peatland Society, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 39-44.
Samarakoon, A. and R.M. Gifford, 1996: Elevated CO₂ effects on water use and growth of maize in wet and drying soil. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 23, 53-62.
Samarakoon, A.B. and R.M. Gifford, 1995: Soil water content under plants at high CO₂ concentration and interactions with the direct CO₂ effects: a species comparison. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 193-202.
Sampson, R.N. and L.A. DeCoster, 1998: Forest Health in the United States. American Forests, Washington, DC, USA, 76 pp.
Sampson, R.N., R.J. Scholes, C. Cerri, L. Erda, D.O. Hall, M. Handa, P. Hill, M. Howden, H. Janzen, J. Kimble, R. Lal, G. Marland, K. Minami, K. Paustian, P. Read, P.A. Sanchez, C. Scoppa, B. Solberg, M.A. Trossero, S. Trumbore, O. Van Cleemput, A. Whitmore, and D. Xu, 2000: Additional human-induced activities. In: Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry [Watson, R.T., I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, N.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo, and D.J. Dokken (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 181-281.
Santer, B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, T.P. Barnett, and E. Anyamba, 1996: Detection of climate change and attribution of causes. In: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 407-33.
Saseendran, S.A., K.K. Singh, L.S. Rathore, S.V. Singh, and S.K. Sinha, 2000: Effect of climate change on rice production in the tropical humid climate of Kerala, India. Climatic Change, 44, 495-514.
Scherr, S.J. and S. Yadav, 1997: Land Degradation in the Developing World: Issues and Policy Options for 2020. No. 44, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA, 2 pp.
Schiff, M. and A. Valdez, 1996: Agricultural incentives and growth in developing countries: a cross-country perspective. In: The Economics of Agriculture, Vol. 2: Papers in Honor of D. Gale Johnson [Antle, J.M. and D.A. Sumner (eds.)]. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 386-399.
Schimel, D.S., 1998: The carbon equation. Nature, 393, 208-209.
Schimel, D.S., B.H. Braswell, E.A. Holland, R. Mckeown, D.S. Ojima, T.H. Painter, W.J. Parton, and A.R. Townsend, 1994: Climatic, edaphic and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8, 279-293.
Schimel, D.S., J.M. Melillo, H.Q. Tian, A.D. McGuire, D. Kicklighter, T. Kittel, N. Rosenbloom, S. Running, P. Thornton, D. Ojima, W. Parton, R. Kelly, M. Sykes, R. Neilson, and B. Rizzo, 2000: Contrbution of increasing CO₂ and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States. Science, 287, 2004-2006.
Schimel, J.P., 1995: Plant transport and methane production as controls on methane flux from Arctic wet meadow tundra. Biogeochemistry, 28, 183-200.
Schindler, D.W., 1997: Widespread effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystems in North America. Hydrological Processes, 11, 825-871.
Schindler, D.W. and S.E. Bayley, 1993: The biosphere as an increasing sink for atmospheric carbon: estimates from increased nitrogen deposition. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7(4), 717-733.
Schindler, D.W., P.J. Curtis, B.R. Parker, and M.P. Stainton, 1996a: Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-B penetration in North American boreal lakes. Nature, 379, 705-708.
Schindler, D.W., S.E. Bayley, B.R. Parker, K.G. Beaty, D.R. Cruikshank, E.J. Fee, E.U. Schindler, and M.P. Stainton, 1996b: The effects of climatic warming on the properties of boreal lakes and streams at the experimental lakes area, northwestern Ontario. Limnology and Oceanography, 41, 1004-1017.
Schlamadinger, B., M. Apps, F. Bohlin, L. Gustavsson, G. Jungmeier, G. Marland, K. Pingoud, and I. Savolainen, 1997: Towards a standard methodology for greenhouse gas balances of bioenergy systems in comparison with fossil energy systems. Biomass and Bioenergy, 13, 359-375.
Schlesinger, W.H., 1997: Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 588 pp.
Schneider, S.H. and T.L. Root, 1996: Ecological implications of climate change will include surprises. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 1109-1119.
Schneider, S.H., W.E. Easterling, and L.O. Mearns, 2000: Adaptation: sensitivity to natural variability, agent assumptions and dynamic climate changes. Climatic Change, 45, 203-221.
Schreader, C.P., W.R. Rouse, T.J. Giffis, L.D. Boudreau, and P.D. Blanken, 1998: Carbon dioxide fluxes in a northern fen during a hot, dry summer. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 729-740.
Schulze, E.D., J. Lloyd, F.M. Kelliher, C. Wirth, C. Rebmann, B. Lühker, M. Mund, A. Knohl, I.M. Milyukova, W. Schulze, W. Ziegler, A.B. Varlagin, A.F. Sogachev, R. Valentini, S. Dore, S. Grigoriev, O. Kolle, M.I. Panfyorov, N. Tchebakova, and N.N. Vygodskaya, 1999: Productivity of forests in the Eurosiberian boreal region and their potential to act as a carbon sink: a synthesis. Global Change Biology, 5, 703-722.
Scott, C.H., 1987: The socio-economic significance of waterfowl among Canada's aboriginal Cree: native use and local management. In: The Value of Birds. ICBP Technical Publication No. 6 [Diamond, A.W. and F.L. Filion (eds.)]. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 49-62.
Scrimgeour, G.J., T.D. Prowse, J.M. Culp, and P.A. Chambers, 1994: Ecological effects of river ice break-up: a review and perspective. Freshwater Biology, 32, 261-275.
Seddon, N., J.M.M. Ekstrom, D.R. Capper, I.S. Isherwood, R. Muna, R.G. Pople, E. Tarimo, and J. Timothy, 1999: The importance of the Nilo and Nguu North Forest Reserves for the conservation of montane forest birds in Tanzania. Biological Conservation, 87, 59-62.
Sedjo, R. and K. Lyon, 1990: Long Term Adequacy of World Timber Supply. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, USA, 230 pp.
Sedjo, R.A., 1999: The potential of high-yield plantation forestry for meeting timber needs. New Forests, 17(1-3), 339-359.
Segers, R., 1998: Methane production and methane consumption: a review of processes underlying wetland methane fluxes. Biogeochemistry, 41, 23-51.
Seidensticker, J., 1987: Managing tigers in the Sundarbans: experience and opportunity. In: Tigers of the World: The Biology, Biopolitics, Management, and Conservation of an Endangered Species [Tilson, R.L. and U.S. Seal (eds.)]. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, USA, pp. 416-426.
