References
Aanes, R., B.-E. Sæther and N.A. Øritsland, 2000: Fluctuations of an introduced population of Svalbard reindeer: the effects of density dependence and climatic variation. Ecography, 23, 437-443.
Abdalati, W. and K. Steffen, 2001: Greenland ice sheet melt extent: 1979-1999. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 33983-33988.
ACIA, 2005: Impacts of a Warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1042 pp.
Ackley, S., P. Wadhams, J.C. Comiso and A.P. Worby, 2003: Decadal decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent inferred from whaling records revisited on the basis of historical and modern sea ice records. Polar Res., 22, 19-25.
Adger, W.N., 2000: Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Prog. Hum. Geog., 24, 347-364.
Agnarsson, S. and R. Arnason, 2003: The role of the fishing industry in the Icelandic economy: an historical examination. Working Paper W03:07. Institute of Economic Studies, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 24 pp.
Ainley, D.G., E.D. Clarke, K. Arrigo, W.R. Fraser, A. Kato, K.J. Barton and P.R. Wilson, 2005: Decadal-scale changes in the climate and biota of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, 1950s to the 1990s. Antarct. Sci., 17, 171-182.
Albon, S.D., A. Stien, R.J. Irvine, R. Langvatn, E. Ropstad and O. Halvorsen, 2002: The role of parasites in the dynamics of a reindeer population. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 269, 1625-1632.
Anisimov, O., 1999: Impact of changing climate on building heating and air conditioning. Meteorol. Hydrol., 6, 10-17.
Anisimov, O.A. and M.A. Belolutskaia, 2001: Predicting agroclimatic parameters using geographical information system. Meteorol. Hydrol., 9, 89-98.
Anisimov, O.A. and M.A. Belolutskaia, 2004: Predictive modelling of climate change impacts on permafrost: effects of vegetation. Meteorol. Hydrol., 11, 73-81.
Anisimov, O.A. and C.A. Lavrov, 2004: Global warming and permafrost degradation: risk assessment for the infrastructure of the oil and gas industry. Technologies of Oil and Gas Industry, 3, 78-83.
Anisimov, O., B.B. Fitzharris, J.O. Hagen, B. Jefferies, H. Marchant, F. Nelson, T. Prowse and D. Vaughan, 2001: Polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 801-841.
Anisimov, O.A., S.A. Lavrov and S.A. Reneva, 2005a: Emission of methane from the Russian frozen wetlands under the conditions of the changing climate. Problems of Ecological Modeling and Monitoring of Ecosystems, Yu. Izrael, Ed., Hydrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 124-142.
Anisimov, O.A., S.A. Lavrov and S.A. Reneva, 2005b: Modelling the emission of greenhouse gases from the Arctic wetlands under the conditions of the global warming. Climatic and Environmental Changes, G.V. Menzhulin, Ed., Hydrometeoizdat, St. Petersburg, 21-39.
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, 2003: AMAP Assessment 2002: Human Health in the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo, 137 pp.
Aré, F.E., 1999: The role of coastal retreat for sedimentation in the Laptev Sea. Land–Ocean Systems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History, H. Kassens, H.A Bauch, I.A. Dmitrenko, H. Eicken, H.-W. Hubberten, M. Melles, J. Thiede and L.A. Timikhov, Eds., Springer, Berlin, 287-299.
Arora, V.K. and G.J. Boer, 2001: Effects of simulated climate change on the hydrology of major river basins. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3335-3348.
Atkinson, A., V. Siegel, E. Pakhomov and P. Rothery, 2004: Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature, 432, 100-103.
Atkinson, D.E., 2005: Environmental forcing of the circum-Polar coastal regime. Geo-Marine Lett., 25, 98-109.
Aurela, M., T. Laurila and J.-P. Tuovinen, 2002: Annual CO2 balance of a subarctic fen in northern Europe: importance of the wintertime efflux. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4607, doi:10.1029/2002JD002055.
Babaluk, J.A., J.D. Reist, J.D. Johnson and L. Johnson, 2000: First records of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) from Banks Island and other records of pacific salmon in Northwest Territories, Canada. Arctic, 53, 161-164.
Beerling, D.J., A.C. Terry, P.L. Mitchell, D. Gwynn-Jones, J.A. Lee and T.V. Callaghan, 2001: Time to chill: effects of simulated global change on leaf ice nucleation temperatures of sub-Arctic vegetation. Am. J. Bot., 88, 628-633.
Beilman, D.W. and S.D. Robinson, 2003: Peatland permafrost thaw and landform type along a climatic gradient. Proc., 8th International Conference on Permafrost, M. Phillips, S.M. Springman and L.U. Arenson, Eds., A.A. Balkema, Lisse, 61-66.
Beilman, D.W., D.H. Vitt and L.A. Halsey, 2001: Localized permafrost peatlands in western Canada: definition, distributions, and degradation. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 33, 70-77.
Beltaos, S., T. Prowse, B. Bonsal, R. MacKay, L. Romolo, A. Pietroniro and B. Toth, 2006: Climatic effects on ice-jam flooding of the Peace–Athabasca Delta. Hydrol. Process., 20, 4013-4050.
Berezovskaya, S., D.Q. Yang and L. Hinzman, 2005: Long-term annual water balance analysis of the Lena River. Global Planet. Change, 48, 84-95.
Bergstrom, D.M. and S.L. Chown, 1999: Life at the front: history, ecology and change on southern ocean islands. Trends Ecol. Evol., 14, 472-477.
Berkes, F., 1999: Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Taylor and Francis, London, 232 pp.
Berkes, F., 2002: Epilogue: making sense of arctic environmental change? The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change, I. Krupnik and D. Jolly, Eds., Arctic Research Consortium, Fairbanks, 335-349.
Berkes, F. and D. Jolly, 2001: Adapting to climate change: social-ecological resilience in a Canadian Western Arctic Community. Conserv. Ecol., 5, 18.
Berner, J., C. Furgal, P. Bjerregaard, M. Bradley, T. Curtis, E. De Fabo, J. Hassi, W. Keatinge, S. Kvernmo, S. Nayha, H. Rintamaki and J. Warren, 2005: Human health. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 863-906.
Berry, J.W., 1997: Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Appl. Psychol., 46, 5-34.
Betts, A.K. and J.H. Ball, 1997: Albedo over the boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28901-28909.
Betts, R.A., 2000: Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo. Nature, 408, 187-190.
Bialek, D., 2003: Sink or swim: measures under international law for the conservation of the Patagonian toothfish in the Southern Ocean. Ocean Dev. Int. Law, 34, 105-137.
Bindoff, N., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Quere, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C. Shum, L. Talley and U. Alakkat, 2007: Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 385-432.
Blanchet, C., E. Dewailly, P. Ayotte, S. Bruneau, O. Receveur and B. Holub, 2000: Contribution of selected traditional and market foods to the diet of Nunavik Inuit women. Can. J. Diet. Pract. Res., 61, 1-9.
Bochkov, Y.A., 1982: Water temperature in the 0-200 m layer in the Kola Meridian Section in the Barents Sea, 1900-1981 (in Russian). Sb. Nauch. Trud. PINRO, 46, 113-122.
Bogaart, P.W. and R.T. van Balen, 2000: Numerical modeling of the response of alluvial rivers to Quaternary climatic change. Global Planet. Change, 27, 124-141.
Bogoyavlenskiy, D. and A. Siggner, 2004: Arctic demography. Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR), N. Einarsson, J.N. Larsen, A. Nilsson and O.R. Young, Eds., Steffanson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, 27-41.
Bonan, G.B., D. Pollard and S.L. Thompson, 1992: Effects of boreal forest vegetation on global climate. Nature, 359, 716-718.
Both, C., R.G. Bijlsma and M.E. Visser, 2005: Climate effects on timing of spring migration and breeding in a long-distance migrant, the pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca. J. Avian Biol., 36, 368-373.
Bradley, M.J., S.J. Kutz, E. Jenkins and T.M. O’Hara, 2005: The potential impact of climate change on infectious diseases of Arctic fauna. International Journal for Circumpolar Health, 64, 468-477.
Brown, J., M.T. Jorgenson, O.P. Smith and W. Lee, 2003: Long-term rates of coastal erosion and carbon input, Elson Lagoon, Barrow, Alaska. Proc., 8th International Conference on Permafrost, M. Phillips, S.M. Springman and L.U. Arenson, Eds., A.A. Balkema, Lisse, 101-106.
Buch, E., S.A. Horsted and H. Hovgaard, 1994: Fluctuations in the occurrence of cod in Greenland waters and their possible causes. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp., 198, 158-174.
Callaghan, T.V., M. Johansson, O.W. Heal, N.R. Sælthun, L.J. Barkved, N. Bayfield, O. Brandt, R. Brooker and Co-authors, 2004: Environmental changes in the North Atlantic region: SCANNET as a collaborative approach for documenting, understanding and predicting changes. Ambio, 13, S39-S50.
Callaghan, T.V., L.O. Björn, Y.I. Chernov, F.S. Chapin III, T.R. Christensen, B. Huntley, R. Ims, M. Johansson, D. Jolly, N.V. Matveyeva, N. Panikov, W.C. Oechel and G.R. Shaver, 2005: Arctic tundra and polar ecosystems. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 243-351.
