References

Aaheim, A. and L. Sygna, 2000: Economic impacts of climate change on tuna fisheries in Fiji Islands and Kiribati. Report 2000-4, Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, 22 pp.

Abdullah, A., Z. Yasin, W. Ismail, B. Shutes and M. Fitzsimons, 2002: The effect of early coastal development on the fringing coral reefs of Langkawi: a study in small-scale changes. Malaysian Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, 3, 1-10.

ACIA, 2005: Impacts of Warming: Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1042 pp.

ADB, 2004: Environmental Pacific Regional Strategy, 2005-2009. Asian Development Bank, Manila, 105 pp.

Adger, W.N., S. Huq, K. Brown, D. Conway and M. Hulme, 2003a: Adaptation to climate change in the developing world. Prog. Dev. Stud., 3, 179-195.

Adger, W.N., M.J. Mace, J. Paavola and J. Razzaque, 2003b: Justice and equity in adaptation. Tiempo, 52, 19-22.

Alongi, D.M., 2002: Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ. Conserv., 29, 331-349.

Arnell, N.W., 2004: Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environ. Chang., 14, 31-52.

Aswani, S. and R.J. Hamilton, 2004: Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure with marine and social science for conservation of the bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) in Roviana Lagoon, Solomon Islands. Environ. Conserv., 31, 69-86.

Atkins, J., S. Mazzi and C. Easter, 2000: Commonwealth vulnerability index for developing countries: the position of small states. Economic Paper No. 40, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 64 pp.

Auffret, P., 2003: Catastrophe insurance market in the Caribbean region: market failures and recommendations for public sector interventions. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2963, Washington, District of Columbia, 7 pp.

Baldacchino, G., 2006: Extreme Tourism: Lessons from the World’s Cold Water Islands. Elsevier Science and Technology, Amsterdam, 310 pp.

Barnett, J., 2001: Adapting to climate change in Pacific Island countries: the problem of uncertainty. World Dev., 29, 977-993.

Barnett, J.and W.N. Adger, 2003: Climate dangers and atoll countries. Climatic Change, 61, 321-337.

Barnett, J., S. Dessai and R. Jones, 2003: Climate Change in Timor Leste: Science, Impacts, Policy and Planning. University of Melbourne-CSIRO, Melbourne, 40 pp.

Becken, S., 2004: Climate change and tourism in Fiji: vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation. Final Report, University of the South Pacific, Suva, 70 pp.

Becken, S., 2005: Harmonising climate change adaptation and mitigation: the case of tourist resorts in Fiji. Global Environ. Chang., 15, 381-393.

Benning, T.L., D. LaPointe, C.T. Atkinson and P.M. Vitousek, 2002: Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: modelling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 14246-14249.

Berkes, F. and D. Jolly, 2001: Adapting to climate change: social-ecological resilience in a Canadian western Arctic community. Conserv. Ecol., 5. Accessed 05.02.07: http://www.consecol.org/vol5/iss2/art18.

Bettencourt, S., R. Croad, P. Freeman, J. Hay, R. Jones, P. King, P. Lal, A. Mearns, J. Miller, I. Psawaryi-Riddhough, A. Simpson, N. Teuatabo, U. Trotz and M. van Aalst, 2006: Not If But When: Adapting to Natural Hazards in the Pacific Islands Region: A Policy Note. The World Bank, East Asia and Pacific Region, Pacific Islands Country Management Unit, Washington DC, 43 pp.

Bigano, A., J.M. Hamilton and R.S.J. Tol, 2005: The impact of climate change on domestic and international tourism: a simulation study. Working Paper FNU-58, Hamburg University and Centre for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Hamburg. Accessed 05.02.07: http://www.uni-hamburg.de/Wiss/FB/15/Sustainability/ htm12wp.pdf.

Bindoff, N.L., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Quéré, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C.K. Shum, L.D. Talley and A.S. Unnikrishnan, 2007: Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 385-432.

Brazdil, R., T. Carter, B. Garaganga, A. Henderson-Sellers, P. Jones, T. Carl, T. Knustson, R.K. Kolli, M. Manton, L.J. Mata, L. Mearns, G. Meehl, N. Nicholls, L. Pericchi, T. Peterson, C. Price, C. Senior, D. Stephenson, Q.C. Zeng and F. Zwiers, 2002: IPCC Workshop on Changes in Extreme Weather and Climate Events. Workshop Report, Beijing, 41-42. Accessed 05.02.07: http://www.ipcc.ch /pub/extremes.pdf.