Sellers, P.J., J.C. Cihlar, M.J. Apps, B. Goodison, D. Leckie, F. Hall, E. LeDrew, P. Matson and S. Running,, 1990: Charting the boreal forest's role in global change. EOS, 22(4), 33-34.
Sellers, P.J., F.G. Hall, R.D. Kelly, A. Black, D. Baldocchi, J. Berry, M. Ryan, K.J. Ranson, P.M. Crill, D.P. Lettenmaier, H. Margolis, J. Cihlar, J. Newcomer, D. Fitzjarrald, P.G. Jarvis, S.T. Gower, D. Halliwell, D. Williams, B. Goodison, D.E. Wickland, and F.E. Guertin, 1997: BOREAS in 1997: experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. Journal of Gephysical Research, 102(D24), 731-728 and 769.
Semenov, M.A. and J.R. Porter, 1995: Climatic variability and the modelling of crop yields. Agricultural Forest Meteorology, 38, 127-145.
Semenov, M.A., J. Wolf, L.G. Evans, H. Eckersten, and A. Eglesias, 1996: Comparison of wheat simulation models under climate change, 2: application of climate change scenarios. Climate Research, 7, 271-281.
Semenov, S.M., I.M. Kounina, and B.A. Koukhta, 1999: Tropospheric ozone and plant growth in Europe. Meteorology and Hydrology, 208 pp. (in Russian).
Semenov, S.M., I.M. Kounina, and B.A. Koukhta, 1998: An ecological analysis of anthropogenic changes in ground-level concentrations of O₃, SO₂, and CO₂ in Europe. Doklady Biological Sciences, 361, 344-347.
Semenov, S.M., B.A. Kukhta, and A.A. Rudkova, 1997: Assessment of the tropospheric ozone effect on higher plants. Meteorology and Hydrology, 12, 36-40.
Seneweera, S.P. and J.P. Conroy, 1997: Growth, grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to elevated CO₂ and phosphorus nutrition. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 43, 1131-1136.
Sepkoski, J.J., 1998: Rates of speciation in the fossil record. Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 353, 315-326.
Serreze, M.C., J.E. Walsh, F.S. Chapin III, T. Osterkamp, M. Dyurgerov, V. Romanovsky, W.C. Oechel, J. Morison, T. Zhang, and R.G. Barry, 2000: Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment. Climatic Change, 46, 159-207.
Severnty, D.L., 1977: The use of data on the distribution of birds to monitor climatic changes. Emu, 77, 162-166.
Shannon, R.D. and J.R. White, 1994: A three-year study of controls of methane emissions from two Michigan peatlands. Biogeochemistry, 27, 35-60.
Sharitz, R.R. and C.A. Gresham, 1998: Pocosins and Carolina bays. In: Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management [Messina, M.G. and W.H. Conner (eds.)]. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL and New York, NY, USA; London, United Kingdom; and Tokyo, Japan, pp. 343-377.
Shaver, G.R., W.D. Billings, F.S. Chapin III, A.E. Giblin, K.J. Nadelhoffer, W.C. Oechel, and E.B. Rastetter, 1992: Global change and the carbon balance of Arctic ecosystems. BioScience, 61, 415-435.
Shaver, G.R., J. Canadell, F.S. Chapin III, J. Gurevitch, J. Harte, G. Henry, P. Ineson, S. Jonasson, J. Melillo, L. Pitelka, and L. Rustad, 2000: Global warming and terrestrial ecosystems: a conceptual framework for analysis. BioScience, 50, 871-882.
Sheingauz, A.S., 1989: Forest Resources of the Far East Economic Region: State, Utilization, Reproduction. Far Eastern Forestry Research Institute, Khabarovsk, Russia, 42 pp. (in Russian).
Shepard, J.P., S.J. Brady, N.D. Cost, and C.G. Storrs, 1998: Classification and inventory. In: Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management [Messina, M.G. and W.H. Conner (eds.)]. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL and New York, NY, USA; London, United Kingdom; and Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3-28.
Sheparshenko, D., A. Shvidenko, and S. Nilsson, 1998: Phytomass (live biomass) and carbon of Siberian Forests. Biomass and Bioenergy, 14(1), 21-31.
Sheppard, C., 1995: Propagation of endangered birds in U.S. institutions: how much space is there? Zoo Biology, 14, 197-210.
Shriner, D.S., R.B. Street, R. Ball, D.K. D'Amours, D. Kaiser, A. Maarouf, M.P. Mortsch, R. Neilson, J.A. Patz, J.D. Scheraga, J.G. Titus, H. Vaughan, M. Weltz, R. Adams, R. Alig, J. Andrey, M.J. Apps, M. Brklacich, D. Brooks, A.W. Diamon, A. Grambsch, D. Goodrich, L. Joyce, M.R. Kidwell, G. Koshida, J. Legg, J. Malcolm, D.L. Martell, R.J. Norby, H.W. Polley, W.M. Post, M.J. Sale, M. Scott, B. Sohngen, B.J. Stocks, W. Van Winkle, and S. Wullshleger, 1998: North America. In: The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Special Report of IPCC Working Group II [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 253-330.
Shurpali, N.J., S.B. Verma, J. Kim, and T.J. Arkebauer, 1995: Carbon dioxide exchange in a peatland ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 14319-14326.
Shvidenko, A., 2000: Global significance of disturbances in boreal forests. In: Disturbances in Boreal Forest Ecosystems: Human Impacts and Natural Resources [Conrad, S.G. (ed.)]. USDA - Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St Paul, USA, General Technical ReportNC-209, 17-29.
Shvidenko, A. and S. Nilsson, 1997: Are the Russian forests disappearing? Unasylva, 48, 57-64.
Shvidenko, A. and S. Nilsson, 1994: What do we really know about the Siberian forests? Ambio, 23(7), 396-404.
Shvidenko, A., S. Nilsson, V. Rojkov, 1995: Possibilities for Increased Carbon Sequestration Through Improved Protection of Russian Forests. IIASA WP-95-86, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 27 pp.
Siegel, D.I. and P.H. Glaser, 1987: Groundwater flow in a bog-fen complex, Lost River Peatland, Northern Minnesota. Journal of Ecology, 75, 743-754.
Siegel, D.I., A.S. Reeve, P.H. Glaser, and E.A. Romanowicz, 1995: Climate-driven flushing of pore water in peatlands. Nature, 374, 531-533.