Carmack, E.C. and R.W. Macdonald, 2002: Oceanography of the Canadian Shelf of the Beaufort Sea: a setting for marine life. Arctic, 55, 29-45.
Chabot, M., 2004: Consumption and standards of living of the Québec Inuit: cultural permanence and discontinuities. Can. Rev. Sociol. Anthr., 41, 147-170.
Chapin, F.S., III, G. Peterson, F. Berkes, T.V. Callaghan, P. Angelstam, M. Apps, C. Beier, C. Bergeron and Co-authors, 2004: Resilience and vulnerability of northern regions to social and environmental change. Ambio, 33, 342-347.
Chapin, F.S., III, M. Berman, T.V. Callaghan, P. Convey, A.-S. Crepin, K. Danell, H. Ducklow, B. Forbes and Co-authors, 2005a: Polar systems. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, R. Hassan, R. Scholes and N. Ash, Eds., Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 717-743.
Chapin, F.S., III, M. Sturm, M.C. Serreze, J.P. McFadden, J.R. Key, A.H. Lloyd, A.D. McGuire, T.S. Rupp and Co-authors, 2005b: Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summer warming. Science, 310, 657-660.
Chapin, F.S., III, M. Hoel, S.R. Carpenter, J. Lubchenko, B. Walker, T.V. Callaghan, C. Folke, S.A. Levin, K.-G. Mäler, C. Nilsson, S. Barrett, F. Berkes, A.-S. Crépin, K. Danell and Co-authors, 2006: Building resilience to manage Arctic change. Science, 35, 198-202.
Chartrand, J., K. Lysyshyn, R. Couture, S.D. Robinson and M.M. Burgess, 2002: Digital geotechnical borehole databases and viewers for Norman Wells and Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories. Open File Report, 3912. Geological Survey of Canada, CD-Rom.
Chernov, Y.I. and N.V. Matveyeva, 1997: Arctic ecosystems in Russia. Ecosystems of the World 3: Polar and Alpine Tundra, F.E. Wielgolaski, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 361-507.
Christensen, T.R., T. Johansson, H.J. Akerman, M. Mastepanov, N. Malmer, T. Friborg, P. Crill and B.H. Svensson, 2004: Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: effects on vegetation and methane emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04501, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018680.
Coleman, J.M. and O.K. Huh, 2004: Major World Deltas: A Perspective from Space. Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/PUBLICATIONS/introduction.htm.
Community of Arctic Bay, 2005: Inuit Observations on Climate and Environmental Change: Perspectives from Arctic Bay, Nunavut. ITK, Nasivvik, NAHO, NTI, Ottawa, 57 pp.
Constable, A.J., W.K. de la Mare, D.J. Agnew, I. Everson and D. Miller, 2000: Managing fisheries to conserve the Antarctic marine ecosystem: practical implementation of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). ICES J. Mar. Sci., 57, 778-791.
Convey, P., P.J.A. Pugh, C. Jackson, A.W. Murray, C.T. Ruhland, F.S. Xiong and T.A. Day, 2002: Response of Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods to long-term climate manipulations. Ecology, 83, 3130-3140.
Cook, A., A.J. Fox, D.G. Vaughan and J.G. Ferrigno, 2005: Retreating glacier-fronts on the Antarctic Peninsula over the last 50 years. Science, 22, 541-544.
Cornelissen, J.H.C., T.V. Callaghan, J.M. Alatalo, A.E. Hartley, D.S. Hik, S.E. Hobbie, M.C. Press, C.H. Robinson and Co-authors, 2001: Global change and Arctic ecosystems: is lichen decline a function of increases in vascular plant biomass? J. Ecol., 89, 984-994.
Corradi, C., O. Kolle, K. Walters, S.A. Zimov and E.-D. Schulze, 2005: Carbon dioxide and methane exchange of a north-east Siberian tussock tundra. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1910-1925.
Couture, R., S.D. Robinson and M.M. Burgess, 2000: Climate change, permafrost degradation, and infrastructure adaptation: preliminary results from a pilot community study in the Mackenzie Valley. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2000-B2, 9 pp.
Couture, R., S.D. Robinson and M.M. Burgess, 2001: Climate change, permafrost degradation and impacts on infrastructure: two case studies in the Mackenzie Valley. Proc., 54th Canadian Geotechnical Conference: An Earth Odyssey, Calgary, 908-915.
Couture, R., S. Smith, S.D. Robinson, M.M. Burgess and S. Solomon, 2003: On the hazards to infrastructure in the Canadian north associated with thawing of permafrost. Geohazards 2003: 3rd Canadian Conference on Geotechnique and Natural Hazards, Edmonton. Canadian Geotechnical Society, Alliston, Ontario, 97-104.
Crawford, R.M.M., 2004: Long-term plant survival at high latitudes. Bot. J. Scotland, 56, 1-23.
Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree and W.G. Rees, 2003: Paludification and forest retreat in northern oceanic environments. Ann. Bot. Lond., 91, 213-226.
Curran, M.A.J., T.D. van Ommen, V.I. Morgan, K.L. Phillips and A.S. Palmer, 2003: Ice core evidence for Antarctic sea ice decline since the 1950s. Science, 302, 1203-1206.
Curtis, T., S. Kvernmo and P. Bjerregaard, 2005: Changing living conditions, lifestyle and health. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 64, 442-450.
Dalen, L. and A. Hofgaard, 2005: Differential regional treeline dynamics in the Scandes Mountains. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 37, 284-296.
Davis, C.H., L. Yonghong, J.R. McConnell, M.M. Frey and E. Hanna, 2005: Snowfall-driven growth in Antarctic Ice Sheet mitigates recent sea-level rise. Science, 308, 1898-1901.
De Angelis, H. and P. Skvarca, 2003: Glacier surge after ice shelf collapse. Science, 299, 1560-1562.
de la Mare, W.K., 1997: Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature, 389, 57-60.
Derocher, A.E., N.J. Lunn and I. Stirling, 2004: Polar bears in a warming climate. Integr. Comp. Biol., 44, 163-176.
Dietrich, R.A., Ed., 1981: Alaskan Wildlife Diseases. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
Domack, E., A. Leventer, S. Root, J. Ring, E. Williams, D. Carlson, E. Hirshorn, W. Wright, R. Gilbert and G. Burr, 2003: Marine sedimentary record of natural environmental variability. Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives, E. Domack, A. Leventer, A. Burnett, R. Bindschadler, P. Convey and M. Kirby, Eds., Antarctic Research Series 79, AGU, Washington, District of Columbia, 61-68.
Domack, E., D. Duran, A. Leventer, S. Ishman, S. Doane, S. McCallum, D. Amblas, J. Ring, R. Gilbert and M. Prentice, 2005: Stability of the Larsen B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 436, 681-685.
Doran, P.T., J.C. Priscu, W. Berry Lyons, J.E. Walsh, A.G. Fountain, D.M. McKnight, D.L. Moorhead, R.A. Virginia and Co-authors, 2002: Antarctic climate cooling and terrestrial ecosystem response. Nature, 415, 517-520.
Dore, M. and I. Burton, 2001: The Costs of Adaptation to Climate Change in Canada: A Stratified Estimate by Sectors and Regions – Social Infrastructure. Environment Canada, Ottawa, 339 pp.
Dowdeswell, J.A., 2006: Atmospheric science: the Greenland Ice Sheet and global sea-level rise. Science, 311, 963-964.
Downey, D. and T. Fenge, Eds., 2003: Northern Lights Against POPs: Combating Toxic Threats in the Arctic. McGill–Queen’s University Press, Montreal, 347 pp.
Drinkwater, K.F., 2005: The response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) to future climate change. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 62, 1327-1337.
Duhaime, G., 2004: Economic systems. The Arctic Human Development Report, N. Einarsson, J.N. Larsen, A. Nilsson and O.R. Young, Eds., Stefansson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, 69-84.
Dye, D.G., 2002: Variability and trends in the annual snow-cover cycle in northern hemisphere land areas, 1972-2000. Hydrol. Process., 16, 3065-3077.
Dyurgerov, M.B. and C.L. Carter, 2004: Observational evidence of increases in freshwater inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 36, 117-122.
Eagles, P.F.J., 2004: Trends affecting tourism in protected areas. Proc., 2nd International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, Rovaniemi, Finland: Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management, T. Sievänen, J. Erkkonen, J. Jokimäki, J. Saarinen, S. Tuulentie and E. Virtanen, Eds., Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 2, 18-26.
Edwards, M. and A.J. Richardson, 2004: Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature, 430, 881-884.
Einarsson, N., J.N. Larsen, A. Nilsson and O.R. Young, Eds., 2004: Arctic Human Development Report. Stefansson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, 242 pp.
Ekstrom, G., M. Nettles and V.C. Tsai, 2006: Seasonality and increasing frequency of Greenland glacial earthquakes. Science, 311, 1756-1758.
Elmhagen, B., M. Tannerfeldt, P. Verucci and A. Angerbjörn, 2000: The arctic fox (Alopex lagopus): an opportunistic specialist. J. Zool. Soc. Lond., 251, 139-149.
Esper, J. and F.H. Schweingruber, 2004: Large-scale treeline changes recorded in Siberia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06202, doi:10.1029/2003GL019178.
