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16. Polar Regions (Arctic and Antarctic)
Contents
Executive Summary
Climate Changes in the 20th Century
Impacts
Feedbacks and Interactions
Vulnerability and Adaptation
16.1. Polar Regions
16.1.1. Previous Work—Summary of Special Report
on Regional Impacts of Climate Change
16.1.2. Distinctive Characteristics of Polar Regions
16.1.3. Climate Change in the 20th Century
16.1.3.1. The Arctic
16.1.3.2. The Antarctic
16.1.4. Scenarios of Future Change
16.2. Key Regional Concerns
16.2.1. Changes in Ice Sheets and Glaciers
16.2.2. Changes around the Antarctic Peninsula
16.2.3. Changes in the Southern Ocean and Impacts on its Life
16.2.3.1. Overview
16.2.3.2. Role of Ocean Changes
16.2.3.3. Role of Ice Shelves
16.2.3.4. Impacts on Biology of Southern Ocean
16.2.4. Changes in Sea Ice
16.2.4.1. Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean
16.2.4.2. Sea Ice in the Southern Ocean
16.2.5. Permafrost
16.2.5.1. Temperature Archive
16.2.5.2. Predicted Changes in Permafrost
16.2.5.3. Environmental Impacts
16.2.6. Arctic Hydrology
16.2.6.1. Changes in Precipitation, Snow Accumulation,
and Spring Melt
16.2.6.2. Surface Water Budgets and Wetlands
16.2.6.3. Ecological Impact of Changing Runoff Regimes
16.2.6.4. Sensitivity of Arctic Ocean to River Flow
16.2.7. Changes in Arctic Biota
16.2.7.1. Impacts of Climate Change on Arctic Terrestrial
Environments
16.2.7.2. Response of Arctic Plant Communities
16.2.7.3. Changes in Arctic Animals
16.2.8. Impact on Human Communities in the Arctic
16.2.8.1. Impacts on Indigenous Peoples
16.2.8.2. Impacts on Economic Activity
16.2.8.2.1. Oil and gas extraction
16.2.8.2.2. Buildings and industrial facilities
16.2.8.2.3. Transportation and communications
16.2.8.2.4. Pollution associated with increased economic activity
16.2.8.2.5. Fisheries
16.2.8.2.6. Reindeer husbandry
16.3. Synthesis
16.3.1. Feedbacks and Interactions—Polar Drivers
16.3.2 Adaptation Potential and Vulnerability
16.3.3. Development, Sustainability, and Equity
16.3.4. Uncertainties and Risks
References
OLEG ANISIMOV (RUSSIA) AND BLAIR FITZHARRIS (NEW ZEALAND)
Lead Authors:
J.O. Hagen (Norway), R. Jefferies (Canada), H. Marchant (Australia), F.
Nelson (USA), T. Prowse (Canada), D.G. Vaughan (UK)
Contributing Authors:
I. Borzenkova (Russia), D. Forbes (Canada), K.M. Hinkel (USA), K. Kobak
(Russia), H. Loeng (Norway), T. Root (USA), N. Shiklomanov (Russia), B. Sinclair
(New Zealand), P. Skvarca (Argentina)
Review Editors:
Qin Dahe (China) and B. Maxwell (Canada)
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