Silvius, M.J., A.P.J.M. Steeman, E.T. Berczy, E. Djuharsa, and A.W. Tanfik, 1987: The Indonesian Wetland Inventory. PHPA AWB/INTERWADER, EDWIN, Bogor, Indonesia.
Silvola, J., J. Alm, U. Ahlholm, H. Nykänen, and P.J. Martikainen, 1996: CO₂ fluxes from peat in boreal mires under varying temperature and moisture conditions. Journal of Ecology, 84, 219-228.
Singh, B. and M. El Maayar, 1998: Potential impacts of greenhouse gas climate change scenarios on sugar cane yields in Trinidad. Tropical Agriculture, 75, 348-353.
Sirotenko, O.D. and E.V. Abashina, 1998: Agroclimatic resources and physical-geographic zones of Russia under global warming. Meteorology and Hydrology, 3, 92-103 (in Russian).
Sirotenko, O.D., E.V. Abashina, and V.N. Pavlova, 1995: Sensitivity of Russian agriculture to changes in climate, chemical composition of the atmospere, and soil fertility. Meteorology and Hydrology, 4, 107-114 (in Russian).
Skog, K.E. and G.A. Nicholson, 1998: Carbon cycling through wood products: the role of wood and paper products in carbon sequestration. Forest Products Journal, 48(7-8), 75-83.
Slater, F.M., 1999: First-egg date fluctuations for the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in the woodlands of mid-Wales in the twentieth century. Ibis, 141, 497-499.
Smart, P.J., B.D. Wheeler, and A.J. Willis, 1989: Revegetation of peat excavations in a derelict raised bog. New Phytologist, 111, 733-748.
Smit, B., R. Blain, and K. Philip, 1997: Corn hybrid selection and climatic variability: gambling with nature? The Canadian Geographer, 41, 429-438.
Smith, F.A., H. Browning, and U.L. Shepherd, 1998: The influence of climate change on the body mass of woodrats Neotoma in an arid region of New Mexico. Ecography, 21, 140-148.
Smith, J.B., S. Huq, S. Lenhart, L.J. Mata, I. Nemesova, and S. Toure, 1996a: Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change: Interim Results from the U.S. Country Studies Program. J. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands and Boston, MA, USA, 366 pp.
Smith, R.C., S.E. Stammerjohn, and K.S. Baker, 1996b: Surface air temperature variations in the western Anatarctic Peninsula region. In: Foundations for Ecological Research West of the Antarctic Peninsula [Ross, R.M., E.E. Hofmannm, and L.B. Quetin (eds.)]. No. 70, Antarctic Research Series, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 105-121.
Smith, P., J.U. Smith, D.S. Powlson, J.R.M. Arah, O.G. Chertov, K. Coleman, U. Franko, S. Frolking, D.S. Jenkinson, L.S. Jensen, R.H. Kelyy, H. Kelin-Gunnewick, A.S. Komarov, C. Li, J.A.E. Molina, T. Mueller, W.S., Parton, J.H.M. Thornley, and A.P. Whitmore, 1997: A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma, 81(1-2), 153-225.
Smith, R.C., D.G. Ainley, K. Baker, E. Domack, S.D. Emslie, W.R. Fraser, J. Kennet, A. Leventer, E. Mosley-Thompson, S.E. Stammerjohn, and M. Vernet, 1999: Marine ecosystem sensitivity to historical climate change in the Antarctic Peninsula. BioScience, 49, 393-404.
Smith, R.I.L., 1994: Vascular plants as bioindicators of regional warming in Antarctic. Oecologia, 99, 322-328.
Smith, T.M. and H.H. Shugart, 1993: The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate. Nature, 361(6412), 523-526.
Smithers, J. and B. Smit, 1997: Human adaptation to climatic variability and change. Global Environmental Change and Policy Dimensions, 7, 129-146.
Sohngen, B., 2001: Timber: ecological-economic analysis. In: Global Warming and the American Economy: A Regional Assessment of Climate Change [Mendelsohn, R. (ed.)]. Edward Elgar Publishing, United Kingdom.
Sohngen, B. and R. Mendelsohn, 1998: Valuing the market impact of large scale ecological change: the effect of climate change on U.S. timber. American Economic Review, 88(4), 689-710.
Sohngen, B., R. Mendelsohn, and R. Neilson, 1998: Predicting CO₂ emissions from forests during climate change: a comparison of human and natural response models. Ambio, 27(7), 509-513.
Sohngen, B., R. Mendelsohn, and R. Sedjo, 2000: Measuring Climate Change Impacts with a Global Timber Model. Working paper, Department of Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
Sohngen, B., R. Mendelsohn, and R. Sedjo, 1999: Forest management, conservation, and global timber markets. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81(1), 1-13.
Solberg, B., D. Brooks, H. Pajuoja, T.J. Peck, and P.A. Wardle, 1996: Long-term trends and prospects in world supply and demand for wood and impolications for sustainable forest management: a synthesis. In: Long-Term Trends and Prospects in World Supply and Demand for Wood and Implications for Sustainable Forest Management [Solberg, B. (ed.)]. European Forest Institute Research Report 6, Joensuu, Finland.
Solomon, A.M., 1994: Management and planning of terrestrial parks and reserves during climate change. In: Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems and Species: Implications for Protected Areas [Pernetta, J., R. Leemans, D. Elder, and S. Humphrey (eds.)]. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 1-12.
Solomon, A.M. and A.P. Kirilenko, 1997: Climate change and terrestrial biomass: what if trees do not migrate? Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 6, 139-148.
Solomon, A.M. and R. Leemans, 1997: Boreal forest carbon stocks and wood supply: past, present, and future responses to changing climate, agriculture, and species availability. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 84, 137-151.
Solomon, A.M., N.H. Ravindranath, R.B. Stewart, M. Weber, S. Nilsson, P.N. Duinker, P.M. Fearnside, P.J. Hall, R. Ismail, L.A. Joyce, S. Kojima, W.R. Makundi, D.F.W. Pollard, A. Shvidenko, W. Skinner, B.J. Stocks, R. Sukumar, and X. Deying, 1996: Wood production under changing climate and land use. In: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptions, and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., M.C. Zinyowera, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 487-510.
Somaratne, S. and A.H. Dhanapala, 1996: Potential impact of global climate change on forest distribution in Sri Lanka. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 92, 129-135.
Sorensen, K.W., 1993: Indonesian peat swamp forests and their role as a carbon sink. Chemosphere, 27, 1065-1082.
Sorenson, L., R. Goldberg, T.L. Root, and M.G. Anderson, 1998: Potential effects of global warming on waterfowl populations breeding in the northern Great Plains. Climatic Change, 40, 343-369.
