IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

References

Abeku, T.A., G.J. van Oortmarssen, G. Borsboom, S.J. de Vlas and J.D.F. Habbema, 2003: Spatial and temporal variations of malaria epidemic risk in Ethiopia: factors involved and implications. Acta Trop., 87, 331-340.

Abu-Asab, M.S., P.M. Peterson, S.G. Shetler and S.S. Orli, 2001: Earlier plant flowering in spring as a response to global warming in the Washington, DC, area. Biodivers. Conserv., 10, 597.

ACIA, 2005: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1042 pp.

Adams, J.B., M.E. Mann and C.M. Ammann, 2003: Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing. Nature, 426, 274-278.

Adrian, R. and R. Deneke, 1996: Possible impact of mild winters on zooplankton succession in eutrophic lakes of the Atlantic European area. Freshwater Biol., 36, 757-770.

Adrian, R., R. Deneke, U. Mischke, R. Stellmacher and P. Lederer, 1995: A long-term study of the Heiligensee (1975-1992): evidence for effects of climatic change on the dynamics of eutrophied lake ecosystems. Arch. Hydrobiol., 133, 315-337.

Agrawala, S., S. Gigli, V. Raksakulthai, A. Hemp, A. Moehner, D. Conway, M. El Raey, A.U. Ahmed, J. Risbey, W. Baethgen and D. Martino, 2005: Climate change and natural resource management: key themes from case studies. Bridge Over Troubled Waters: Linking Climate Change and Development, S. Agrawala, Ed., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 85-131.

Aguiló, E., J. Alegre and M. Sard, 2005: The persistence of the sun and sand tourism model. Tourism Manage., 26, 219-231.

Ahas, R., 1999: Long-term phyto-, ornitho- and ichthyophenological time-series analyses in Estonia. Int. J. Biometeorol., 42, 119-123.

Ahas, R., A. Aasa, A. Menzel, V.G. Fedotova and H. Scheifinger, 2002: Changes in European spring phenology. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1727-1738.

Alexander, M.A. and J.K. Eischeid, 2001: Climate variability in regions of amphibian declines. Conserv. Biol., 15, 930-942.

Allan, J.C. and P.D. Komar, 2006: Climate controls on U.S. West Coast erosion processes. J. Coastal Res., 3, 511-529.

Almaraz, P. and J. Amat, 2004: Complex structural effects of two hemispheric climatic oscillators on the regional spatio-temporal expansion of a threatened bird. Ecol. Lett., 7, 547-556.

Ames, A., 1998: A documentation of glacier tongue variations and lake development in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde and Glazialgeologie, 34, 1-26.

Ames, A., S. Dolores, A. Valverde, P. Evangelista, D. Javier, W. Gavnini, J. Zuniga and V. Gomez, 1989: Glacier Inventory of Peru. Unidad de Glaciología e Hidrología, Huaraz.

Amstrup, S.C., 2003: Polar bear, Ursus maritimus. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation, G.A. Feldhamer, B.C. Thompson, J.A. Chapman, Eds., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 587-610.

Amstrup, S.C., I. Stirling, T.S. Smith, C. Perham and G.W. Thiemann, 2006: Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol., 29, 997-1002.

Andreadis, K.M., E.A. Clark, A.W. Wood, A.F. Hamlet and D.P. Lettenmaier, 2005: Twentieth-century drought in the conterminous United States. J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 985-1001.

Arhonditsis, G.B., M.T. Brett, C.L. DeGasperi and D.E. Schindler, 2004: Effects of climatic variability on the thermal properties of Lake Washington. Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 256-270.

Arthur, R., T.J. Done and H. Marsh, 2005: Benthic recovery four years after an El Niño-induced coral mass mortality in the Lakshadweep atolls. Curr. Sci. India, 89, 694-699.

Atkinson, A., V. Siegel, E. Pakhomov and P. Rothery, 2004: Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean. Nature, 432, 100-103.

Attrill, M.J. and M. Power, 2002: Climatic influence on a marine fish assemblage. Nature, 417, 275-278.

Bairlein, F. and D.W. Winkel, 2001: Birds and climate change. Climate of the 21st Century: Changes and Risks, J.L. Lozán, H. Graßl and P. Hupfer, Eds., Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg, 278.

Barbraud, C. and H. Weimerskirch, 2001: Emperor penguins and climate change. Nature, 411, 183-186.