Eugster, W., W.R. Rouse, R.A. Pielke, J.P. McFadden, D.D. Baldocchi, T.G.F. Kittel, F.S. Chapin III and Co-authors, 2000: Land-atmosphere energy exchange in Arctic tundra and boreal forest: available data and feedbacks to climate. Glob. Change Biol., 6, S84-S115.
Euskirchen, S.E., A.D. McGuire, D.W. Kicklighter, Q. Zhuang, J.S. Clein, R.J. Dargaville, D.G. Dye and Co-authors, 2006: Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 731-750.
FAUNMAP Working Group, 1996: Spatial response of mammals to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science, 272, 1601-1606.
Flanagan, K.M., E. McCauley and F.J. Wrona, 2006: Freshwater food webs control saturation through sedimentation. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 644-651.
Foley, J.A., J.E. Kutzbach, M.T. Coe and S. Levis, 1994: Feedbacks between climate and boreal forests during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 371, 52-54.
Forbes, D.L., 2005: Coastal erosion. Encyclopedia of the Arctic, M. Nutall, Ed., Routledge, New York and London, 391-393.
Forchhammer, M. and D. Boertmann, 1993: The muskoxen Ovibos moschatus in north and northeast Greenland: population trends and the influence of abiotic parameters on population dynamics. Ecography, 16, 299-308.
Fowbert, J.A. and R. Smith, 1994: Rapid population increases in native vascular plants in the Argentine Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. Arct. Alp. Res., 26, 290-296.
Fox, A.J. and A.P.R. Cooper, 1998: Climate-change indicators from archival aerial photography of the Antarctic Peninsula. Ann. Glaciol., 27, 636-642.
Fraser, W.R. and E.E. Hoffmann, 2003: A predator’s perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing and ecosystem response. Mar. Ecol- Prog. Ser., 265, 1-15.
Freeman, M., 1996: Identity, health and social order. Human Ecology and Health: Adaptation to a Changing World, M.-L. Foller and L.O. Hansson, Eds., Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, 57-71.
Freeman, M.M.R., 2000: Endangered Peoples of the Arctic. Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 278 pp.
Frenot, Y., S.L. Chown, J. Whinam, P.M. Selkirk, P. Convey, M. Skotnicki and D.M. Bergstrom, 2005: Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biol. Rev., 80, 45-72.
Frey, K.E. and L.C. Smith, 2005: Amplified carbon release from vast West Siberian peatlands by 2100. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09401, doi:10.1029/2004GL022025.
Friborg, T., H. Soegaard, T.R. Christensen, C.R. Lloyd and N.S. Panikov, 2003: Siberian wetlands: where a sink is a source. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2129, doi:10.1029/2003GL017797.
Furgal, C., D. Martin and P. Gosselin, 2002: Climate change and health in Nunavik and Labrador: lessons from Inuit knowledge. The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations on Arctic Environmental Change, I. Krupnik and D. Jolly, Eds., ARCUS, Washington, District of Columbia, 266-300.
Gauthier, G., J.-F. Giroux, A. Reed, A. Béchet and L. Bélanger, 2005: Interactions between land use, habitat use, and population increase in greater snow goose: what are the consequences for natural wetlands? Glob. Change Biol., 11, 856-868.
Gedney, N., P.M. Cox, R.A. Betts, O. Boucher, C. Huntingford and P.A. Stott, 2006: Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records. Nature, 439, 835-838.
George, J.C., H.P. Huntington, K. Brewster, H. Eicken, D.W. Norton and R. Glenn, 2004: Observations on shorefast ice dynamics in arctic Alaska and the responses of the Inupiat hunting community. Arctic, 57, 363-374.
Georgievsky, V.Y., I.A. Shiklomanov and A.L. Shalygin, 2005: Climate change impact on the water runoff on Lena river basin. Challenges of Ecological Meteorology and Climatology, G.V. Menzhulin, Ed., Nauka, St. Petersburg, 218-232.
Gibson, J.J., T.D. Prowse and D.L. Peters, 2006: Partitioning impacts of climate and regulation on water level variability in Great Slave Lake. J. Hydrol., 329, 196-206.
Gray, A., 1995: The indigenous movement in Asia. Indigenous Peoples of Asia, A. Gray, R.H. Barnes and B. Kingsbury, Eds., Association for Asian Studies, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Grebmeier, J.M., J.E. Overland, S.E. Moore, E.V. Farley, E.C. Carmack, L.W. Cooper, K.E. Frey, J.H. Helle and Co-authors, 2006: A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science, 311, 1461-1464.
Gregory, J.M., P. Huybrechts and S.C.B. Raper, 2004: Climatology: threatened loss of the Greenland ice-sheet. Nature, 428, 616.
Hafrannsóknastofnunin, 2006: ?ættir úr vistfræ?i sjávar 2005 (Environmental Conditions in Icelandic Waters 2005. In Icelandic with English table headings and summaries). Hafrannsóknastofnunin (Marine Research Institute), 36 pp.
Hamilton, L.C., B.C. Brown and R.O. Rasmussen, 2003: West Greenland’s cod-to-shrimp transition: local dimensions of climate change. Arctic, 56, 271-282.
Handmer, J.W., S. Dovers and T.E. Downing, 1999: Societal vulnerability to climate change and variability. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change, 4, 267-281.
Harris, C., D. Vonder Mühll, K. Isaksen, W. Haeberli, J.L. Sollid, L. King, P. Holmlund, F. Dramis and Co-authors, 2003: Warming permafrost in European mountains. Global Planet. Change, 39, 215-225.
Harris, L., 1990: Independent review of the state of the northern cod stock. Final Report of the Northern Cod Review Panel, Department of Supply and Services, Ottawa, 154 pp.
Hassi, J., M. Rytkonen, J. Kotaniemi and H. Rintimaki, 2005: Impacts of cold climate on human heat balance, performance, illnesses and injuries in circumpolar areas. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 64, 459-567.
Hayley, D.W., 2004: Climate Change: An Adaptation Challenge for Northern Engineers. Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta, Alberta. http://www.apegga.org/members/publications/peggs/web01-04/expert.htm.
Henttonen, H. and H. Wallgren, 2001: Small rodent dynamics and communities in the birch forest zone of northern Fennoscandia. Nordic Mountain Birch Forest Ecosystems, F.E. Wielgolaski, Ed., Man and the Biosphere Series. UNESCO, Paris, and Parthenon Publishing Group, New York and London, 261-278.
Hild, C. and V. Stordhal, 2004: Human health and well-being. Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR), N. Einarsson, J.N. Larsen, A. Nilsson, O.R. Young, Eds., Steffanson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, 155-168.
Hinkel, K.M., F.E. Nelson, A.F. Klene and J.H. Bell, 2003: The urban heat island in winter at Barrow, Alaska. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1889-1905.
Hinzman, L.D., N.D. Bettez, W.R. Bolton, F.S. Chapin, M.B. Dyurgerov, C.L. Fastie, B. Griffith, R.D. Hollister and Co-authors, 2005: Evidence and implications of recent climate change in northern Alaska and other Arctic regions. Climatic Change, 72, 251-298.
Hobbie, J.E., B.J. Peterson, N. Bettez, L. Deegan, J. O’Brien, G.W. Kling and G.W. Kipphut, 1999: Impact of global change on biogeochemistry and ecosystems of arctic Alaska freshwaters. Polar Res., 18, 207-214.
Høgda, K.A., S.R. Karlsen and H. Tømmervik, 2007: Changes in growing season in Fennoscandia 1982-1999. Arctic-Alpine Ecosystems and People in a Changing Environment, J.B. Orbaek, R. Kallenborn, I. Tombre, E.N. Hegseth, S. Falk-Petersen and A.H. Hoel, Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 71-84.
Holland, M.M. and C.M. Bitz, 2003: Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models. Clim. Dynam., 21, 221-232.
Hörnberg, S., 1995: Moose density related to occurrence and consumption of different forage species in Sweden. SLU Institution för Skogstaxering, Umeå. Rapporter–Skog, 58l, 34.
Horsted, S.A., 2000: A review of the cod fisheries at Greenland, 1910-1995. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, 28, 1-112.
Howat, I.M., I. Joughin, S. Tulaczyk and S. Gogineni, 2005: Rapid retreat and acceleration of Helheim glacier, east Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22502, doi:10.1029/2005GL024737.
Hughes-Hanks, J.M., L.G. Rickard, C. Panuska, J.R. Saucier, T.M. O’Hara, R.M. Rolland and L. Dehn, 2005: Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in five marine mammal species. J. Parasitol., 91, 1357-1357.
Huisink, M., J.J.W. De Moor, C. Kasse and T. Virtanen, 2002: Factors influencing periglacial fluvial morphology in the northern European Russian tundra and taiga. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 27, 1223-1235.
Huntington, H., 1998: Observations on the utility of the semi-directive interview for documenting traditional ecological knowledge. Arctic, 51, 237-242.
Huntington, H., T.V. Callaghan, S. Fox and I. Krupnik, 2004: Matching traditional and scientific observations to detect environmental change: a discussion on arctic terrestrial ecosystems. Ambio, 33(S13), 18-23.
Huntington, H., S. Foxand Co-authors, 2005: The changing Arctic: Indigenous perspectives. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 61-98.
Huntington, H.P., 1992: Wildlife Management and Subsistence Hunting in Alaska. Belhaven Press, London, 177 pp.