Soussana, J.F. and U. Hartwig, 1996: The effects of elevated CO₂ on symbiotic N₂ fixation: a link between the C and N cycles in grassland ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 187, 321-332.
Soussana, J.F., E. Casella, and P. Loiseau, 1996: Long-term effects of CO₂ enrichment and temperature increase on a temperate grass sward, II: plant nitrogen budgets and root fraction. Plant and Soil, 182, 101-114.
Soussana, J.F., J.M. Besle, I. Chabaux, and P. Loiseau, 1997: Long-term effects of CO₂ enrichment and temperature on forage quality in a temperate grassland. In: Proceeding of the XVIII International Grassland Congress, Saskatoon, Canada, 8-17 June [Buchanan-Smith, J.G., L.D. Bailey, and P. McCaughey (eds.)]. pp. 23-24.
Southgate, D., 1998: Tropical Forest Conservation: An Economic Assessment of the Alternatives in Latin America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 175 pp.
Southwick, E. E., 1992: Estimating the economic value of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apidae) as agricultural pollinators in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85, 621-33.
Southworth, J., J.C. Randolph, M. Habeck, O. Doering, R. Pfeifer, D. Rao, and J. Johnson, 1999: Consequences of future climate change and changing climate variability on maize yields in the midwestern United States. Agriculture, Ecosystems and the Environment, 82(1-3), 139-158.
Sparks, T.H., 1999: Phenology and the changing pattern of bird migration in Britain. International Journal of Biometeorology, 42, 134-138.
Spiers, A.G., 1999: Review of international/continental wetland resources. In: Global Review of Wetland Resources and Priorities for Wetland Inventory [Finlayson, C.M. and A.G. Spiers (eds.)]. Supervising Scientist Report, Canberra, Australia.
Squires, V.R. and A. Sidahmed, 1997: Livestock management in dryland pastoral systems: prospects and problems. Annals of Arid Zone, 36(2), 79-96.
Stallard, R.F., 1998: Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12, 231-257.
Stapp, P., G.A. Polis, and F. Sánchez Piñero, 1999: Stable isotopes reveal strong marine and El Niño effects on island food webs. Nature, 401, 467-469.
Starfield, A.M. and F.S. Chapin III, 1996: Model of transient changes in Arctic and boreal vegetation in response to climate and land use change. Ecological Applications, 6, 842-864.
Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long, and D.C. Wege, 1998: Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Stefan, H.G. and X. Fang, 1993: Model simulations of dissolved oxygen characteristics of Minnesota lakes: past and future. Environmental Management, 18, 73-92.
Steffen, W., I. Noble, J. Canadell, M. Apps, E.D. Schulze, P.G. Jarvis, D. Baldocchi, P. Ciais, W. Cramer, J. Ehleringer, G. Farquhar, C.B. Field, A. Ghazi, R. Gifford, M. Heimann, R. Houghton, P. Kabat, C. Körner, E. Lambin, S. Linder, H.A. Mooney, D. Murdiyarso, W.M. Post, I.C. Prentice, M.R. Raupach, D.S. Schimel, A. Shvidenko and R. Valentini, 1998: The terrestrial carbon cycle: implications for the Kyoto Protocol. Science, 280, 1393-1394.
Steinger, T., C. Körner, and B. Schmid, 1996: Long-term persistence in a changing climate: DNA analysis suggests very old ages of clones of alpine Carex curvula. Oecologia, 105, 94-99.
Stewart, J. and C. Potvin, 1996: Effects of elevated CO₂ on an artificial grassland community: competition, invasion and neighbourhood growth. Functional Ecology, 10, 157-166.
Still, C.J., P.N. Foster, and S.H. Schneider, 1999: Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Nature, 398, 608-610.
Stirling, I., 1997: The importance of polynas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. Journal of Marine Systems, 10, 9-21.
Stirling, I., and A. E. Derocher, 1993: Possible impacts of climatic warming on polar bears. Arctic, 46, 240-245.
Stocks, B.J., M.A. Fosberg, T.J. Lynham, L. Mearns, B.M. Wotton, Q. Yang, J.Z.Jin, K. Lawrence, G.R. Hartley, J.A. Mason and D.W. McKenney, 1998: Climate change and forest fire potential in Russian and Canadian boreal forests. Climatic Change, 38, 1-13.
Streng, D.R., J.S. Glitzenstein, and P.A. Harcombe, 1989: Woody seedling dynamics in an east Texas floodplain forest. Ecological Monographs, 59(2), 177-204.
Strzepek, K.M., C.D. Major, C. Rosenzweig, A. Iglesias, D.Yates, A. Holt, and D. Hillel, 1999: New methods of modeling water availability for agriculture under climate change: the U.S. corn belt. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 35(6), 1639-1655.
Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan, 1996: Aquatic Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 3rd. ed., 1022 pp.
Sullivan, C.R., 1965: Laboratory and field investigations on the ability of eggs of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) to withstand low winter temperatures. Canadian Entomologist, 978-993.
Sutherst, R.W., B.S. Collyer, and T. Yonow, 2000: The vulnerability of Australian horticulture to the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera (Dacus) tryoni, under climate change. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51, 467-480.
Sutherst, R.W., G.F. Maywald, and D.B. Skarratt, 1995: Predicting insect distributions in a changed climate. In: Insects in a Changing Environment [Harrington, R. and N.E. Stork (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 60-93.
Suyker, A.E., S.B. Verma, and T.J. Arkebauer, 1997: Season-long measurements of carbon dioxide exchange in a boreal fen. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(D24), 29021-29028.
Tallis, J.H., 1983: Changes in wetland communities. In: Ecosystems of the World 4A. Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor. General Studies [Gore, A.J.P. (ed.)]. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Oxford, United Kingdom; and New York, NY, USA, pp. 311-347.
Tambussi, C.P., J.I. Noriega, and E.P. Tonni, 1993: Late Cenozoic birds of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina): an attempt to document quantitative faunal changes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 101, 117-129.
Tans, P.P., I.Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi, 1990: Observational constraints on the global CO₂ budget. Science, 247, 1431-1438.
Tate, K.R. and D.J. Ross, 1997: Elevated CO₂ and moisture effects on soil carbon storage and cycling in temperate grasslands. Global Change Biology, 3, 225-235.
Tchbakova, N.M., R.A. Monserud and D.I. Nazimova, 1994: A Siberian vegetation model based on climatic parameters. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24, 1597-1607.