Barnes, K.I., D.N. Durrheim, F. Little, A. Jackson, U. Mehta, E. Allen, S.S. Dlamini, J. Tsoka, B. Bredenkamp, D.J. Mthembu, N.J. White and B.L. Sharp, 2005: Effect of artemether-lumefantrine policy and improved vector control on malaria burden in KwaZulu–Natal, South Africa. PLoS Med., 2, 1123-1134.

Bartholow, J.M., 2005: Recent water temperature trends in the Lower Klamath River, California. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage., 25, 152-162.

Batimaa, P., 2005: The potential impact of climate change and vulnerability and adaptation assessment for the livestock sector of Mongolia. Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate Change, AIACC, Washington, District of Columbia, 20 pp.

Battarbee, R.W., J.A. Grytnes, R. Thompson, P.G. Appleby, J. Catalan, A. Korhola, H.J.B. Birks, E. Heegaard and A. Lami, 2002: Comparing palaeolimnological and instrumental evidence of climate change for remote mountain lakes over the last 200 years. J. Paleolimnol., 28, 161-179.

Battisti, A., M. Statsmy, A. Schopf, A. Roques, C. Robinet and A. Larsson, 2005: Expansion of geographical range in the pine processionary month caused by increased winter temperature. Ecol. Appl., 15, 2084-2094.

Beare, D., F. Burns, E. Jones, K. Peach, E. Portilla, T. Greig, E. McKenzie and D. Reid, 2004: An increase in the abundance of anchovies and sardines in the north-western North Sea since 1995. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1209-1213.

Beaugrand, G. and P.C. Reid, 2003: Long-term changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton and salmon related to climate. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 801-817.

Beaugrand, G., F. Ibanez, J.A. Lindley and P.C. Reid, 2002a: Diversity of calanoid copepods in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas: species associations and biogeography. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser., 232, 179-195.

Beaugrand, G., P.C. Reid, F. Ibanez, J.A. Lindley and M. Edwards, 2002b: Reorganization of North Atlantic marine copepod biodiversity and climate. Science, 296, 1692-1694.

Beaugrand, G., K.M. Brander, J.A. Lindley, S. Souissi and P.C. Reid, 2003: Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea. Nature, 426, 661-664.

Beaulieu, N. and M. Allard, 2003: The impact of climate change on an emerging coastline affected by discontinuous permafrost: Manitounuk Strait, northern Quebec. Can. J. Earth Sci., 40, 1393-1404.

Beever, E.A., P.E. Brussard and J. Berger, 2003: Patterns of apparent extirpation among isolated populations of pikas (Ochotona princeps) in the Great Basin. J. Mammal., 84, 37-54.

Beggs, P.J., 2004: Impacts of climate change on aeroallergens: past and future. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 34, 1507-1513.

Beggs, P.J. and H.J. Bambrick, 2005: Is the global rise of asthma an early impact of anthropogenic climate change? Environ. Health Persp., 113, 915-919.

Bellwood, D.R., A.S. Hoey, J.L. Ackerman and M. Depczynski, 2006: Coral bleaching, reef fish community phase shifts and the resilience of coral reefs. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1587-1594.

Beltaos, S., 2002: Effects of climate on mid-winter ice jams. Hydrol. Process., 16, 789-804.

Ben Mohamed, A., N.V. Duivenbooden and S. Abdoussallam, 2002: Impact of climate change on agricultural production in the Sahel. Part 1. Methodological approach and case study for millet in Niger. Climatic Change, 54, 327-348.

Beniston, M., 2003: Climatic change in mountain regions: a review of possible impacts. Climatic Change, 59, 5-31.

Beniston, M., 2004: The 2003 heat wave in Europe: a shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L02202, doi:10.1029/2003GL018857.

Bennett, L.T. and M.A. Adams, 2004: Assessment of ecological effects due to forest harvesting: approaches and statistical issues. J. Appl. Ecol., 41, 585-598.

Benoit, M. and C.D.L. Torre, 2004: Changement climatique et observation à long terme en unités expérimentales: évolution des pratiques agricoles et des réponses physiologiques des couverts végétaux. Journées MICCES 2004, accessible at: http://www.avignon.inra.fr/les_recherches__1/liste_des_unites/agroclim/mission_changement_climatique_et_effet_de_serre/le_seminaire_de_la_mission_changement_climatique_22_23_janvier_2004/les_posters.

Berger, T., J. Mendoza, B. Francou, F. Rojas, R. Fuertes, M. Flores, L. Noriega, C. Ramallo, E. Ramirez and H. Baldivieso, 2005: Glaciares Zongo – Chacaltaya – Charquini Sur – Bolivia 16°S. Mediciones Glaciológicas, Hidrológicas y Meteorológicas, Año Hidrológico 2004-2005. Informe Great Ice Bolivia, IRD-IHH-SENMAHI-COBEE, 171.