Briguglio, L. 2000: Implications of accelerated sea level rise (ASLR) for Malta. Proceedings of SURVAS Expert Workshop on European Vulnerability and Adaptation to Impacts of Accelerated Sea Level Rise (ASLR), Hamburg, Germany, 36-38.

Briguglio, L. and G. Cordina, 2003: The Economic Vulnerability and Potential for Adaptation of the Maltese Islands to Climate Change. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Climate Change, ISCC, Beijing, 62-65.

Briguglio, L. and E. Kisanga., Eds., 2004: Economic Vulnerability and Resilience of Small States. Commonwealth Secretariat and the University of Malta, 480 pp.

Bryant, D., L. Burke, J. McManus and M. Spalding, 1998: Reefs at Risk: A Map-Based Indicator of Threats to the World’s Coral Reefs. World Resources Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, 56 pp.

Buddemeier, R.W., J.A. Kleypas and R.B. Aronson, 2004: Coral Reefs and Global Change. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, Virginia, 44 pp.

Burke, L. and J. Maidens, 2004: Reefs at Risk in the Caribbean. World Resources Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, 81 pp.

Burke, L., E. Selig and M. Spalding, 2002: Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. World Resources Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, 72 pp.

Burns, W.C.G., 2000: The impact of climate change on Pacific island developing countries in the 21st century. Climate Change in the South Pacific: Impacts and Responses in Australia, New Zealand, and Small Island States, A. Gillespie and W.C.G. Burns, Eds., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 233-251.

Burns, W.C.G., 2002: Pacific island developing country water resources and climate change. The World’s Water, 3rd edn, P. Gleick, Ed., Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 113-132.

Chazottes, V., T. Le Campion-Alsumard, M. Peyrot-Clausade and P. Cuet, 2002: The effects of eutrophication-related alterations to coral reef communities on agents and rates of bioerosion (Reunion Island, Indian Ocean). Coral Reefs, 21, 375-390.

Christensen, J.H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R.K. Kolli, W.-T. Kwon, R. Laprise, V. Magaña Rueda, L. Mearns, C.G. Menendez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr and P. Whetton, 2007: Regional climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 847-940.

Church, J.A., N.J. White, R. Coleman, K. Lambeck and J.X. Mitrovica, 2004: Estimates of regional distribution of sea level rise over the 1950-2000 period. J. Climate, 17, 2609-2625.

Church, J.A., N. White and J. Hunter, 2006: Sea level rise at tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. Global Planet. Change, 53, 155-168.

Clark, E., 2004: The ballad dance of the Faeroese: island biocultural geography in an age of globalisation. Tijdschr. Econ. Soc. Ge., 195, 284-297.

Cocklin, C., 1999: Islands in the midst: environmental change, vulnerability, and security in the Pacific. Environmental Change, Adaptation, and Security, S. Lonergan, Ed., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 141-159.

Connell, J., 1999: Environmental change, economic development, and emigration in Tuvalu. Pacific Studies, 22, 1-20.

Connell, J., 2003: Losing ground? Tuvalu, the greenhouse effect and the garbage can. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 44, 89-107.

Cowell, P.J.and P.S. Kench, 2001: The morphological response of atoll islands to sea level rise. Part 1. Modifications to the modified shoreface translation model. J. Coastal Res., 34, 633-644.

Daehler, C.C., 2005: Upper-montane plant invasions in the Hawaiian Islands: patterns and opportunities. Perspect. Plant Ecol., 7, 203-216.

Daniel, E.B. and M.D. Abkowitz, 2003: Development of beach analysis tools for Caribbean small islands. Coast. Manage., 31, 255-275.

Daniel, E.B. and M.D. Abkowitz, 2005: Predicting storm-induced beach erosion in Caribbean small islands. Coast. Manage., 33, 53-69.

Dickinson, W.R., 1999: Holocene sea level record on Funafuti and potential impact of global warming on central Pacific atolls. Quaternary Res., 51, 124-132.

Dikou, A. and R. van Woesik, 2006: Survival under chronic stress from sediment load: spatial patterns of hard coral communities in the southern islands of Singapore. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 52, 7-21.

Dolan, A.H. and I.J. Walker, 2006: Understanding vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change related risks. J. Coastal Res., 39, 1317-1324.

Donner, S.D., W.J. Skirving, C.M. Little, M. Oppenheimer and O. Hoegh-Guldberg, 2005: Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 2251-2265.

Donner, W.W., 2002: Rice and tea, fish and taro: Sikaiana migration to Honiara. Pacific Studies, 25, 23-44.