Teng, P.S., K.L. Heong, M.J. Kropff, F.W. Nutter, and R.W. Sutherst, 1996: Linked pest-crop models under global change. In: Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems [Walker, B. and W. Steffen (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 291-316.
Tenow, O., 1996: Hazards to a mountain birch forest—Abisko in perspective. Ecological Bulletins, 45, 104-114.
Teramura, A.H., J.H. Sullivan, and L.H. Ziska, 1990: Interactions of ultraviolet B radiation and CO₂ on productivity and photosynthetic characteristics in wheat, rice, and soybean. Plant Physiology, 94, 470-475.
Tester, R.F., W.R. Morrison, R.H. Ellis, J.R. Pigott, G.R. Batts, T.R. Wheeler, J.I.L. Morison, P. Hadley, and D.A. Ledward, 1995: Effects of elevated growth temperature and carbon dioxide levels on some physiochemical properties of wheat starch. Journal of Cereal Science, 22, 63-71.
Thia-Eng, C. and J.N. Paw, 1989: The impact of global climate change on the aquaculture of tropical species. INFOFISH International, 6, 44-47.
Thomas, C.D. and J.J. Lennon, 1999: Birds extend their ranges northwards. Nature, 399, 213
Thomson, A.J., and D.M. Shrimpton, 1984: Weather associated with the start of mountain pine beetle outbreaks. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 14, 255-258.
Thomson, A.J., R.F. Shepherd, J.W.E. Harris, and R.H. Silversides, 1984: Relating weather to outbreaks of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia. Canadian Entomologist, 116, 375-381.
Thornley, J.H.M. and M.G.R. Cannell, 1997: Temperate grassland responses to climate change—an analysis using the Hurley Pasture Model. Annals of Botany, 80, 205-221.
Thwaites, R., T. Delacy, L.Y. Hong, and L.X. Hua, 1998: Property rights, social change, and grassland degradation in Xilongol Biosphere Reserve, Inner Mongolia, China. Society and Natural Resources, 11(4), 319-338.
Tian, H., J.M. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter, D.A. McGuire, J.V.K. Helfrich, B. Moore III, and C.J. Vorosmarty, 1998: Effect of interannual climate variability on carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems. Nature, 396, 664-667.
Tingey, D.T., J. Lawrence, J.A. Weber, J. Greene, W.E. Hogsett, S, Brown, and E.H. Lee, 2001: Elevated CO₂ and temperature alter the response of Pinus ponderosa to ozone: a simulation analysis. Ecological Applications, (in press).
Tissue, D.T. and W.C. Oechel, 1987: Response of Eriophorum vaginatum to elevated CO₂ and temperature in the Alaskan tussock tundra. Ecology, 68, 401-410.
Tol, R.S.J., S. Frankhauser, and J.B. Smith, 1998: The scope for adaptation to climate change: what can we learn from the impact literature? Global Environmental Change, 8, 109-123.
Tomppo, E., 1998: Finnish forest resources in 1989-1994 and their changes from 1951. In: Environment Change and the Vitality of Forests [Mälkönen, E. (ed.)]. Research Papers 691, Finnish Forest Research Institute, pp. 9-24 (in Finnish).
Torbert, H.A., S.A. Prior, and H.H. Rogers, 1995: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide effects on cotton plant residue decomposition. Journal of the American Soil Science Society, 59, 1321-1328.
Townsend, A.R. and E.B. Rastetter, 1996: Nutrient constrains on carbon storage in forested ecosystems. In: Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle [Apps, M.J. and D.T. Price (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 35-45.
Travis, J., 1981: Control of larval growth variation in a population of Psuedacris triseriata. Evolution, 35, 423-432.
Tripp, K.E., W.K. Kroen, M.M. Peet, and D.H. Willits, 1992: Fewer whiteflies found on CO₂-enriched greenhouse tomatoes with high C:N ratios. Horticultural Science, 27, 1079-1080.
Tuittila, E.-S. and V.-M. Komulainen, 1995: Vegetation and CO₂ balance in an abandoned harvested peatland in Aitoneva, southern Finland. Suo, 46, 69-80.
Tuittila, E.-S., V.-M. Komulainen, H. Vasander, and J. Laine, 1999: Restored cut-away peatland as a sink for atmospheric CO₂. Oecologia, 120, 563-574.
Tung, C.-P. and D.A. Haith, 1998: Climate change, irrigation, and crop response. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(5), 1071-1085.
Turner, M., 1993: Overstocking the range: a critical analysis of the environmental science of Sahelian Pastoralism (review). Economic Geography, 69(4), 402-421.
Turner, D.P., G.J. Koerper, M.E. Harmon, and J.J. Lee, 1995: A carbon budget for forests of the conterminous United States. Ecological Applications, 5, 421-436.
Tweeten, L., 1998: Dodging a Malthusian bullet in the 21st century. Agribusiness, 14, 15-32.
Tyler, H.A., 1991: Pueblo Birds and Myths. Northland Publishing, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
Tyler, M. J., 1994: Climatic change and its implications for the amphibian fauna. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 118, 53-57.
UK-DETR, 1999: Climate Change and its Impacts: Stabilisation of CO₂ in the Atmosphere. United Kingdom Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, The Met Office, Bracknell, UK, 28 pp.
UN-ECE/FAO, 2000a: Forest Resources of Europe, CIS, North America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand. Contribution to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Food and Agriculture Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
UN-ECE/FAO, 2000b: Forest Products Annual Market Review 1999-2000. ECE/TIM/BULL 53(3), Vol. LIII, Timber Bulletin, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and Food and Agriculture Organization, pp. 23-37.
UNEP, 2000: Global Environment Outlook 2000. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya, 398 pp.
UNEP, 1998: Protecting Our Planet, Securing Our Future [Watson, R.T., J.A. Dixon, S.P. Hanburg, A.C. Janetos, and R.H. Moss (eds.)]. United Nations Environment Program, NASA, and World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 95 pp.
United Nations, 1996: Indicators of Sustainable Development: Framework and Methodologies. United Nations Publications, New York, NY, USA, 428 pp.
Unsworth, M.H. and W.E. Hogsett, 1996: Combined effects of changing CO₂, temperature, UV-B radiation, and O₃ on crop growth. In: Global Climate Change and Agricultural Production [Bazzaz, F. and W. Sombroek (eds.)]. Food and Agriculture Organization, John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, 345 pp.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1999: Food Security Assessment, Situation and Outlook Series. GFA-11, December, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996: National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, USA.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995: Federal and State Endangered Species Expenditures—Fiscal Year 1995. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA.