Bergeron, Y., M. Flaanigan, S. Gauthier, A. Leduc and P. Lefort, 2004: Past, current and future fire frequency in the Canadian boreal forest: implications for sustainable forest management. Ambio, 33, 356-360.

Berkes, F. and D. Jolly, 2002: Adapting to climate change: social-ecological resilience in a Canadian Western Arctic community. Conserv. Ecol., 5, 18.

Berman, M., C. Nicolson, G. Kofinas, J. Tetlichi and S. Martin, 2004: Adaptation and sustainability in a small Arctic community: results of an agent-based simulation model. Arctic, 57, 401-414.

Bernatchez, P. and J.-M.M. Dubois, 2004: Bilan des connaissances de la dynamique de l’érosion des côtes du Québec maritime laurentien. Geogr. Phys. Quatern., 58, 45-71.

Berteaux, D., D. Reale, A.G. McAdam and S. Boutin, 2004: Keeping pace with fast climate change: Can arctic life count on evolution? Integr. Comp. Biol., 44, 140.

Berthold, P., E. Gwinner and E. Sonnenschein, 2003: Avian Migration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 565 pp.

Bertness, M.D., P.J. Ewanchuk and B. Reed, 2002: Anthropogenic modification of New England salt marsh landscapes. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 1395-1398.

Bindoff, N., J. Willebrand, V. Artale, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le Quéré, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C.K. Shum, L. Talley and A. Unnikrishnan, 2007: Observations: oceanic climate change and sea level. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 385-432.

Blais, J.M., D.W. Schindler, D.C.G. Muir, M. Sharp, D. Donald, M. Lafreniere, E. Braekevelt and W. M.J. Strachan, 2001: Melting glaciers: a major source of persistent organochlorines to subalpine Bow Lake in Banff National Park, Canada. Ambio, 30, 410-415.

Blaustein, A.R., L.K. Belden, D.H. Olson, D.M. Green, T.L. Root and J.M. Kiesecker, 2001: Amphibian breeding and climate change. Conserv. Biol., 15, 1804.

Blenckner, T. and H. Hillebrand, 2002: North Atlantic Oscillation signatures in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Glob. Change Biol., 8, 203-212.

Bodaly, R.A., J.W.M. Rudd, R.J.P. Fudge and C.A. Kelly, 1993: Mercury concentrations in fish related to size of remote Canadian shield lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 50, 980-987.

Boesch, D.F., M.N. Josselyn, A.J. Mehta, J.T. Morris, W.K. Nuttle, C.A. Simenstad and D.J.P. Swift, 1994: Scientific assessment of coastal wetland loss, restoration and management in Louisiana. J. Coast. Res., 20, 1-103.

Boon, S., M. Sharp and P. Nienow, 2003: Impact of an extreme melt event on the runoff and hydrology of a high Arctic glacier. Hydrol. Process., 17, 1051-1072.

Both, C., A.V. Artemyev, B. Blaauw, R.J. Cowie, A.J. Dekhuijzen, T. Eeva, A. Enemar, L. Gustafsson, E.V. Ivankina, A. Jarvinen, N.B. Metcalfe, N.E.I. Nyholm, J. Potti, P.A. Ravussin, J.J. Sanz, B. Silverin, F.M. Slater, L.V. Sokolov, J. Torok, W. Winkel, J. Wright, H. Zang and M.E. Visser, 2004: Large-scale geographical variation confirms that climate change causes birds to lay earlier. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. .B Bio., 271, 1657.

Bowen, N., 2002: Canary in a coalmine. Climbing News, 208, 90-97, 138-139.

Bradshaw, W.E. and C.M. Holzapfel, 2001: Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 14509.

Bradshaw, W.E. and C.M. Holzapfel, 2006: Climate change: evolutionary response to rapid climate change. Science, 312, 1477-1478.

Bradshaw, W.E., M.C. Quebodeaux and C.M. Holzapfel, 2003: Circadian rhythmicity and photoperiodism in the pitcher-plant mosquito: adaptive response to the photic environment or correlated response to the seasonal environment? Am. Nat., 161, 735.

Brander, K., G. Blom, M.F. Borges, K. Erzini, G. Henderson, B.R. Mackenzie, H. Mendes, J. Ribeiro, A.M.P. Santos and R. Toresen, 2003: Changes in fish distribution in the eastern North Atlantic: are we seeing a coherent response to changing temperature? ICES Marine Science Symposium, 219, 261-270.