Dulvy, N., R. Freckleton and N. Polunin, 2004: Coral reef cascades and the indirect effects of predator removal by exploitation. Ecol. Lett., 7, 410-416.

Ebi, K.L., N.D. Lewis and C. Corvalan, 2006: Climate variability and change and their potential health effects in small island states: information for adaptation planning in the health sector. Environ. Health Persp., 114, 1957-1963.

ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) 2002: Global Economic Developments 2000-2001. LC/CAR/G.683, 33 pp. Accessed 10.05.07: http://www.eclac.cl.

Emanuel, K., 2005: Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature, 436, 686-688.

Epstein, P.R. and E. Mills, 2005: Climate Change Futures: Health, Ecological and Economic Dimensions. Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 138 pp.

FAO, 2004: FAO and SIDS: Challenges and emerging issues in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Paper prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on the occasion of the Inter-regional Conference on Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Bahamas 26-30 January 2004, Rome, 34 pp.

Farbotko, C., 2005: Tuvalu and climate change: constructions of environmental displacement in the Sydney Morning Herald. Geogr. Ann. B, 87, 279-293.

Fish, M.R., I.M. Cote, J.A. Gill, A.P. Jones, S. Renshoff and A. Watkinson, 2005: Predicting the impact of sea level rise on Caribbean sea turtle nesting habitat. Conserv. Biol., 19, 482-491.

Fitzharris, B., 2001: Global energy and climate processes. The Physical Environment: A New Zealand Perspective. A. Sturman and R. Spronken-Smith, Eds., Oxford University Press, Victoria, 537 pp.

Folland, C.K., J.A. Renwick, M.J. Salinger and A.B. Mullan, 2002: Relative influences of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and ENSO on the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 211-214.

Folland, C.K., J.A. Renwick, M.J. Salinger, N. Jiang and N.A. Rayner, 2003: Trends and variations in South Pacific islands and ocean surface temperatures. J. Climate, 16, 2859-2874.

Forbes, D.L., G.S. Parkes, G.K. Manson and L.A. Ketch, 2004: Storms and shoreline erosion in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar. Geol., 210, 169-204.

Fosaa, A.M., M.T. Sykes, J.E. Lawesson and M. Gaard, 2004: Potential effects of climate change on plant species in the Faroe Islands. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 13, 427-437.

Foster, P., 2001: The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical mountain cloud forests. Earth-Sci. Rev., 55, 73–106.

Fox, S., 2003: When the Weather is Uggianaqtuq: Inuit Observations of Environmental Change. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado, CD-ROM.

Fox, H. and R. Caldwell, 2006: Recovery from blast fishing on coral reefs: a tale of two scales. Ecol. Appl., 16, 1631-1635.

Freed, L.A., R.L. Cann, M.L. Goff, W.A. Kuntz and G.R. Bodner, 2005: Increase in avian malaria at upper elevations in Hawaii. Condor, 107, 753-764.

Frenot, Y., S.L. Chown, J. Whinam, P.M. Selkirk, P. Convey, M. Skotnicki and D.M. Bergstrom, 2005: Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implication. Biol. Rev., 80, 45-72.

Gardner, T.A., I. Cote, G. Gill, A. Grant and A. Watkinson, 2003: Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science, 301, 958-960.

GDE (General Directorate of Environment, Comoros), 2002: Initial National Communication on Climate Change, Union des Comoros. Ministry of Development, Infrastructure, Post and Telecommunications and International Transports, Union des Comoros, 11 pp.

Gibbons, S.J.A. and R.J. Nicholls, 2006: Island abandonment and sea level rise: an historical analog from the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Global Environ. Chang., 16, 40-47.

Gilman, E., H. Van Lavieren, J. Ellison, V. Jungblut, L. Wilson, F. Ereki, G. Brighouse, J. Bungitak, E. Dus, M. Henry, I. Sauni, M. Kilman, E. Matthews, N.Teariki-Ruatu, S. Tukia and K. Yuknavage, 2006: Pacific Island mangroves in a changing climate and rising sea. UNEP Regional Sea Reports and Studies 179, United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Sea Programme, Nairobi, 58 pp.

Golbuua, Y., S. Victora, E. Wolanski and R.H. Richmond, 2003: Trapping of fine sediment in a semi-enclosed bay, Palau, Micronesia. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 57, 1-9.

Goldberg, J. and C. Wilkinson, 2004: Global threats to coral reefs: coral bleaching, global climate change, disease, predator plagues, and invasive species. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004, C. Wilkinson, Ed., Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 67-92.