Hylen, A., 2002: Fluctuations in abundance of northeast Arctic cod during the 20th century. 100 Years of Science under ICES: Papers from a Symposium held in Helsinki, 1-4 August 2000, E.D. Anderson, Ed., Marine Science Symposia 215, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 543-550.
IAATO, 2005: Update on boot and clothing decontamination guidelines and the introduction and detection of diseases in Antarctic wildlife: IAATO’s perspective. Paper submitted by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) XXVIII. IAATO, 10 pp. http://www.iaato.org/info.html.
IAATO, 2006: IAATO Overview of Antarctic tourism 2005–2006. Information paper submitted by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) XXIX. IAATO, 21 pp. http://www.iaato.org/info.html.
ICARP II, 2006: Science Plan 8: terrestrial and freshwater biosphere and biodiversity. Proc., 2nd International Conference on Artic Research Planning (ICARP II), Copenhagen, 20 pp.
ICES, 2005a: Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group, Murmansk, 19-28 April 2005. ICES CM 2005/ACFM:20. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, 564 pp.
ICES, 2005b: Report of the Northwestern Working Group (NWWG) on 26 April-5 May 2005. ICES CM 2005/ACFM:21. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, 615 pp.
ICES, 2006: Report of the Northwestern Working Group (NWWG). ICES CM 2006/ACFM:26. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, 612 pp.
Ims, R.A. and E. Fuglei, 2005: Trophic interaction cycles in tundra ecosystems and the impact of climate change. BioScience, 554, 311-322.
Instanes, A., O. Anisimov, L. Brigham, D. Goering, B. Ladanyi, J.O. Larsen and L.N. Khrustalev, 2005: Infrastructure: buildings, support systems, and industrial facilities. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 907-944.
Jefferies, R.L., R.H. Drent and J.P. Bakker, 2006: Connecting arctic and temperate wetlands and agricultural landscapes: the dynamics of goose populations in response to global change. Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, J.T. Verhoeven, B. Beltman, R. Bobbink and D.F. Whigham, Eds., Ecological Studies 190, Springer, Berlin, 293-312.
Jensen, A.S., 1926: Indberetning av S/S Dana’s praktisk videndskabelige fiskeriundersøgelser ved Vestgrønland i 1925. Beretninger og Kundgørelser vedr. Styrelsen af Grønland, 2, 291-315.
Jensen, A.S., 1939: Concerning a change of climate during recent decades in the Arctic and Subarctic regions, from Greenland in the west to Eurasia in the east, and contemporary biological and physical changes. Det. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Biologiske Medd., 14, 1-77.
Jernsletten, J.-L. and K. Klokov, 2002: Sustainable Reindeer Husbandry. University of Tromso, Tromso, 164 pp. http://www.reindeer-husbandry.uit.no/.
Johannessen, O.M., K. Khvorostovsky, M.W. Miles and L.P. Bobylev, 2005: Recent ice-sheet growth in the interior of Greenland. Science, 310, 1013-1016.
Johansson, T., N. Malmer, P.M. Crill, T. Friborg, J.H. Åkerman, M. Mastepanov and T.R. Christensen, 2006: Decadal vegetation changes in a northern peatland, greenhouse gas fluxes and net radiative forcing. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2352-2369.
Johnson, D., C.D. Campbell, D. Gwynn-Jones, J.A. Lee and T.V. Callaghan, 2002: Arctic soil microorganisms respond more to long-term ozone depletion than to atmospheric CO2. Nature, 416, 82-83.
Jones, C.D. and D.C. Ramm, 2004: The commercial harvest of krill in the southwest Atlantic before and during the CCAMLR 2000 Survey. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 1421-1434.
Juday, G.P., V. Barber, P. Duffy, H. Linderholm, S. Rupp, S. Sparrow, E. Vaganov and J. Yarie, 2005: Forests, land management and agriculture. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 781-862.
Kaplan, J.O., N.H. Bigelow, I.C. Prentice, S.P. Harrison, P.J. Bartlein, T.R. Christensen, W. Cramer, N.V. Matveyeva and Co-authors, 2003: Climate change and Arctic ecosystems. 2. Modeling, paleodata-model comparisons, and future projections. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8171, doi:10.1029/2002JD002559.
Kattsov, V.M., J.E. Walsh, W.L. Chapman, V.A. Govorkova, T.V. Pavlova and X. Zhang, 2007: Simulation and projection of Arctic freshwater budget components by the IPCC AR4 global climate models. J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 571-589.
Khasnullin, V.I., A.M. Shurgaya, A.V. Khasnullina and E.V. Sevostoyanova, 2000: Cardiomyopathies in the North: Novosibirsk (in Russian). Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Siberia, 222 pp.
Khrustalev, L.N., 2000: On the necessity of accounting for the effect of changing climate in permafrost engineering. Geocryological Hazards, L.S. Garagulia and E.D. Yershow, Eds., Kruk Publishers, Moscow, 238-247.
King, J.C., 2003: Antarctic Peninsula climate variability and its causes as revealed by analysis of instrumental records. Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives. Antarctic Research Series 79, AGU, Washington, District of Columbia, 17-30.
Klein, D., 1989: Subsistence hunting. Wildlife Production Systems: Economic Utilisation of Wild Ungulates, R.J. Hudson, K.R. Drew and L.M. Baskin, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 96-111.
Klein, D., L.M. Baskin, L.S. Bogoslovskaya, K. Danell, A. Gunn, D.B. Irons, G.P. Kofinas, K.M. Kovacs and Co-authors, 2005: Management and conservation of wildlife in a changing Arctic. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 597-648.
Kofinas, G., G. Osherenko, D. Klein and B. Forbes, 2000: Research planning in the face of change: the human role in reindeer/caribou systems. Polar Res., 19, 3-22.
Kokelj, S.V. and C.R. Burn, 2005: Near-surface ground ice in sediments of the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada. Permafrost Periglac., 16, 291-303.
Korhola, A., S. Sorvari, M. Rautio, P.G. Appleby, J.A. Dearing, Y. Hu, N. Rose, A. Lami and N.G. Cameron, 2002: A multi-proxy analysis of climate impacts on recent ontogeny of subarctic Lake Sannajärvi in Finnish Lapland. J. Paleolimnol., 1, 59-77.
Koshida, G. and W. Avis, Eds., 1998: Canada Country Study: Climate Impacts and Adaptation. Vol. 7, National Sectoral Issues. Environment Canada, Toronto, 620 pp.
Kovats, R.S., B. Menne, A.J. McMichael, C. Corvalan and R. Bertollini, 2000: Climate change and human health: impact and adaptation. WHO/SDE/OEH/00.4. World Health Organization, Geneva, 48 pp.
Krabill, W., W. Abdalati, E. Frederick, S. Manizade, C. Martin, J. Sonntag, R. Swift, R. Thomas, W. Wright and J. Yungel, 2000: Greenland ice sheet: high-elevation balance peripheral thinning. Science, 289, 428-430.
Krabill, W., E. Hanna, P. Huybrechts, W. Abdalati, J. Cappelen, B. Csatho, E. Frederick, S. Manizade and Co-authors, 2004: Greenland Ice Sheet: increased coastal thinning. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L24402, doi:10.1029/2004GL021533.
Kraemer, L., J. Berner and C. Furgal, 2005: The potential impact of climate change on human exposure to contaminants in the Arctic. International Journal for Circumpolar Health, 64, 498-509.
Krupnik, I., 1993: Arctic Adaptations: Native Whalers and Reindeer Herders of Northern Eurasia. University Press of New England, Lebanon, Pennsylvania, 355 pp.
Krupnik, I. and D. Jolly, Eds., 2002: The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, Fairbanks, Alaska, 356 pp.
Kuhnlein, H.V., O. Receveur and H.M. Chan, 2001: Traditional food systems research with Canadian indigenous peoples. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 60, 112-122.
Kutz, S.J., E.P. Hoberg, J. Nishi and L. Polley, 2002: Development of the musk ox lungworm Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis (Protostrongylidae) in gastropods in the Arctic. Can. J. Zool., 80, 1977-1985.
Lafortune, V., C. Furgal, J. Drouin, T. Annanack, N. Einish, B. Etidloie, M. Qiisiq, P. Tookalook and Co-authors, 2004: Climate change in northern Québec: access to land and resource issues. Project report. Kativik Regional Government, Kuujjuaq, Québec.
Laherre, J., 2001: Estimates of oil reserves. Preprints EMF/IEA/IEW Meeting, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, 92 pp.
Lantuit, H. and W. Pollard, 2003: Remotely sensed evidence of enhanced erosion during the twentieth century on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung, 443, 54-59.
Lemke, P., J. Ren, R. Alley, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Flato, Y. Fujii, G. Kaser, P. Mote, R. Thomas and T. Zhang, 2007: Observations: change in snow, ice and frozen ground. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 337-384.
Lesack, L.F.W., P. Marsh and R.E. Hecky, 1998: Spatial and temporal dynamics of major solute chemistry along Mackenzie Delta lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 1530-1543.
Lewis, E.L., E.P. Jones, P. Lemke, T.D. Prowse and P. Wadhams, 2000: The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 623 pp.