USGS, 1999: Magnitude and Significance of Carbon Burial in Lakes, Reservoirs, and Northern Peatlands. USGS Fact Sheet FS-058-99, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, USA, 2 pp.
Valentin, C., 1996: Soil erosion under global change. In: Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems [Walker, B.H. and W.L. Steffen (eds.)]. IGBP Book Series, No. 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 317-338.
Valentine, D.W., E.A. Holland, and J.P. Schimel, 1994: Ecosystem and physiological controls over methane production in northern wetlands. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 1563-1571.
Valentini, R., G. Matteucci, A.J. Dolman, E-D. Schulze, C. Rebmann, E.J. Moors, A. Granier, P. Gross, N.O. Jensen, K. Pilegaard, A. Lindroth, A. Grelle, C. Bernhofer, T. Grunwald, M. Aubinet, R. Ceulemans, A.S. Kowalski, T. Vesala, U. .Rannik, P. Berbigier, D. Loustau, J. Guomundsson, H. Thorgeirsson, A. Ibrom and K. Morgenstern, 2000: Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature, 404, 861-864.
Vander Zanden, M., 2000: Consequences of smallmouth bass introductions in Ontario lakes. In: Abstracts, American Fisheries Society, 130th Annual Meeting, August 20-24, 2000, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
van der Heijden, E., J. Jauhiainen, J. Matero, M. Eekhof, and E. Mitchell, 1998: Effects of elevated CO₂ and nitrogen deposition on Sphagnum species. In: Responses of Plant Metabolism to Air Pollution and Global Change [De Kok, L.J. and I. Stulen (eds.)]. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, pp. 475-478.
Van Minnen, J.G., R. Leemans, and F. Ihle, 2000: Defining the importance of including transient ecosystem responses to simulate C-cycle dynamics in a global change model. Global Change Biology, 6, 595-611.
Van Minnen, J.G., K.K. Goldewijk, and R. Leemans, 1995: The importance of feedback processes and vegetation transition in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Journal of Biogeography, 22, 805-814.
Vannote, R.L., G.W. Minshall, K.W. Cummins, J.R. Sedell, and C.E. Cushing, 1980: The river continuum concept. Canadian Jounal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 37, 130-137.
Vasander, H., J. Kuusipalo, and T. Lindholm, 1993: Vegetation changes after drainage and fertilization in pine mires. Suo, 44, 1-9.
Vasander, H., R. Laiho, and J. Laine, 1997: Changes in species diversity in peatlands drained for forestry. In: Northern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management [Trettin, C.C., M. Jurgensen, D. Grigal, M. Gale, and J. Jeglum (eds.)]. Lewis Publishers/CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL and New York, NY, USA; London, United Kingdom; and Tokyo, Japan, pp. 113-123.
VEMAP Members, 1995: Vegetation/ecosystem modelling and analysis project: comparing biogeography and biogeochemistry models in a continental-scale study of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and CO₂ doubling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9, 407-437.
Venette, R. C, and W.D. Hutchison, 1999: Assessing the risk of establishment by Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera gelechiidae) in the Southeastern United States. Environmental Entomology, 28, 445-455.
Viglizzo, E.F., Z. Roberto, F. Lertora, G. Lopez, and J. Bernardos, 1997: Climate and land use change in field-crop ecosystems of Argentina. Agriculture, Ecosystems and the Environment, 66, 61-70.
Villers-Ruíz, L. and I. Trejo-Vázquez, 1998: Climate change on Mexican forests and natural protected areas. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 8, 141-157.
Virtanen, T., and S. Neuvonen, 1999: Performance of moth larvae on birch in relation to altitude, climate, host quality and parasitoids. Oecologia, 120, 92-101.
Virtanen, T., S. Neuvonen, and A. Nikula, 1998: Modelling topoclimatic patterns of egg mortality of Epirrita autumnata (Lep., Geometridae) with Geographical Information System: predictions for current climate and warmer climate scenarios. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 311-322.
Virtanen, T., S. Neuvonen, A. Nikula, M. Varama, and P. Niemelä, 1996: Climate change and the risks of Neodiprion sertifer outbreaks on Scots Pine. Silva Fennica, 30, 169-177.
Visser, M.E., A.J. Vannoordwijk, J.M. Tinbergen, and C.M. Lessells, 1998: Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in Great Tits (Parus major). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 265, 1867-1870.
Vitousek, P.M., H.A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, and J.M. Melillo, 1997a: Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science, 277, 494-499.
Vitousek, P.M., J.D. Aber, R.W. Howarth, G.E. Likens, P.A. Matson, D.W. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger, and D.G. Tilman, 1997b: Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences. Ecological Applications, 7, 737-750.
Vitt, D.H., L.A. Halsey, and S.C. Zoltai, 1994: The bog landform of continental western Canada in relation to climate and permafrost features. Arctic and Alpine Research, 26, 1-13.
Volkman, N.J., P. Presler, and W.Z. Trivelpiece, 1980: Diests of pygoscelid penguins at King George Island, Antarctica. Condor, 82, 373-378.
Volney, W.J.A., 1988: Analysis of historic jack pine budworm outbreaks in the Prairie provinces of Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18, 1152-1158.
Volney, W.J.A. and D.G. McCullough, 1994: Jack pine budworm population behaviour in northwestern Wisconsin. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24, 502-510.
Vompersky, S.E., M.V. Smagina, A.I. Ivanov, and T.V. Glukhova, 1992: The effect of forest drainage on the balance of organic matter in forest mires. In: Peatland Ecosystems and Man: An Impact Assessment [Bragg, O.M., P.D. Hulme, H.A.P. Ingram, and R.A. Robertson (eds.)]. British Ecological Society, International Peat Society, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom, pp. 17-22.
Waddington, J.M. and N.T. Roulet, 2000: Carbon balance of a boreal patterned peatland. Global Change Biology, 6, 87-98.
Waddington, J.M. and N.T. Roulet, 1996: Atmosphere-wetland carbon exchange: scale dependency of CO₂ and CH₄ exchange on the developmental topography of the peatland. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10, 233-245.
Walker, B.H., W.L. Steffen, and J. Langridge, 1999: Interactive and integrated effects of global change on terrestrial ecosystems. In: The Terrestrial Biosphere and Global Change: Implications for Natural and Managed Ecosystems. Synthesis Volume [Walker, B., W. Steffen, J. Canadell, and J. Ingram (eds.)]. International Geosphere-Biosphere Program Book Series 4, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 329-375.