Government of Mauritius, 2002: Meeting the Challenges of Sustainable Development. Ministry of Environment, Republic of Mauritius.

Graham, N.A.J., S.K. Wilson, S. Jennings, N.V.C. Polunin, J.P. Bijoux and J. Robinson, 2006: Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 8425-8429.

Griffiths, G.M., M.J. Salinger and I. Leleu, 2003: Trends in extreme daily rainfall across the South Pacific and relationship to the South Pacific Convergence Zone. J. Climatol., 23, 847-869.

Gritti, E.S., B. Smith and M.T. Sykes., 2006: Vulnerability of Mediterranean Basin ecosystems to climate change and invasion by exotic plant species. J. Biogeogr., 33, 145-157.

Grynberg, R. and J.Y. Remy, 2004: Small vulnerable economy issues and the WTO. WTO at the Margins: Small States and the Multilateral Trading System, R. Grynberg, Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 281-308.

Hajat, S., K.L. Ebi, S. Edwards, A. Haines, S. Kovats and B. Menne, 2003: Review of the human health consequences of flooding in Europe and other industrialized civilizations. Applied Environmental Science and Public Health, 1, 13-21.

Hajkowicz, S., 2006: Coast scenarios for coastal water pollution in a small island nation: a case study from the Cook Islands. Coast. Manage., 34, 369-386.

Hales, S., P. Weinstein and A. Woodward, 1999: Ciguatera (fish poisoning), El Niño, and sea surface temperature. Ecosyst. Health, 5, 20-25.

Hamilton, K., 2004: Insurance and financial sector support for adaptation. IDS Bull.-I. Dev. Stud., 35, 55-61.

Harvell, C.D., C.E. Mitchell, J.R. Ward, S. Altizer, A.P. Dobson, R.S. Ostfeld and M.D. Samuel, 2002: Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science, 296, 2158-2162.

Harvey, N., M. Rice and L. Stephenson, 2004: Global Change Coastal Zone Management Synthesis Report. Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research, APN Secretariat, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 37 pp.

Hay, J., N. Mimura, J. Cambell, S. Fifita, K. Koshy, R.F. McLean, T. Nakalevu, P. Nunn and N. deWet, 2003: Climate Variability and Change and Sea level Rise in the Pacific Islands Region: A Resource Book for Policy and Decision Makers, Educators and Other Stakeholders. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), Apia, Samoa, 94 pp.

Henri, K., G. Milne and N. Shah, 2004: Costs of ecosystem restoration on islands in Seychelles. Ocean Coast. Manage., 47, 409-428.

Hoffmann, T.G., 2002: The reimplementation of the Ra’ui: coral reef management in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Coast. Manage., 30, 401-418.

Houk, P., G. Didonato, J. Iguel and R. van Woesik, 2005: Assessing the effects of non-point source pollution on American Samoa’s coral reef communities. Environ. Monit. Assess., 107, 11-27.

Hughes, T., A. Baird, D. Bellwood, M. Card, S. Connolly, C. Folke, R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nyström, S. Palumbi, J. Pandolfi, B. Rosen and J. Roughgarden, 2003: Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science, 301, 929-933.

Huq, S. and H. Reid, 2004: Mainstreaming adaptation in development. IDS Bull.-I. Dev. Stud. 35, 15-21.

IPCC, 1996: Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, R.T. Watson, M.C. Zinyowera and R.H. Moss, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 880 pp.

IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskelland C.A. Johnson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 881 pp.

Jensen, T.L., 2000: Renewable Energy on Small Islands, 2nd edn. Forum for Energy and Development, Copenhagen, 135 pp.

Kench, P.S. and P.J. Cowell, 2001: The morphological response of atoll islands to sea level rise. Part 2. Application of the modified shoreface translation model. J. Coastal Res., 34, 645-656.

Kench, P.S., R.F. McLean and S.L. Nicholl, 2005: New model of reef-island evolution: Maldives, Indian Ocean. Geology, 33, 145-148.

Kench, P.S., R.F. McLean, R.W. Brander, S.L. Nicholl, S.G. Smithers, M.R. Ford, K.P. Parnell and M. Aslam, 2006: Geological effects of tsunami on mid-ocean atoll islands: the Maldives before and after the Sumatran tsunami. Geology, 34, 177-180.

Kerr, S.A., 2005: What is small island sustainable development about? Ocean Coast. Manage., 48, 503-524.