Lilly, G.R., P.A. Shelton, J. Brattey, N. Cadigan, B.P. Healey, E.F. Murphy, D. Stanbury and N. Chen, 2003: An assessment of the cod stock in NAFO Divisions 2J+3KL in February 2003. 2003/023 Department of Fisheries and Oceans Stock Assessment Secretariat, 157 pp.
Lindgren, E. and R. Gustafson, 2001: Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet, 358, 16-18.
Lloyd, A.H., T.S. Rupp, C.L. Fastie and A.M. Starfield, 2003: Patterns and dynamics of treeline advance on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8161, doi:10.1029/2001JD000852.
Loeng, H., K. Brander, E. Carmack, S. Denisenko, K. Drinkwater, B. Hansen, K. Kovacs, P. Livingston, F. McLaughlin and E. Sakshaug, 2005: Marine systems. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 453-538.
Lonergan, S., R. Difrancesco and M.-K. Woo, 1993: Climate change and transportation in northern Canada: an integrated impact assessment. Climatic Change, 24, 331-351.
Luckman, A., T. Murray, R. de Lange and E. Hanna, 2006: Rapid and synchronous ice-dynamic changes in East Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03503, doi:10.1029/2005GL025428.
MacDonald, G.M., A.A. Velichko, C.V. Kremenetski, C.K. Borisova, A.A. Goleva, A.A. Andreev, L.C. Cwynar, R.T. Riding and Co-authors, 2000: Holocene tree line history and climate change across northern Eurasia. Quaternary Res., 53, 302-311.
MacDonald, R., T. Harner, J. Fyfe, H. Loeng and T. Weingartner, 2003: Influence of global change on contaminant pathways to, within and from the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, AMAP Assessment 2002, Oslo, 65 pp.
Malmer, N., T. Johansson, M. Olsrud and T.R. Christensen, 2005: Vegetation, climatic changes and net carbon sequestration. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1895-1909.
Marsh, P. and L.F.W. Lesack, 1996: The hydrologic regime of perched lakes in the Mackenzie Delta: potential responses to climate change. Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 849-856.
Marsh, P., L.F.W. Lesack and A. Roberts, 1999: Lake sedimentation in the Mackenzie Delta, NWT. Hydrol. Process., 13, 2519-2536.
Marshall, G.J., P.A. Stott, J. Turner, W.M. Connolley, J.C. King and T.A. Lachlan-Cope, 2004: Causes of exceptional atmospheric circulation changes in the Southern Hemisphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L14205, doi:10.1029/2004 GL019952.
Marshall, G.J., A. Orr, N.P.M. van Lipzig and J.C. King, 2006: The impact of a changing southern hemisphere annular mode on Antarctic peninsula summer temperatures. J. Climate, 19, 5388-5404.
Martin, D., D. Belanger, P. Gosselin, J. Brazeau, C. Furgal and S. Dery, 2005: Climate change, drinking water, and human health in Nunavik: adaptation strategies. Final Report submitted to the Canadian Climate Change Action Fund, Natural Resources Canada, Quebec, 111 pp.
Maslin, M., 2004: Gas Hydrates: A Hazard for the 21st Century. Issues in Risk Science 3, Benfield Hazard Research Centre, London, 22 pp.
Matveyeva, N.V. and Y. Chernov, 2000: Zonation in Plant Cover of the Arctic. Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 219 pp.
McBean, G., G. Alekseev, D. Chen, E. Førland, J. Fyfe, P.Y. Groisman, R. King, H. Melling, R. Vose and P.H. Whitfield, 2005: Arctic climate: past and present. Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment (ACIA), C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 21-60.
McCarthy, J.J., M. Long Martello, R. Corell, N. Eckley Selin, S. Fox, G. Hovelsrud-Broda, S.D. Mathiesen, C. Polsky, H. Selin and N.J.C. Tyler, 2005: Climate change in the context of multiple stressors and resilience. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 945-988.
McClelland, J.W., R.M. Holmes and B.J. Peterson, 2004: Increasing river discharge in the Eurasian Arctic: consideration of dams, permafrost thaw, and fires as potential agents of change. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18102, doi:10.1029/2004JD004583.
McDonald, K.C., J.S. Kimball, E. Njoku, R. Zimmermann and M. Zhao, 2004: Variability in springtime thaw in the terrestrial high latitudes: monitoring a major control on the biospheric assimilation of atmospheric CO2 with spaceborne microwave remote sensing. Earth Interactions, 8, 1-23.
McGuire, A.D., J.S. Clein, J.M. Melillo, D.W. Kicklighter, R.A. Meier, C.J. Vorosmarty and M.C. Serreze, 2000: Modeling carbon responses of tundra ecosystems to historical and projected climate: sensitivity of pan-Arctic carbon storage to temporal and spatial variation in climate. Glob. Change Biol., 6, S141-S159.
McGuire, A.D., F.S. Chapin III, C. Wirth, M. Apps, J. Bhatti, T.V. Callaghan, T.R. Christensen, J.S. Clein, M. Fukuda, T. Maximov, A. Onuchin, A. Shvidenko and E. Vaganov, 2007: Responses of high latitude ecosystems to global change: potential consequences for the climate system. Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World, J.G. Canadell, D.E. Pataki and L.F. Pitelka, Eds., Springer, London, 297-310.
Meehl, G.H., T.F. Stocker, W.D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A.T. Gaye, J.M. Gregory, A. Kito, R. Knutti, J.M. Murphy, A. Noda, S.C.B. Raper, I.G. Watterson, A.J. Weaver and Z.-C. Zhao, 2007: Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747-846.
Mehlum, F., 1999: Adaptation in arctic organisms to a short summer season. The Ecology of the Tundra in Svalbard, S.A. Bengtsson, F. Mehlum and T. Severinsen, Eds., Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddeleser, 161-169.
Meredith, M.P. and J.C. King, 2005: Rapid climate change in the ocean west of the Antarctic peninsula during the second half of the 20th century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19604, doi:10.1029/2005GL024042.
Messner, T., 2005: Environmental variables and the risk of disease. International Journal for Circumpolar Health, 64, 523-533.
Miller, J.R. and G.L. Russell, 2000: Projected impact of climate change on the freshwater and salt budgets of the Arctic Ocean by a global climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1183-1186.
Mokhov, I.I., V.A. Semenov and V.C. Khone, 2003: Estimates of possible regional hydrologic regime changes in the 21st century based on global climate models. Izvestiya Rossijskoi Academii Nauk (Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences), 39, 130-144.
Morrison, R.I.G., Y. Aubry, R.W. Butler, G.W. Beyresbergen, G.M. Donaldson, C.L. Gratto-Trevor, P.W. Hicklin, V.H. Johnston and R.K. Ross, 2001: Declines in North American shorebird populations. Wader Study Group Bulletin, 94, 34-38.
Morrison, R.I.G., K.R. Ross and L.J. Niles, 2004: Declines in wintering populations of red knots in southern South America. Condor, 106, 60-70.
Murphy, E.J., A. Clarke, C. Symon and J. Priddle, 1995: Temporal variation in Antarctic sea-ice: analysis of a long term fast ice record from the South Orkney Islands. Deep-Sea. Res., 42, 1045-1062.
Nakićenović , N., J. Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J. Fenhann, S. Gaffin, K. Gregory, A. Grübler, T.Y. Jung, T. Kram, E. Lebre la Rovere, L. Michaelis, S. Mori, T. Morita, W. Pepper, H. Pitcher, L. Price, K. Riahi, A. Roehrl, H.H. Rogner, A. Sankovski, M. Schlesinger, P. Shukla, S. Smith, R. Swart, S. van Rooijen, N. Victor and Z. Dadi, Eds., 2000: Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 599 pp.
Nayha, S., 2005: Environmental temperature and mortality. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 64, 451-458.
Nellemann, C., L. Kullerud, I. Vistnes, B.C. Forbes, E. Husby, G.P. Kofinas, B.P. Kaltenborn, J. Rouaud and Co-authors, 2001: GLOBIO: global methodology for mapping human impacts on the biosphere. UNEP/DEWA/TR.01-3, United Nations Environment Programme, 47 pp.
Nelson, F.E., 2003: (Un)frozen in time. Science, 299, 1673-1675.
Nelson, F.E., O.A. Anisimov and N.I. Shiklomanov, 2001: Subsidence risk from thawing permafrost. Nature, 410, 889-890.
Nemani, R.R., C.D. Keeling, H. Hashimoto, W.M. Jolly, S.C. Piper, C.J. Tucker, R.B. Myneni and S.W. Running, 2003: Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science, 300, 1560-1563.
Nickels, S., C. Furgal, J. Castelden, P. Moss-Davies, M. Buell, B. Armstrong, D. Dillon and R. Fonger, 2002: Putting the human face on climate change through community workshops. The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change, I. Krupnik and D. Jolly, Eds., ARCUS, Washington, District of Columbia, 300-344.
Nikiforov, S.L., N.N. Dunaev, S.A. Ogorodov and A.B. Artemyev, 2003: Physical geographic characteristics. The Pechora Sea: Integrated Research. MOPE, Moscow, 502 pp. (In Russian).
Nuttall, M., 2000a: The Arctic is Changing. Stefansson Arctic Institute, Akureyri, 11 pp. http://www.thearctic.is/PDF/The%20Arctic%20is%20changing.pdf.
