SI (Système International) Units
Physical Quantity	Name of Unit	Symbol
length	metre	m
mass	kilogram	kg
time	second	s
thermodynamic temperature	kelvin	K
amount of substance	mole	mol

SI (Système International) Units (continued)
Fraction	Prefix	Symbol	Multiple	Prefix	Symbol
10-1	deci	d	10	deca	da
10-2	centi	c	102	hecto	h
10-3	milli	m	103	kilo	k
10-6	micro	µ	106	mega	M
10-9	nano	n	109	giga	G
10-12	pico	p	1012	tera	T
10-15	femto	f	1015	peta	P
			1018	eta	E
			1021	zeta	Z

Special Names and Symbols for Certain SI-Derived Units
Physical Quantity	Name of SI Unit	Symbol for SI Unit	Definition of Unit
force	newton	N	kg m s-2
pressure	pascal	Pa	kg m-1 s-2 (= N m-2)
energy	joule	J	kg m2 s-2
power	watt	W	kg m2 s-3 (= J s-1)
frequency	hertz	Hz	s-1 (cycles per second)

Decimal Fractions and Multiples of SI Units Having Special Names
Physical Quantity	Name of SI Unit	Symbol for SI Unit	Definition of Unit
length	ångstrom	Å	10-10 m = 10-8 cm
length	micron	µm	10-6 m
area	hectare	ha	104 m2
force	dyne	dyn	10-5 N
pressure	bar	bar	105 N m-2 = 105 Pa
pressure	millibar	mb	102 N m-2 = 1 hPa
mass	tonne	t	103 kg
mass	gram	g	10-3 kg
column density	Dobson units	DU	2.687x1016 molecules cm-2
Stream function	Sverdrup	Sv	106 m3 s-1

°C degree Celsius 			(0 °C = 273 K approximately)
				Temperature differences are also given in °C (=K) 
				rather than the more correct form of “Celsius degrees”.
ppmv 				parts per million (106) by volume
ppbv 				parts per billion (109) by volume
pptv 				parts per trillion (1012) by volume
yr				year
Btu				British Themal Unit
MWe 				megawatts of electricity
tce 				tonnes of coal equivalent
toe				tonnes of oil equivalent
boe				barrels of oil equivalent

The units of mass adopted in this report are generally those which have come into common usage and have deliberately
not been harmonized, e.g.,

kt				kilotonnes (103 tonnes)
GtC 				gigatonnes of carbon (1 GtC = (109 tonnes C = 3.67 Gt
				carbon dioxide)
PgC 				petagrams of carbon (1 PgC = 1 GtC)
MtN 				megatonnes (106 tonnes) of nitrogen
TgC 				teragrams of carbon (1 TgC = 1 MtC)
TgCH4 				teragrams of methane
TgN 				teragrams of nitrogen
TgS 				teragrams of sulphur

C - CO₂ Conversion Factor

C/CO₂ = 1/3.67

General Conversion Factors for Energy
To:	TJ	Gcal	Mtoe	MBtu	GWh
From:	multiple by:
TJ	1	238.8	2.388 x 10-5	947.8	0.2778
Gcal	4.1868 x 10-3	1	10-7	3.968	1.163 x 10-3
Mtoe	4.1868 x 104	107	1	3.968 x 107	11630
MBtu	1.0551 x 10-3	0.252	2.52 x 10-8	1	2.391 x 10-4
GWh	3.6	860	8.6 x 10-5	3412	1

Conversion Factors for Mass
To:	kg	t	lt	st	lb
From:	multiple by:
kilogram (kg)	1	0.001	9.84 x 10-4	1.102 x 10-3	2.2046
tonne (t)	1000	1	0.984	1.1023	2204.6
long ton (lt)	1016	1.016	1	1.120	2240.0
short ton (st)	907.2	0.9072	0.893	1	2000.0
Pound (lb)	0.454	4.54 x 10-4	4.46 x 10-4	5.0 x 10-4	1

Conversion Factors for Volume
To:	gal US	gal UK	bbl	ft3	l	m3
From:	multiple by:
US Gallon (gal)	1	0.8327	0.02381	0.1337	3.785	0.0038
UK Gallon (gal)	1.201	1	0.02859	0.1605	4.546	0.0045
Barrel (bbl)	42.0	34.97	1	5.615	159.0	0.159
Cubic foot (ft3)	7.48	6.229	0.1781	1	28.3	0.0283
Litre (l)	0.2642	0.220	0.0063	0.0353	1	0.001
Cubic metre (m3)	264.2	220.0	6.289	35.3147	1000.0	1

Crude Oil*
	toe/tonne
Saudi Arabia	1.0160
United States	1.0286
Former USSR	1.0050
Iran	1.0190
Venezuela	1.0685
Mexico	1.0115
Norway	1.0260
People's Rep. of China	1.0000
United Kingdom	1.0415
UAE	1.0180
* for selected countries

Petroleum Products*
	toe/tonne
Refinery Gas	1.150
LPG	1.130
Ethane	1.130
Motor Gasoline	1.070
Jet Fuel	1.065
Kerosene	1.045
Naphtha	1.075
Gas/Diesel Oil	1.035
Fuel Oil	0.960
Other Products	0.960
* selected products – average values

Coal*
	toe/tonne
People's Rep. of China	0.500
United States	0.646
India	0.477
South Africa	0.564
Australia	0.597
Russia	0.444
Poland	0.543
Kazakhstan	0.444
Ukraine	0.516
Germany	0.604
* steam coal production for selected countries

Gross Caloric Values

Natural Gas*
	kJ/m3
Russia	37579
United States	38416
Canada	38130
Netherlands	38220
United Kingdom	39518
Indonesia	40600
Algeria	42000
Uzbekistan	37889
Saudi Arabia	38000
Norway	40460
* for selected countries (production). Note: to calculate the net heat content, the gross heat content is multiplied by 0.9.