Khan, T.M.A., D.A. Quadir, T.S. Murty, A. Kabir, F. Aktar and M.A. Sarker, 2002: Relative sea level changes in Maldives and vulnerability of land due to abnormal coastal inundation. Mar. Geod., 25, 133-143.

Kinch, J., 2002: Giant clams: their status and trade in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 19, 1-9.

Kriticos, D.J., T. Yonow and R.C. McFadyen, 2005: The potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) in relation to climate. Weed Res., 45, 246-254.

Kudo, G., Y. Nishikawa, T. Kasagi and S. Kosuge 2004: Does seed production of spring ephemerals decrease when spring comes early? Ecol. Res., 19, 255-259.

Kuffner, I. and V. Paul, 2001: Effects of nitrate, phosphate and iron on the growth of macroalgae and benthic cyanobacteria from Cocos Lagoon, Guam. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 222, 63-72.

Lal, M., 2004: Climate change and small island developing countries of the South Pacific. Fijian Studies, 2, 15-31.

Lal, M., H. Harasawa and K. Takahashi, 2002: Future climate change and its impacts over small island states. Climate Res., 19, 179-192.

Lane, M., 2006: Towards integrated coastal management in the Solomon Islands: identifying strategic issues for governance reform. Ocean Coast. Manage., 49, 421-441.

Lehodey, P., F. Chai and J. Hampton, 2003: Modelling the climate-related fluctuations of tuna populations from a coupled ocean-biogeochemical-populations dynamics model. Fish. Oceanogr., 13, 483-494.

Levinson, D.H., Ed., 2005: State of the climate in 2004. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, S1-S84.

Lewis, R., 2005: Ecological engineering for successful management and restoration of mangrove forests. Ecol. Eng., 24, 403-418.

Majeed, A. and A. Abdulla, 2004: Economic and environmental vulnerabilities of the Maldives and graduation from LDC status. Economic Vulnerability and Resilience of Small States, L. Briguglio and E. Kisanga, Eds., Commonwealth Secretariat and the University of Malta, 243-255.

Manson, G.K., S.M. Solomon, D.L. Forbes, D.E. Atkinson and M. Craymer, 2005: Spatial variability of factors influencing coastal change in the western Canadian Arctic. Geo-Mar. Lett., 25, 138-145.

Manton, M.J., P.M. Dellaa-Marta, M.R. Haylock, K.J. Hennessy, N. Nicholls, L.E. Chambers, D.A. Collins, G. Daw, A. Finet, D. Gunawan, K. Inape, H. Isobe, T.S. Kestin, P. Lefale, C.H. Leyu, T. Lwin, L. Maitrepierre, N. Oprasitwong, C.M. Page, J. Pahalad, N. Plummer, M.J. Salinger, R. Suppiah, V.L. Tran, B. Trewin, I. Tibig and D. Yee, 2001: Trends in extreme daily rainfall and temperature in southeast Asia and the south Pacific: 1961-1998. J. Climatol., 21, 269-284.

Mason, S., 2004: Simulating climate over western North America using stochastic weather generators. Climatic Change, 62, 155-187.

McBean, G.A., G. Alekseev, D. Chen, E. Forland, J. Fyfe, P. Groisman, R. King, H. Melling, R. Vose and P. Whitfield, 2005: Arctic climate – past and present. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 21-40.

McLean, R.F., A. Tsyban, V. Burkett, J.O. Codignotto, D.L. Forbes, N. Mimura, R.J. Beamish and V. Ittekkot, 2001: Coastal zones and marine ecosystems. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 343-379.

Meehl, G.A., T.F. Stocker, W. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, A.T. Gaye, J. Gregory, A. Kitoh, R. Knutti, J. Murphy, A. Noda, S. Raper, I.G. Watterson, A. Weaver and Z.-C. Zhao, 2007: Global climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747-846.

MESD (Ministry of Environment and Social Development, Kiribati), 1999: Initial Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Kiribati Government, Tarawa, Kiribati.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2003: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia / Covelo, London, 245 pp.

Miller, K., 2005: Variations in sea level on the West Trinidad coast. Mar. Geod., 28, 219-229.

Milner, C., W. Morgan and E. Zgovu, 2004: Would all ACP sugar exporters lose from sugar liberalisation? The European Journal of Development Research, 16, 790-808.

Mitchell, W., J. Chittleborough, B. Ronai and G.W. Lennon, 2001: Sea level rise in Australia and the Pacific. Proceedings Science Component: Linking Science and Policy. Pacific Islands Conference on Climate Change, Climate Variability and Sea Level Rise, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. National Tidal Facility, The Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, 47-58.