Walker, D.A., P.J. Webber, E.F. Binnian, K.R. Everett, N.D. Lederer, E.A. Nordstrand, and M.D. Walker, 1987: Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes. Science, 238, 757-761.
Walker, L.R. and R. Waide, 1991: Special issue: ecosystems, plant, and animal responses to hurricanes in the Caribbean. Biotropica, 24.
Walker, M.D., W.A. Gould, and F.S. Chapin III, 2001: Scenarios of biodiversity change in Arctic and alpine tundra. In: Scenarios of Future Biodiversity [Chapin, F.S. III, O. Sala, and E. Huber-Sannwald (eds.)]. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA, (in press).
Wall, G., 1998: Implications of global climate change for tourism and recreation in wetland areas. Climatic Change, 40, 371-389.
Walter, B.P., M. Heimann, R.D. Shannon, and J.R. White, 1996: A Process-Based Model to Derive Methane Emissions from Natural Wetlands. Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany.
Wand, S.J.E., G.F. Midgley, M.H. Jones, and P.S. Curtis, 1999: Responses of wild C₄ and C₃ grass (Poaceae) species to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration: a meta-analytic test of current theories and perceptions. Global Change Biology, 5, 723-741.
Wang, B. and M. Allard, 1995: Recent climatic trend and thermal response of permafrost at Salluit, Northern Quebec, Canada. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 6, 221-234.
Wargo, P.M. and T.C. Harrington, 1991: Host stress and susceptibility. In: Armillaria Root Disease [Shaw, C.G. III, and G.A. Kile (eds.)]. Agriculture Handbook No. 691, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, pp. 88-101.
Watt, A.D., J.B. Whittaker, M. Docherty, G. Brooks, E. Lindsay, and D.T. Salt, 1995: The impact of elevated CO₂ on insect herbivores. In: Insects in a Changing Environment [Harrington, R. and N.E. Stork (eds.)]. Academic Press, San Diego, USA, pp. 198-251.
Weber, J.M., D.T. Tingey, and C.P. Andersen, 1994: Plant response to air pollution. In: Plant-Environment Interactions [Wilkinson, R.E. (ed.)]. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA, pp. 357-387.
Webster, K.E., T.K. Kratz, C.J. Bowser, and J.J. Magnuson, 1996: The influence of landscape position on lake chemical responses to drought in northern Wisconsin. Limnology and Oceanography, 41(5), 977-984.
Wein, R.W., M.A. El-Bayoumi, and J. Da Silva, 1989: Simulated predictions of forest dynamics in Fundy National Park Canada. Forest Ecology and Management, 28, 47-60.
Wheeler, B.D., 1996: Conservation of peatlands. In: Global Peat Resources [Lappalainen, E. (ed.)]. International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, Finland, pp. 285-301.
White, A.M., G.R. Cannell, and A.D. Friend, 1999: Climate change impacts on ecosystems and the terrestrial carbon sink: a new assessment. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions, 9, S21-S30.
White, R.G. and J. Trudell, 1980: Habitat preference and forage consumption by reindeer and caribou near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12, 511-529.
Whiting, G.J. and J.P. Chanton, 1993: Primary production control of methane emission from wetlands. Nature, 364, 794-795.
Wikelski, M. and C. Thom, 2000: Marine iguanas shrink to survive El Niño. Nature, 403, 37.
Wiley, J.W. and J.M. Wunderle Jr., 1994: The effects of hurricanes on birds, with special reference to Caribbean islands. Bird Conservation International, 3, 319-349.
Williams, D.W. and A.M. Liebhold, 1997: Latitudinal shifts in spruce budworm (Lepidoptera=: Tortricidae) outbreaks and spruce-fir forest distributions with climate change. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 32, 205-215.
Williams, G.D.V., 1986: Land use and agroecosystem management in semi-arid conditions. In: Land Use and Agroecosytem Management Under Severe Climatic Conditions. Techincal Note No. 184, WMO No. 633, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 70-90.
Williamson, C.E. and H.E. Zagarese, 1994: The impact of UV-B radiation on pelagic freshwater ecosystems. Archiv fuer Hydrolbiologie und Limnologie, 43, IX-XI.
Williamson, C.E., R.S. Stemberger, D.P. Morris, T.M. Frost, and S.G. Paulsen, 1996: Ultraviolet radiation in North American lakes: attenuation estimates from DOC measurements and implications for plankton communities. Limnology and Oceanography, 41(5), 1024-1034.
Wilson, E.O., 1992: The Diversity of Life. W.W. Norton Company, New York, NY, USA, 424 pp.
Wind-Mulder, H.L., L. Rochefort, and D.H. Vitt, 1996: Water and peat chemistry comparisons of natural and post-harvested peatlands across Canada and their relevance to peat restoration. Ecological Engineering, 7, 161-181.
Wingfield, J.C., G. Ramos-Fernandez, A. Nunez-de la Mora, and H. Drummond, 1999: The effects of an El Niño-Southern Oscillation event on reproduction in male and female blue-footed boobies, Sula nebouxii. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 114, 163-172.
Winkel, W. and H. Hudde, 1997: Long-term trends in reproductive traits of tits (Parus major, P. caeruleus) and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Journal of Avian Biology, 28, 187-190.
Winkel, W. and H. Hudde, 1996: Long-term changes of breeding parameters of Nuthatches Sitta europaea in two study areas of northern Germany. Journal Für Ornithologie, 137, 193-202.
Winnett, S.M., 1998: Potential effects of climate change on U.S. forests: a review. Climate Research, 11, 39-49.
Winter, T.C. and M.K. Woo, 1990: Hydrology of lakes and wetlands. In: Surface Water Hydrology [Wolman, M.G. and H.C. Riggs (eds.)]. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA, Vol. O-1, pp. 159-188.
Winters, P., R. Murgai, A. de Janvry, E. Sadoulet, and G. Frisvold, 1999: Climate change and agriculture: effects on developing countries. In: Global Environmental Change and Agriculture [Frisvold, G. and B. Kuhn (eds.)]. Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, United Kingdom.
Wirth, C., E.D. Schulze, W. Schulze, K. von Stünzner-Karbe, W. Ziegler, I.M. Miljukova, A. Sogachev, A.B. Varlagin, M. Panvyorov, S. Grigoriev, W. Kusnetzova, M. Siry, G. Hardes, R. Zimmermann, and N.N. Vygodskaya, 1999: Above-ground biomass and structure of pristine Siberian Scots pine forests as controlled by competition and fire. Oecologia, 121, 66-80.