Nuttall, M., 2000b: Indigenous peoples, self-determination, and the Arctic environment. The Arctic: Environment, People, Policy, M. Nuttall and T.V. Callaghan, Eds., Harwood Academic, The Netherlands, 377-409.
Nuttall, M., F. Berkes, B. Forbes, G. Kofinas, T. Vlassova and G. Wenzel, 2005: Hunting, herding, fishing and gathering: indigenous peoples and renewable resource use in the Arctic. Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 649-690.
Oechel, W.C., G.L. Vourlitis, S.J. Hastings, R.C. Zulueta, L. Hinzman and D. Kane, 2000: Acclimation of ecosystem CO2 exchange in the Alaskan Arctic in response to decadal climate warming. Nature, 406, 978-981.
Ogorodov, S.A., 2003: Coastal dynamics in the Pechora Sea under technogenic impact. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung, 443, 74-80.
Orr, J.C., V.J. Fabry, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, S.C. Doney, R.A. Feely, A. Gnanadesikan, N. Gruber and Co-authors, 2005: Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature, 437, 681-686.
Paine, R., 1994: Herds of the Tundra: A Portrait of Saami Reindeer Pastoralism. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 242 pp.
Parkinson, A. and J. Butler, 2005: Impact of climate change on infectious diseases in the Arctic. International Journal for Circumpolar Health, 64, 478.
Parkinson, C.L., 2002: Trends in the length of the Southern Ocean sea ice season, 1979-1999. Ann. Glaciol., 34, 435-440.
Parkinson, C.L., 2004: Southern Ocean sea ice and its wider linkages: insights revealed from models and observations. Antarct. Sci., 16, 387-400.
Pavlov, A.V. and N.G. Moskalenko, 2002: The thermal regime of soils in the north of western Siberia. Permafrost Periglac., 13, 43-51.
Pavlov, P., J.I. Svendsen and S. Indrelid, 2001: Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago. Nature, 413, 64-67.
Payette, S., M. Eronen and J.J.P. Jasinski, 2002: The circumpolar tundra-taiga interface: late Pleistocene and Holocene changes. Ambio, 12, 15-22.
Payne, A.J., A. Vieli, A. Shepherd, D.J. Wingham and E. Rignot, 2004: Recent dramatic thinning of largest West Antarctic ice stream triggered by oceans. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23401, doi:10.1029/2004GL021284.
Peck, L.S., 2005: Prospects for surviving climate change in Antarctic aquatic species. Frontiers in Zoology, 2, doi:10.1186/1742-9994-2-9.
Peck, L.S., P. Convey and D.K.A. Barnes, 2006: Environmental constraints on life histories in Antarctic ecosystems: tempos, timings and predictability. Biol. Rev., 81, 75-109.
Peters, D.L., T.D. Prowse, A. Pietroniro and R. Leconte, 2006: Establishing the flood hydrology of the Peace–Athabasca Delta, northern Canada. Hydrol. Process., 20, 4073-4096.
Peterson, B.J., R.M. Holmes, J.W. McClelland, C.J. Vorosmarty, R.B. Lammers, A.I. Shiklomanov, I.A. Shiklomanov and S. Rahmstorf, 2002: Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science, 298, 2172-2173.
Peterson, B.J., J. McClelland, R. Curry, R.M. Holmes, J.E. Walsh and K. Aagaard, 2006: Trajectory shifts in the arctic and subarctic freshwater cycle. Science, 313, 1061-1066.
Pienitz, R., M.S.V. Douglas and J.P. Smol, 2004: Long-Term Environmental Change in Arctic and Antarctic Lakes. Vol. 8. Springer Verlag, 562 pp.
Polyakov, I.V., G.V. Alekseev, R.V. Bekryaev, U. Bhatt, R.L. Colony, M.A. Johnson, V.P. Karklin, A.P. Makshtas, D. Walsh and A.V. Yulin, 2002: Observationally based assessment of polar amplification of global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1878. doi:10.1029/2001GL011111.
Prowse, T.D. and S. Beltaos, 2002: Climatic control of river-ice hydrology: a review. Hydrol. Process., 16, 805-822.
Prowse, T.D., D.L. Peters, S. Beltaos, A. Pietroniro, L. Romolo, J. Töyrä and R. Leconte, 2002: Restoring ice-jam floodwater to a drying delta ecosystem. Water Int., 27, 58-69.
Prowse, T.D., F.J. Wrona and G. Power, 2004: Dams, reservoirs and flow regulation. Threats to Water Availability in Canada. National Water Resource Institute, Scientific Assessment Report No. 3, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 9-18.
Prowse, T.D., F.J. Wrona, J. Reist, J.J. Gibson, J.E. Hobbie, L.M.J. Levesque and W.F. Vincent, 2006a: Climate change effects on hydroecology of arctic freshwater ecosystems. Ambio, 35, 347-358.
Prowse, T.D., F.J. Wrona, J.D. Reist, J.J. Gibson, J.E. Hobbie, L. Levesque and W.F. Vincent, 2006b: Historical changes in arctic freshwater ecosystems. Ambio, 35, 339-346.
Pudsey, C.J. and J. Evans, 2001: First survey of Antarctic sub-ice shelf sediments reveals mid-Holocene ice shelf retreat. Geology, 29, 787-790.
Quayle, W.C., L.S. Peck, H. Peat, J.C. Ellis-Evans and P.R. Harrigan, 2002: Extreme responses to climate change in Antarctic lakes. Science, 295, 645-645.
Quayle, W.C., P. Convey, L.S. Peck, J.C. Ellis-Evans, H.G. Butler and H.J. Peat, 2003: Ecological responses of maritime Antarctic lakes to regional climate change. Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Palaeoenvironmental Perspectives, E. Domack, A. Leventer, A. Burnett, R. Bindschadler, P. Convey and M. Kirby, Eds., American Geophysical Union, Washington, District of Columbia, 159-170.
Rachold, V., M.N. Grigoriev, F.E. Aré, S. Solomon, E. Reimnitz, H. Kassens and M. Antonov, 2000: Coastal erosion vs. riverine sediment discharge in the Arctic shelf seas. Geologisches Rundschau (Int. J. Earth Sci.), 89, 450-460.
Rasumov, S.O., 2001: Thermoerosion modelling of ice-rich Arctic coast in stationary climatic conditions (in Russian). Kriosfera Zemli, 5, 50-58.
Reist, J., F.J. Wrona, T.D. Prowse, M. Power, J.B. Dempson, R. Beamish, J.R. King, T.J. Carmichael and C.D. Sawatzky, 2006a: General effects of climate change effects on arctic fishes and fish populations. Ambio, 35, 370-380.
Reist, J.D., F.J. Wrona, T.D. Prowse, J.B. Dempson, M. Power, G. Koeck, T.J. Carmichael, C.D. Sawatzky, H. Lehtonen and R.F. Tallman, 2006b: Effects of climate change and UV radiation on fisheries for arctic freshwater and anadromous species. Ambio, 35, 402-410.
Reist, J.D., F.J. Wrona, T.D. Prowse, M. Power, J.B. Dempson, J.R. King and R.J. Beamish, 2006c: An overview of effects of climate change on arctic freshwater and anadromous fisheries. Ambio, 35, 381-387.
Richardson, A.J. and D.S. Schoeman, 2004: Climate impact on ecosystems in the northeast Atlantic. Science, 305, 1609-1612.
Riebesell, U., I. Zondervan, B. Rost, P.D. Tortell, R.E. Zeebe and F.M. Morel, 2000: Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature, 407, 364-367.
Riedlinger, D. and F. Berkes, 2001: Contributions of traditional knowledge to understanding climate change in the Canadian Arctic. Polar Rec., 37, 315-328.
Rignot, E. and P. Kanagaratnam, 2006: Changes in the velocity structure of the Greenland ice sheet. Science, 311, 986-990.
Rignot, E., G. Casassa, S. Gogineni, P. Kanagaratnam, W. Krabill, H. Pritchard, A. Rivera, R. Thomas and D. Vaughan, 2005: Recent ice loss from the Fleming and other glaciers,Wordie Bay, West Antarctic Peninsula. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L07502, doi:10.1029/2004GL021947.
Rinnan, R., M.M. Keinänen, A. Kasurinen, J. Asikainen, T.K. Kekki, T. Holopainen, H. Ro-Poulsen, T.N. Mikkelsen and Co-authors, 2005: Ambient ultraviolet radiation in the Arctic reduces root biomass and alters microbial community composition but has no effects on microbial biomass. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 564-574.
Robinson, S.A., J. Wasley and A.K. Tobin, 2003: Living on the edge: plants and global change in continental and maritime Antarctica. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1681-1717.
Romanovsky, V.E., M. Burgess, S. Smith, K.Yoshikawa and J. Brown, 2002: Permafrost temperature records: indicators of climate change. EOS Transactions, 83, 589-594.
Rose, G.A., 2004: Reconciling overfishing and climate change with stock dynamics of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) over 500 years. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 61, 1553-1557.
Rose, G.A. and R.L. O’Driscoll, 2002: Capelin are good for cod: can Newfoundland cod stocks recover without capelin? ICES J. Mar. Sci., 5938, 1026.
Rose, G.A., B. de Young, D.W. Kulka, S.V. Goddard and G.L. Fletcher, 2000: Distribution shifts and overfishing the northern cod (Gadus morhua): a view from the ocean. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 57, 644-664.