MOHA (Ministry of Home Affairs, Maldives), 2001: First National Communication of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment, Malé, Republic of Maldives, 134 pp.

Mörner, A., M. Tooley and G. Possnert, 2004: New perspectives for the future of the Maldives. Global Planet. Change, 40, 177-182.

MRAE (Ministry of Rural Affairs and the Environment, Malta), 2004: The First Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ministry for Rural Affairs and the Environment, Malta, 103 pp.

Munasinghe, M., 2003: Analysing the Nexus of Sustainable Development and Climate Change: An Overview. OECD, Paris, 53 pp.

Naki?enovi?, N. and R. Swart, Eds., 2000: IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 599 pp.

NEAB (National Environment Advisory Board, St Vincent and the Grenadines), 2000: Initial National Communication on Climate Change. National Environment Advisory Board and Ministry of Health and the Environment, 74 pp.

Ng, W.S. and R. Mendelsohn, 2005: The impact of sea level rise on Singapore. Environ. Dev. Econ., 10, 201-215.

Nicholls, R.J., 2004: Coastal flooding and wetland loss in the 21st century: changes under SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environ. Chang., 14, 69-86.

Nurse, L. and R. Moore, 2005: Adaptation to global climate change: an urgent requirement for Small Island Developing States. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 14, 100-107.

Nurse, L., G. Sem, J.E. Hay, A.G. Suarez, P.P. Wong, L. Briguglio and S. Ragoonaden, 2001: Small island states. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 842-975.

Nyström, M., C. Folke and F. Moberg, 2000: Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment. Trends Ecol. Evol., 15, 413-417.

OECS (Organisation of East Caribbean States), 2000: The St Georges Declaration of Principles for Environmental Sustainability in the Organisation of East Caribbean States. OECS, Castries, St. Lucia, 22 pp.

OECS (Organisation of East Caribbean States), 2004: Grenada: Macro Socio-economic Assessment of the Damages Caused by Hurricane Ivan. OECS, Castries, St. Lucia, 139 pp.

Ostertag, R., W.L. Silver and A.E. Lugo, 2005: Factors affecting mortality and resistance to damage following hurricanes in a rehabilitated subtropical moist forest. Biotropica, 37, 16-24.

Parakoti, B. and D.M. Scott, 2002: Drought index for Rarotonga (Cook Islands). Case Study presented as part of Theme 2, Island Vulnerability. Pacific Regional Consultation Meeting on Water in Small Island Countries, Sigatoka, Fiji Islands, 29 July–3 August, 2002, 9 pp.

Paulay, G., L. Kirkendale, G. Lambert and C. Meyer, 2002: Anthropogenic biotic interchange in a coral reef ecosystem: a case study from Guam. Pac. Sci., 56, 403-422.

Pelling, M. and J.I. Uitto, 2001: Small island developing states: natural disaster vulnerability and global change. Environmental Hazards, 3, 49-62.

Peterson, T.C., M.A. Taylor, R. Demeritte, D.L. Duncombe, S. Burton, F. Thompson, A. Porter, M. Mercedes, E. Villegas, R. Semexant Fils, A. Klein Tank, A. Martis, R. Warner, A. Joyette, W. Mills, L. Alexander and B. Gleason, 2002: Recent changes in climate extremes in the Caribbean region. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4601, doi:10.1029/2002JD002251.

Prasad, N., 2003: ‘Small Islands’ quest for economic development. Asia Pac. Dev. J., 10, 47-66.

Proshutinsky, A., I.M. Ashik, E.N. Dvorkin, S. Hakkinen, R.A. Krishfield and W.R. Peltier, 2004: Secular sea level change in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C03042, doi:10.1029/2003JC002007.

Raksakulthai, V., 2003: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for Tourism in Phuket, Thailand. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Klong Luang, Pathumthami, 22 pp.]

Ramessur, R., 2002: Anthropogenic-driven changes with focus on the coastal zone of Mauritius, south-western Indian Ocean. Reg. Environ. Change, 3, 99-106.

Rasmussen, T., 2004: Macroeconomic implications of natural disasters in the Caribbean. IMF Working Paper, WP/04/224, Western Hemisphere Department, International Monetary Fund, 24 pp.

Rawlins, S.C., A. Chen, M. Ivey, D. Amarakoon and K. Polson, 2005: The impact of climate change/variability events on the occurrence of dengue fever in parts of the Caribbean: a retrospective study for the period 1980-2002. W. Indian Med. J., 53, 54.