Conventions for Electricity

Figures for electricity production, trade and final consumption are calculated using the energy content of the electricity (i.e. at a rate of 1TWh = 0.086Mtoe). Hydro-electricity production (excluding pumped storage) and electricity produced by other non-thermal means (wind, tide, photovoltaic, etc.) are accounted
for similarly using 1TWh = 0.086 Mtoe. However, the primary energy equivalent of nuclear electricity is calculated from the gross generation by assuming a 33% conversion efficiency, i.e. 1TWh = (0.086/0.33) Mtoe. In the case of electricity produced from geothermal heat, if the actual geothermal efficiency is not known, then the primary equivalent is calculated assuming an efficiency of 10%, so 1TWh = (0.086 / 0.1) Mtoe.

GDP Deflators and Changes in Consumer Prices (Per cent)
	1982-1991	1992-2001	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
GDP deflators
Advanced economies	4.8	2.0	3.2	2.7	2.2	2.2	1.8	1.7	1.4	1.0	1.5	1.9
United States	3.7	2.0	2.4	2.4	2.1	2.2	1.9	1.9	1.2	1.5	2.0	2.3
Japan	5.8	2.5	4.3	4.3	2.7	3.0	2.5	1.9	2.0	1.6	1.7	1.7
European Union	1.8	-	1.7	0.6	0.2	-0.6	-1.4	0.3	0.3	-0.9	-0.8	0.9
Other advanced economies	8.7	2.4	3.8	3.8	3.3	3.4	2.9	2.1	1.5	0.3	1.3	2.2
Consumer prices
Advanced economies	4.9	2.3	3.5	3.1	2.6	2.6	2.4	2.1	1.5	1.4	1.9	2.0
United States	4.1	2.5	3.0	3.0	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.3	1.6	2.2	2.5	2.5
European Union	5.7	2.5	4.6	3.8	3.0	2.9	2.5	1.8	1.4	1.4	1.8	1.8
Japan	1.9	0.7	1.7	1.2	0.7	-0.1	0.1	1.7	0.6	-0.3	0.1	0.9
Other advanced economies	8.8	2.8	3.8	3.4	3.3	3.8	3.2	2.4	2.6	1.0	2.5	2.4
Developing countries	45.7	20.3	36.1	49.8	55.1	22.9	15.1	9.5	10.1	6.5	5.7	4.7
Regional groups
Africa	19.6	24.4	47.1	38.7	54.8	35.5	30.0	13.6	9.2	11.0	9.6	6.1
Asia	9.7	7.6	8.6	10.8	16.0	13.2	8.2	4.7	7.6	2.5	2.6	3.0
Middle East and Europe	21.2	24.7	26.5	26.6	33.3	38.9	26.6	25.3	26.0	20.3	16.2	9.4
Western Hemisphere	166.9	47.4	109.1	202.6	202.5	34.4	21.4	13.0	9.8	8.8	7.7	6.4
Analytical groups
By source of export earnings
Fuel	13.7	21.4	22.1	26.2	31.8	43.2	31.9	16.1	15.6	12.0	10.5	8.8
Non fuel	51.2	20.3	38.0	53.0	58.0	20.8	13.5	8.9	9.6	6.0	5.2	4.3
By external financing source
Net creditor countries	2.8	3.6	4.3	5.5	4.0	5.8	3.9	1.9	1.8	1.4	3.3	4.1
Net debtor countries	47.7	20.9	37.4	51.6	57.2	23.5	15.5	9.8	10.4	6.7	5.8	4.7
Official financing	34.3	24.0	59.3	37.4	64.8	30.9	22.4	11.2	8.2	10.4	7.6	4.4
Private financing	54.6	21.0	38.0	57.1	61.4	21.4	13.9	9.2	10.0	5.7	5.1	4.3
Diversified financing	22.5	19.2	24.6	28.5	26.2	33.0	26.1	13.3	12.5	11.5	10.7	8.6
Net debitor countries by debt - servicing experience
Countries with arrears and / or rescheduling during 1994-98	100.1	49.8	113.6	204.3	219.9	38.7	19.8	10.4	16.6	11.6	8.1	6.0
Other net debtor countries	27.5	11.0	14.0	14.1	18.6	18.8	13.9	9.6	8.3	5.0	5.0	4.3
Countries in transition	15.5	118.4	788.9	634.3	273.3	133.5	42.4	27.3	21.8	43.7	19.5	14.2
Central and Eastern Europe	...	74.8	278.3	366.8	150.4	72.2	32.1	38.4	18.7	20.5	19.4	12.3
Excluding Belarus & Ukraine	...	34.0	104.0	85.1	47.5	24.8	23.3	41.4	17.0	10.9	10.7	7.1
Russia	...	156.1	1734.7	874.7	307.4	197.4	47.6	14.7	27.7	85.9	20.5	15.9
Transcaucasus & C. Asia	...	193.8	949.2	1428.7	1800.7	265.4	80.8	33.0	13.1	15.5	16.3	17.9
Memorandum
Median inflation rate
Advanced economies	5.4	2.2	3.2	3.0	2.4	2.4	2.1	1.7	1.6	1.4	2.1	2.0
Developing countries	9.5	7.0	9.9	9.3	10.6	10.1	7.1	6.3	5.7	4.0	4.0	3.6
Countries in transition	11.9	155.2	839.1	472.3	131.6	39.2	24.1	14.8	10.0	8.1	7.9	5.2
Source: IMF (2000) World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC.

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