Roura, R., 2004: Monitoring and remediation of hydrocarbon contamination at the former site of Greenpeace’s World Park Base, Cape Evans, Ross Island, Antarctica. Polar Res., 40, 51-67.
Royal Society, 2005: Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Policy Document 12/05, The Royal Society, London, 60 pp.
Ruhland, K.M. and J.P. Smol, 2002: Freshwater diatoms from the Canadian arctic treeline and development of paleolimnological inference models. J. Phycol., 38, 429-264.
Ruhland, K.M., A. Priesnitz and J.P. Smol, 2003: Paleolimnological evidence from diatoms for recent environmental changes in 50 lakes across Canadian Arctic treeline. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 110-123.
Russell, D.E., G. Kofinas and B. Griffith, 2002: Barren-ground caribou calving ground workshop. Canadian Wildlife Services, Ottawa, 47 pp.
Sakshaug, E., 2003: Primary and secondary production in Arctic seas. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, R. Stein and R.W. Macdonald, Eds., Springer, Berlin, 57-81.
Sakshaug, E., A. Bjorge, B. Gulliksen, H. Loeng and F. Mehlum, 1994: Structure, biomass distribution and energetics of the pelagic ecosystem in the Barents Sea: a synopsis. Polar Biol., 14, 405-411.
Sazonova, T.S., V.E. Romanovsky, J.E. Walsh and D.O. Sergueev, 2004: Permafrost dynamics in the 20th and 21st centuries along the East Siberian transect. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 109, D01108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003680.
Scambos, T.A., J.A. Bohlander, C.A. Shuman and P. Skvarca, 2004: Glacier acceleration and thinning after ice shelf collapse in the Larsen B embayment, Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18402, doi:10.1029/2004GL020670.
Schopka, S.A., 1994: Fluctuations in the cod stock off Iceland during the twentieth century in relation to changes in the fisheries and environment. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp., 198, 175-193.
Seebacher, F., W. Davison, C.J. Lowe and C.E. Franklin, 2005: The falsification of the thermal specialization paradigm: compensation for elevated temperatures in Antarctic fishes. Biol. Lett., 1, 151-154.
Serreze, M.C. and J.A. Francis, 2006: The Arctic amplification debate. Climatic Change, 76, 241-264.
Serreze, M.C., D.H. Bromwich, M.P. Clark, A.J. Etringer, T. Zhang and R. Lammers, 2003: Large-scale hydro-climatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8160, doi:10.1029/2001JD000919.
Shelton, P.A., A.F. Sinclair, G.A. Chouinard, R. Mohn and D.E. Duplisea, 2006: Fishing under low productivity conditions is further delaying recovery of Northwest Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 63, 235-238.
Shepherd, A., D.J. Wingham and E. Rignot, 2004: Warm ocean is eroding West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23402, doi:10.1029\2004G L021106.
Shiklomanov, I.A., A.I. Shiklomanov, R.B. Lammers, B.J. Peterson and C.J. Vorosmarty, 2000: The dynamics of river water inflow to the Arctic Ocean. The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, E.L. Lewis, E.P. Jones, T.D. Prowse and P. Wadhams, Eds., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 281-296.
Sirotenko, O.D., H.V. Abashina and V.N. Pavlova, 1997: Sensitivity of the Russian agriculture to changes in climate, CO2 and tropospheric ozone concentrations and soil fertility. Climatic Change, 36, 217-232.
Sitch, S., B. Smith, I.C. Prentice, A. Arneth, A. Bondeau, W. Cramer, J.O. Kaplan, S. Levis, W. Lucht, M.T. Sykes, K. Thonicke and S. Venevsky, 2003: Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 161-185.
Sitch, S., A.D. McGuire, J. Kimball, N. Gedney, J. Gamon, R. Engstrom, A. Wolf, Q. Zhuang, J. Clein and K.C. McDonald, 2007: Assessing the carbon balance of circumpolar arctic tundra using remote sensing and process modeling. Ecol. Appl., 17, 213-234.
Slayback, D.A., J.E. Pinzon, S.O. Los and C.J. Tucker, 2003: Northern hemisphere photosynthetic trends 1982–99. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1-15.
Sloan, E.D., Jr, 2003: Fundamental principles and applications of natural gas hydrates. Nature, 426, 353-359.
Smith, L.C., 2000: Time-trends in Russian Arctic river ice formation and breakup: 1917–1994. Phys. Geogr., 21, 46-56.
Smith, L.C., Y. Sheng, G.M. MacDonald and L.D. Hinzman, 2005: Disappearing Arctic lakes. Science, 308, 1429.
Smith, N.V., S.S. Saatchi and J.T. Randerson, 2004: Trends in high northern latitude soil freeze and thaw cycles from 1988 to 2002. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D12101, doi:10.1029/2003JD004472.
Smith, O.P., 2002: Coastal erosion in Alaska. Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung, 413, 65-68.
Smith, R.C., W.R. Fraser, S.E. Stammerjohn and M. Vernet, 2003: Palmer long-term ecological research on the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives, E. Domack, A. Leventer, A. Burnett, R. Bindschadler, P. Convey and M. Kirby, Eds., Antarctic Research Series 79, AGU, Washington, District of Columbia, 131-144.
Smith, S.L. and M.M. Burgess, 2004: Sensitivity of Permafrost to Climate Warming in Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin No. 579, 24 pp.
Smith, S.L., M.M. Burgess and J.A. Heginbottom, 2001: Permafrost in Canada, a challenge to northern development. A Synthesis of Geological Hazards in Canada, G.R. Brooks, Ed., Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 548, 241-264.
Smol, J.P., A.P. Wolfe, H.J.B. Birks, M.S.V. Douglas, V.J. Jones, A. Korhola, R. Pienitz, K. Ruhland and Co-authors, 2005: Climate-driven regime shifts in the biological communities of arctic lakes. P. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 4397-4402.
Snape, I., M.J. Riddle, D.M. Filler and P.J. Williams, 2003: Contaminants in freezing ground and associated ecosystems: key issues at the beginning of the new millennium. Polar Rec., 39, 291-300.
Solomon, S.M., 2005: Spatial and temporal variability of shoreline change in the Beaufort-Mackenzie region, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geo-Marine Lett., 25, 127-137.
Stieglitz, M., S.J. Dery, V.E. Romanovsky and T.E. Osterkamp, 2003: The role of snow cover in the warming of arctic permafrost. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1721, doi:10.1029/2003GL017337.
Stirling, I. and C.L. Parkinson, 2006: Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 59, 262-275.
Stirling, I., N.J. Lunn and J. Iacozza, 1999: Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate change. Arctic, 52, 294-306.
Stone, J.O., G.A. Balco, D.E. Sugden, M.W. Caffee, L.C. Sass III, S.G. Cowdery and C. Siddoway, 2003: Holocene deglaciation of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Science, 299, 99-102.
Strathdee, A.T., J.S. Bale, W.C. Block, S.J. Coulson, I.D. Hodkinson and N. Webb, 1993: Effects of temperature on a field population of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (Hemiptera: Aphidae) on Spitsbergen. Oecologia, 96, 457-465.
Stroud, D.A., N.C. Davidson, R. West, D.A. Scott, L. Haanstra, O. Thorup, B. Ganter and S. Delany, 2004: Status of migratory wader population in Africa and Western Eurasia in the 1990s. International Wader Studies, 15, 1-259.
Sturm, M., C. Racine and K. Tape, 2001: Increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature, 411, 546-547.
Sturm, M., T. Douglas, C. Racine and G.E. Liston, 2005: Changing snow and shrub conditions affect albedo with global implications. J. Geophys. Res., 110, G01004, doi:10.1029/2005JG000013.
Syvitski, J.P.M., 2002: Sediment discharge variability in Arctic rivers: implications for a warmer future. Polar Res., 21, 323-330.
Tannerfeldt, M., B. Elmhagen and A. Angerbjörn, 2002: Exclusion by interference competition? The relationship between red and arctic foxes. Oecologia, 132, 213-220.
Tape, K., M. Sturm and C. Racine, 2006: The evidence for shrub expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 686-702.
Thomas, G. and P.R. Rowntree, 1992: The boreal forests and climate. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 469-497.
Thompson, D.W.J. and S. Solomon, 2002: Interpretation of recent southern hemisphere climate change. Science, 296, 895-899.
Thorpe, N., N. Hakongak, S. Eyegetok and the Kitikmeot Elders, 2001: Thunder on the Tundra: Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit of the Bathurst Caribou. Generation Printing, Vancouver, 220 pp.
Trenberth, K.E., P.D. Jones, P.G. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D.R. Easterling, A.M.G. Klein Tank, D.E. Parker, J.A. Renwick and Co-authors, 2007: Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 235-336.
Truong, G., A.E. Palmé and F. Felber, 2007: Recent invasion of the mountain birch Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa above the treeline due to climate change: genetic and ecological study in northern Sweden. J. Evol. Biol., 20, 369-380.
Tuck, G.N., T. Polacheck, J.P. Croxall and H. Weimerskirch, 2001: Modelling the impact of fishery by-catches on albatross populations. J. Appl. Ecol., 38, 1182-1196.
Turchin, P. and G.O. Batzli, 2001: Availability of food and population dynamics of arvicoline rodents. Ecology, 82, 1521-1534.