Republic of Vanuatu, 1999: Vanuatu National Communication to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 55 pp.

Revell, M., 2004: Pacific island weather and the MJO. Island Climate Update, 42, 4. Accessed 06.02.07: http://www.niwa.co.nz/ncc/icu/2004-03/.

Richards, M., 2003: Poverty Reduction, Equity and Climate Change: Global Governance Synergies or Contradictions? Globalisation and Poverty Programme, Overseas Development Institute, London, 14 pp.

Ronneberg, E., 2004: Environmental vulnerability and economic resilience: the case of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Economic Vulnerability and Resilience of Small States, L. Briguglio and E. Kisanga, Eds., Commonwealth Secretariat and the University of Malta, 163-172.

Roper, T., 2005: Small island states: setting an example on green energy use. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 14, 108-116.

Ruosteenoja, K., T.R. Carter, K. Jylhä and H. Tuomenvirta, 2003: Future climate in world regions: an intercomparison of model-based projections for the new IPCC emissions scenarios. The Finnish Environment 644, Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, 83 pp.

Salinger, M.J., 2001: Climate variations in New Zealand and the Southwest Pacific. The Physical Environment: A New Zealand Perspective, A. Sturman and R. Spronken-Smith, Eds., Oxford University Press, Victoria, 130-149.

Salinger, M.J., J.A. Renwick and A.B. Mullan, 2001: Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation and South Pacific climate. J. Climatol., 21, 1705-1721.

Sanz, J.J., T.J. Potti, J. Moreno, S. Merion and O. Frias, 2003: Climate change and fitness components of a migratory bird breeding in the Mediterranean region. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 461-472.

Shea, E., G. Dolcemascolo, C.L. Anderson, A. Banston, C.P. Guard, M.P. Hamnett, S.T. Kubota, N. Lewis, J. Loschinigg and G. Meehls, 2001: Preparing for a Changing Climate: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, Pacific Islands. Report of the Pacific Islands Regional Assessment Group for the US Global Change Research Program. East West Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 102 pp.

Sheppard, C.R.C., 2003: Predicted recurrences of mass coral mortality in the Indian Ocean. Nature 425, 294-297.

Sheppard, C., D.J. Dixon, M. Gourlay, A. Sheppard and R. Payet, 2005: Coral mortality increases wave energy reaching shores protected by reef flats: examples from the Seychelles. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 64, 223-234.

Singh, R.B.K., S. Hales, N. de Wet, R. Raj, M. Hearnden and P. Weinstein, 2001: The influence of climate variation and change on diarrhoeal disease in the Pacific Islands. Environ. Health Persp., 109, 155-159.

Singh, S.J. and C.M. Grünbühel, 2003: Environmental relations and biophysical transition: the case of Trinket Island. Geogr. Ann. B, 85, 191-208.

Sinha, C.C. and R. Bushell, 2002: Understanding the linkage between biodiversity and tourism: a study of ecotourism in a coastal village in Fiji. Pacific Tourism Review, 6, 35-50.

Smith, R.C., W.R. Fraser, S.E. Stamnerjohn and M. Vernet, 2003: Palmer long-term ecological research on the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Antarctic Research Series, 79, 131-144.

Smith, V.R., 2002: Climate change in the sub-Antarctic: an illustration from Marion Island. Climatic Change, 52, 345-357.

Sperling, F., 2003: Multi-Agency Report 2003. Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation. The World Bank, Washington, DC, 56 pp.

Stern, N., 2007: The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 692 pp.

Sutherland, K., B. Smit, V. Wulf and T. Nakalevu, 2005: Vulnerability to climate change and adaptive capacity in Samoa: the case of Saoluafata village. Tiempo, 54, 11-15.

Swiss Re, 2004: Hurricane Season 2004: Unusual, But Not Unexpected. Focus Report, Zurich, 12 pp.

Tan, W.H. and T.S. Teh, 2001: Sustainability of island tourism resorts: a case study of the Perhentian Islands. Malaysian Journal of Tropical Geography, 32, 51-68.

Thomas, F.R., 2001: Remodelling marine tenure on the atolls: a case study from Western Kiribati, Micronesia. Hum. Ecol., 29, 399-423.

Tompkins, E.L., 2005: Planning for climate change in small islands: insights from national hurricane preparedness in the Cayman Islands. Global Environ. Chang., 15, 139-149.