Wolf, J., A. Iglesias, L.G. Evans, M.A. Semenov, and H. Eckersten, 1996: Comparison of wheat simulation models under climate change, I: model calibration and sensitivity analyses. Climate Research, 7, 253-270.
Woo, M.K., R.D. Rowsell, and R.G. Clark, 1993: Hydrological Classification of Canadian Prairie Wetlands and Prediction of Wetland Inundation in Response to Climatic Variability. Canadian Wlidlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Wood, C.M. and D.G. McDonald (eds.), 1997: Global Warming: Implications for Freshwater and Marine Fish. Seminar Series 61, Society for Experimental Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 425 pp.
Woodroffe, C.D. and M.E. Mulrennan, 1993: Geomorphology of the Lower Mary River Plains, Northern Territory. Australian National University, North Australian Research Unit and the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia, 152 pp.
Woodward, F.I. and D.J. Beerling, 1997: The dynamics of vegetation change: health warnings for equilibrium dodo models. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 6, 413-418.
Woodward, F.I., M.R. Lomas, and R.A. Betts, 1998: Vegetation-climate feedbacks in a greenhouse world. Transactions of the Royal Society of London—B, 353, 20-39.
Woodwell, G.M. and F.T. Mackenzie (eds.), 1995: Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climatic System: Will the Warming Speed the Warming? Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 416 pp.
Wookey, P.A., A.N. Parsons, J.M. Welker, J.A. Potter, T.V. Callaghan, J.A. Lee, and M.C. Press, 1993: Comparative responses of phenology and reproductive development to simulated environmental change in sub-Arctic and high Arctic plants. Oikos, 67, 490-502.
World Bank, 1995: World Bank Country Study: Tajikistan. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 240 pp.
World Bank, 1993: Water Resources Management. World Bank Policy Study, Washington, DC, USA, 140 pp.
Worldwatch Institute, 1999: State of the World 1999. W.W. Norton Company, New York, NY, USA.
WRI, 2000: World Resources 2000-2001. People and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA, 400 pp.
WRI, 1998: World Resources Report 1998-99. Environmenal Change and Human Health. World Resources Institute, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 384 pp.
Wyman, R.L., 1991: Multiple threats to wildlife: climate change, acid precipitation, and habitat fragmentation. In: Global Climate Change and Life on Earth [Wyman, R.L. (ed.)]. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY, USA, pp. 134-155.
Xiao, X., D.W. Kicklighter, J.M. Melillo, A.D. McGuire, P.H. Stone, and A.P. Sokolov, 1997: Linking a global terrestrial biogeochemical model and a 2-dimensional climate model: implications for the global carbon budget. Tellus, 49B, 18-37.
Xu, M. and R.V. Lewis, 1990: Structure of a protein superfiber: spider dragline silk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 7120-7124.
Yan, N.D., W. Keller, N.M. Scully, D.R.S. Lean, and P.J. Dillon, 1996: Increased UV-B penetration in a lake owing to drought-induced acidification. Nature, 381, 141-143.
Yarie, J., 1999: Nitrogen productivity of Alaskan tree species at an individual tree and landscape level. Ecology, 78, 2351-2358.
Yates, D.N. and K.M. Strzepek, 1998: An assessment of integrated climate change impacts on the agricultural economy of Egypt. Climatic Change, 38, 261-287.
Yates, D.N., T.G.F. Kittel, and R.F. Cannon, 2000: Comparing the correlative Holdridge Model to mechanistic biogeographical models for assessing vegetation distribution response to climatic change. Climatic Change, 44, 59-87.
Yeates, G.W., K.R. Tate, and P.C.D. Newton, 1997: Response of the fauna of a grassland soil to doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 25, 307-315.
Yeo, A., 1999: Predicting the interaction between the effects of salinity and climate change on crop plants (review). Scientia Horticulturae, 78(1-4), 159-174.
Yom-Tov, Y. and Y.L. Werner, 1996: Environmental correlates of geographical distribution of terrestrial vertebrates in Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 42, 307-315.
Yudina, V.F., E.M. Vahrameyeva, P.N. Tokarev, and T.A. Maksimova, 1986: Klyukva b Karelii. Kareliya, Petrozavodsk, Russia (in Russian).
Zaller, J.G. and J.A. Arnone, 1997: Activity of surface-casting earthworms in a calcareous grassland under elevated atomospheric CO₂. Oecologia, 111, 249-254.
Zanetti, S., U.A. Hartwig, A. Luscher, T. Hebeisen, M. Frehner, B.U. Fischer, G.R. Hendrey, H. Blum, and J. Nösberger, 1996 : Stimulation of symbiotic N2 fixation in Trifolium repens L. under elevated atmospheric pCO₂ in a grassland ecosystem. Plant Physiology, 112, 575-583.
Zaret, T.M. and R.T. Paine, 1973: Species introductions in a tropical lake: a newly introduced piscivore can produce population changes in a wide range of trophic levels. Science, 182, 449-455.
Zhou, X., R. Harrington, I.P. Woiwod, J.N. Perry, J.S. Bale, and S.J. Clark, 1995: Effects of temperature on aphid phenology. Global Change Biology, 1, 303-313.
Zimov, S.A., V.I. Chuprynin, A.P. Oreshko, F.S. Chapin, J.F. Reynolds, and M.C. Chapin, 1995: Steppe-tundra transition: a herbivore-driven biome shift at the end of the Pleistocene (review). American Naturalist, 146, 765-794.
Zimov, S.A., S.P. Davidov, G.M. Zimova, A.I. Davidova, F.S. Chapin III, and M.C. Chapin, 1999: Contribution of disturbance to high-latitude amplification of atmospheric CO₂. Science, 284, 1973-1976.
Zimov, S.A., Y.V. Voropaev, I.P. Semiletov, S.P. Davidov, S.F. Prosiannikov, F.S. Chapin III, M.C. Chapin, S. Trumbore, and S. Tyler, 1997: North Siberian lakes: a methane source fueled by Pleistocene carbon. Science, 277, 800-802.
Ziska, L.H., J.A. Bunce, and F. Caufield, 1998: Intraspecific variation in seed yield of soybean (Glycine max) in response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 25, 801-807.
Ziska, L.H., O. Namuco, T. Moya, and J. Quilang, 1997: Growth and yield response of field-grown tropical rice to increasing carbon dioxide and air temperature. Agronomy Journal, 89, 45-53.

IPCC Homepage