Turner, J., S.R. Colwell, G.J. Marshall, T.A. Lachlan-Cope, A.M. Carleton, P.D. Jones, V. Lagun, P.A. Reid and S. Iagovkina, 2005: Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 279-294.
Turner, J., J.E. Overland and J.E. Walsh, 2007: An Arctic and Antarctic perspective on recent climate change. Int. J. Climatol., 27, 277-293.
Tutubalina, O.V. and W.G. Rees, 2001: Vegetation degradation in a permafrost region as seen from space: Noril’sk (1961–1999). Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 32, 191-203.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1997: Need for American Indian and Alaska Native Water Systems. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia.
U.S. Arctic Research Commission Permafrost Task Force, 2003: Permafrost, and impacts on civil infrastructure. 01-03 Arctic Research Commission, Arlington, Virginia, 62 pp.
U.S. Geological Survey World Energy Assessment Team, 2000: Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000: Description and Results. U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-60, multidisc set, version 1.1, USGS.
Usher, M.B., T.V. Callaghan, G. Gilchrist, B. Heal, G.P. Juday, H. Loeng, M.A.K. Muir and P. Prestrud, 2005: Principles of conserving the Arctic’s biodiversity. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 540-591.
van den Broeke, M. and N.P.M. van Lipzig, 2003: Response of wintertime Antarctic temperatures to the Antarctic Oscillation: results from a regional climate model. Antarctic Peninsula Climate Variability: Historical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives, E. Domack, A. Leventer, A. Burnett, R. Bindschadler, P. Convey and M. Kirby, Eds., Antarctic Research Series 79, AGU, Washington, District of Columbia, 43-58.
Van Oostdam, J., S. Donaldson, M. Feeley, N. Tremblay, D. Arnold, P. Ayotte, G. Bondy, L. Chan and Co-authors, 2003: Toxic substances in the Arctic and associated effects: human health. Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report II. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Ottawa, 82 pp.
Van Wijk, M.T., K.E. Clemmensen, G.R. Shaver, M. Williams, T.V. Callaghan, F.S. Chapin III, J.H.C. Cornelissen, L. Gough and Co-authors, 2003: Long term ecosystem level experiments at Toolik Lake, Alaska and at Abisko, northern Sweden: generalisations and differences in ecosystem and plant type responses to global change. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 105-123.
Vandenberghe, J., 2001: A typology of Pleistocene cold-based rivers. Quatern. Int., 79, 111-121.
Vandenberghe, J., 2002: The relation between climate and river processes, landforms and deposits during the Quaternary. Quatern. Int., 91, 17-23.
Vandenberghe, J. and M. Huisink, 2003: High-latitude fluvial morphology: the example of the Usa river, northern Russia. Paleohydrology: Understanding Global Change, K.J. Gregory and G. Benito, Eds., Wiley, Chichester, 49-58.
Vaughan, D.G., 2006: Recent trends in melting conditions on the Antarctic Peninsula and their implications for ice-sheet mass balance. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 38, 147-152.
Vaughan, D.G., 2007: West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse: the fall and rise of a paradigm. Climatic Change, in press.
Vaughan, D.G., G.J. Marshall, W.M. Connolley, C.L. Parkinson, R. Mulvaney, D.A. Hodgson, J.C. King, C.J. Pudsey and J. Turner, 2003: Recent rapid regional climate warming on the Antarctic Peninsula. Climatic Change, 60, 243-274.
Velicogna, I. and J. Wahr, 2006: Measurements of time-variable gravity show mass loss in Antarctica. Science, 311, 1754-1756.
Vilhjálmsson, H., 1997: Climatic variations and some examples of their effects on the marine ecology of Icelandic and Greenland waters, in particular during the present century. Rit Fiskideildar, 15, 7-29.
Vilhjálmsson, H., A. Håkon Hoel, S. Agnarsson, R. Arnason, J.E. Carscadden, A. Eide, D. Fluharty, G. Hønneland and Co-authors, 2005: Fisheries and aquaculture. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 691-780.
Vlassova, T.K., 2002: Human impacts on the tundra–taiga zone dynamics: the case of the Russian lesotundra. Ambio, 12, 30-36.
Walker, M., H. Wahren, L. Ahlquist, J. Alatolo, S. Bret-Harte, M. Calef, T.V. Callaghan, A. Carroll and Co-authors, 2006: Plant community response to experimental warming across the tundra biome. P. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 1342-1346.
Walsh, J.E., O. Anisimov, J.O.M. Hagen, T. Jakobsson, J. Oerlemans, T.D. Prowse, V. Romanovsky, N. Savelieva, M. Serreze, I. Shiklomanov and S. Solomon, 2005: Cryosphere and hydrology. Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 183-242.
Walsh, J.J., D.A. Dieterle and J. Lenes, 2001: A numerical analysis of carbon dynamics of the Southern Ocean phytoplankton community: the roles of light and grazing in effecting both sequestration of atmospheric CO2 and food availability to larval krill. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 1-48.
Walter, K.M., S.A. Zimov, J.P. Chanton, D. Verbyla and F.S. Chapin, 2006: Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming. Nature, 443, 71-75.
Walters, C. and J.-J. Maguire, 1996: Lessons for stock assessment from the northern cod collapse. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisher, 6, 125-137.
Walther, G.R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T.J.C. Beebee, J.M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg and F. Bairlein, 2002: Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416, 389-395.
Warren, J., J. Berner and J. Curtis, 2005: Climate change and human health: infrastructure impacts to small remote communities in the North. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 64, 498.
Watt-Cloutier, S., 2004: Presentation to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. September 15, 2004. Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Washington, District of Columbia. http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/?testimony.cfm?id=1307&wit_id=3815
Weatherhead, B., A. Tanskanen, A. Stevermer, S.B. Andersen, A. Arola, J. Austin, G. Bernhard, H. Browman and Co-authors, 2005: Ozone and ultraviolet radiation. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 151-182.
Whinam, J. and G. Copson, 2006: Sphagnum moss: an indicator of climate change in the sub-Antarctic. Polar Rec., 42, 43-49.
White, A., M.G.R. Cannel and A.D. Friend, 2000: The high-latitude terrestrial carbon sink: a model analysis. Glob. Change Biol., 6, 227-245.
Wingham, D.J., A. Shepherd, A. Muir and G.J. Marshall, 2006: Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet. Philos. T. R. Soc. A., 364, 1627-1635.
World Commission on Dams, 2000: Introduction to Global Change. Secretariat of the World Commission on Dams, Cape Town, 16 pp.
Wrona, F.J., T.D. Prowse, J. Reist, R. Beamish, J.J. Gibson, J. Hobbie, E. Jeppesen, J. King and Co-authors, 2005: Freshwater ecosystems and fisheries. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, C. Symon, L. Arris and B. Heal, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 353-452.
Wrona, F.J., T.D. Prowse, J.D. Reist, J.E. Hobbie, L. Levesque, R.W. Macdonald and W.F. Vincent, 2006a: Effects of ultraviolet radiation and contaminant-related stressors on Arctic freshwater systems. Ambio, 35, 388-401.
Wrona, F.J., T.D. Prowse, J.D. Reist, J.E. Hobbie, L.M.J. Levesque and W. Vincent, 2006b: Climate change effects on Arctic aquatic biota, ecosystem structure and function. Ambio, 35, 359-369.
Yang, D., B. Ye and A. Shiklomanov, 2004a: Discharge characteristics and changes over the Ob River watershed in Siberia. J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 595-610.
Yang, D., B. Ye and D.L. Kane, 2004b: Streamflow changes over Siberian Yenisei River basin. J. Hydrol., 296, 59-80.
Yang, D.Q., D.L. Kane, L.D. Hinzman, X. Zhang, T. Zhang and H. Ye, 2002: Siberian Lena River hydrologic regime and recent change. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4694, doi:10.1029/2002JD002542.
Yoccoz, N.G. and R.A. Ims, 1999: Demography of small mammals in cold regions: the importance of environmental variability. Ecol. Bull., 47, 137-144.
Zhang, T.J., O.W. Frauenfeld, M.C. Serreze, A. Etringer, C. Oelke, J. McCreight, R.G. Barry, D. Gilichinsky, D.Q. Yang, H.C. Ye, F. Ling and S. Chudinova, 2005: Spatial and temporal variability in active layer thickness over the Russian Arctic drainage basin. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 110, D16101, doi:10.1029/2004J D005642.
Zhang, X. and J.E. Walsh, 2006: Toward a seasonally ice-covered Arctic Ocean: scenarios from the IPCC AR4 model simulations. J. Climate, 19, 1730-1747.
Zöckler, C., 2005: Migratory bird species as indicators for the state of the environment. Biodiversity, 6, 7-13.
Zwally, H.J., J.C. Comiso, C.L. Parkinson, D.J. Cavalieri and P. Gloersen, 2002: Variability of Antarctic sea ice 1979-1998. J. Geophys. Res.–Oceans, 107, 3041, doi:10.1029/2000JC000733.
Zwally, H.J., M. Giovinetto, J. Li, H.G. Conejo, M.A. Beckley, A.C. Brenner, J.L. Saba and Y. Donghui, 2005: Mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets and shelves and contributions to sea-level rise: 1992–2002. J. Glaciol., 51, 509-527.