Tompkins, E.L., S.A. Nicholson-Cole, L-A. Hurlston, E. Boyd, G.B. Hodge, J. Clarke, G. Gray, N. Trotz and L. Varlack, 2005: Surviving Climate Change in Small Islands: A Guidebook. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich, 128 pp.

Tran, K.C., 2006: Public perception of development issues: public awareness can contribute to sustainable development of a small island. Ocean Coast. Manage., 49, 367-383.

Trenberth, K.E., P.D. Jones, P.G. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D.R. Easterling, A.M.G. Klein Tank, D.E. Parker, J.A. Renwick, F. Rahimzadeh, M.M. Rusticucci, B.J. Soden and P.-M. Zhai, 2007: Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 235-336.

Tsiourtis, N.X., 2002: Cyprus: water resources planning and climate change adaptation. Water, Wetlands and Climate Change: Building Linkages for their Integrated Management. IUCN Mediterranean Regional Roundtable, Athens, 2 pp.

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), 2005: Adaptation Policy Framework for Climate Change: Developing Strategies, Policies and Measures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 258 pp.

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2000: Overview on Land-Based Pollutant Sources and Activities Affecting the Marine, Coastal, and Freshwater Environment in the Pacific Islands Region. Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 174, 48 pp.

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), 2005: Climate Change: Small Island Developing States. Secretariat, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, 32 pp.

Uyarra, M.C., I.M. Cote, J.A. Gill, R.R.T. Tinch, D. Viner and A.R. Watkinson, 2005: Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features: implications of climate change for tourism-dependent states. Environ. Conserv., 32, 11-19.

Vassie, J.M., P.L. Woodworthand M.W. Holt, 2004: An example of North Atlantic deep-ocean swell impacting Ascension and St. Helena Islands in the Central South Atlantic. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 21, 1095-1103.

Villanueva, R., H. Yap and N. Montaño, 2006: Intensive fish farming in the Philippines is detrimental to the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 316, 165-174.

Viner, D., 2006: Tourism and its interactions with climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 317-322.

Voigt-Graf, C., 2003: Fijian teachers on the move: causes, implications and policies. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 44, 163-175.

Vunisea, A., 2003: Coral harvesting and its impact on local fisheries in Fiji. SPC Women in Fisheries Information Bulletin, 12, 17-20.

Wade, H., 2005: Pacific Regional Energy Assessment: an assessment of the key energy issues, barriers to the development of renewable energy to mitigate climate change, and capacity development needs to removing the barriers. Niue National Report. Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Project, Technical Report No. 8, Apia, Samoa, 38 pp.

Walker, I.J. and J.V. Barrie, 2006: Geomorphology and sea level rise on one of Canada’s most ‘sensitive’ coasts: northeast Graham Island, British Columbia. J. Coastal Res., SI 39, 220-226.

Walsh, K., 2004: Tropical cyclones and climate change: unresolved issues. Climate Res., 27, 77-83.

Webster, P.J., G. Holland, J. Curry and H. Chang, 2005: Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration and intensity in a warming environment. Science, 309, 1844-1846.

Westmacott, S., 2002: Where should the focus be in tropical integrated coastal management? Coast. Manage., 30, 67-84.

WHO (World Health Organization), 2003a: Report of Synthesis Workshop on Climate Change and Health in Small-Island States, 1-4 December 2003, Republic of the Maldives. World Health Organization, 95 pp.

WHO (World Health Organization), 2003b: Climate Change and Human Health- Risks and Responses. Summary. World Health Organization, Geneva, 37 pp.

Wilkinson, C., Ed., 2004: Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2004. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 557 pp.

Wong, P.P., E. Marone, P. Lana, J. Agard, M. Fortes, D. Moro and L. Vicente, 2005: Island systems. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, H.A. Mooney and A. Cropper, Eds., Island Press. Washington, District of Columbia / Covelo, London, 663-680.

Woodworth, P.L., 2005: Have there been large recent sea level changes in the Maldive Islands? Global Planet. Change, 49, 1-18.

Woodworth, P.L., C. Le Provost, L.J. Richards, G.T. Mitchum and M. Merrifield, 2002: A review of sea level research from tide gauges during the World Ocean Current Experiment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 40, 1-35.

World Bank, 2000: Cities, Seas and Storms: Managing Change in Pacific Island Economies. Vol. IV: Adapting to Climate Change. World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, 135 pp.

Ximena, F.P, 1998: Contribution to the estimation of countries’ inter-dependence in the area of plant genetic resources. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Background Study Paper No. 7, Rev. 1, FAO, Rome, 31 pp.