Briand, J.F., C. Leboulanger, J.F. Humbert, C. Bernard and P. Dufour, 2004: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) invasion at mid-latitudes: selection, wide physiological tolerance, or global warming? J. Phycol., 40, 231-238.

Brooks, S.J. and H.J.B. Birks 2004: The dynamics of Chironomidae (Insecta : Diptera) assemblages in response to environmental change during the past 700 years on Svalbard. J. Paleolimnol., 31, 483-498.

Bunn, A.G. and S.J. Goetz, 2006: Trends in satellite-observed circumpolar photosynthetic activity from 1982 to 2003: the influence of seasonality, cover type and vegetation density. Earth Interactions, 10, 1-19.

Burrowes, P.A., R.L. Joglar and D.E. Green, 2004: Potential causes for amphibian declines in Puerto Rico. Herpetologica, 60, 141-154.

Buse, A., S.J. Dury, R.J.W. Woodburn, C.M. Perrins and J.E.G. Good, 1999: Effects of elevated temperature on multi-species interactions: the case of pedunculate oak, winter moth and tits. Funct. Ecol., 13, 74.

Butler, C.J., 2003: The disproportionate effect of global warming on the arrival dates of short-distance migratory birds in North America. Ibis, 145, 484.

Buzin, V.A., A.B. Klaven, Z.D. Kopoliani, V.N. Nikitin and V.I. Teplov, 2004: Results of the studies of the ice jam generation processes and the efficiency of the Lena river hydraulic model at Lensk. Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Ice, St. Petersburg, Vol. 3.

Camilleri, M., R. Jaques and N. Isaacs, 2001: Impacts of climate change on building performance in New Zealand. Build. Res. Inf., 29, 440-450.

Camuffo, D. and G. Stararo, 2004: Use of proxy-documentary and instrumental data to assess the risk factors leading to sea flooding in Venice. Global Planet. Change, 40, 93-103.

Cannell, M.G.R., J.P. Palutikof and T.H. Sparks, 1999: Indicators of Climate Change in the UK. DETR, London, 87 pp.

Cantelaube, P., J.M. Terres and F.J. Doblas-Reyes, 2004: Climate variability influences on European agriculture: an analysis for winter wheat production. Climate Res., 27, 135-144.

Carey, M., 2005: Living and dying with glaciers: people’s historical vulnerability to avalanches and outburst floods in Peru. Global Planet. Change, 47, 122-134.

Carmichael, W.W., 2001: Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria: “The CyanoHABs”. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 7, 1393-1407.

Carminati, E., C. Doglioni and D. Scroccas, 2005. Long term natural subsidence of Venice: evaluation of its causes and magnitude. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge 2003, C. Fletcher and T. Spencer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 21-28.

Carnelli, A.L., J.P. Theurillat, M. Thinon, G. Vadi and B. Talon, 2004: Past uppermost tree limit in the Central European Alps (Switzerland) based on soil and soil charcoal. Holocene, 14, 393-405.

Carson, C., S. Hajat, B. Armstrong and P. Wilkinson, 2006: Declining vulnerability to temperature-related mortality in London over the 20th century. Am. J. Epidemiol., 164, 77-84.

Carvalho, L. and A. Kirika, 2003: Changes in shallow lake functioning: response to climate change and nutrient reduction. Hydrobiologia, 506, 789-796.

Casassa, G. and C. Marangunic, 1993: The 1987 Río Colorado rockslide and debris flow, central Andes, Chile. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, 30, 321-330.

Casassa, G., A. Rivera, F. Escobar, C. Acuña, J. Carrasco and J. Quintana, 2003: Snow line rise in central Chile in recent decades and its correlation with climate. Joint Assembly. Nice, EAE03-A-14395, CR8-1TH2O-007, EGS-AGU-EUG.

Casman, E., B. Fischhoff, M. Small, H. Dowlatabadi, J. Rose and M.G. Morgan, 2001: Climate change and cryptosporidiosis: a qualitative analysis. Climatic Change, 50, 219-249.

Cayan, D.R., S.A. Kammerdiener, M.D. Dettinger, J.M. Caprio and D.H. Peterson, 2001: Changes in the onset of spring in the western United States. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 399-415.

Chambers, L.E., L. Hughes and M.A. Weston, 2005: Climate change and its impact on Australia’s avifauna. Emu, 105, 1-20.

Charron, D.F., M.K. Thomas, D. Waltner-Toews, J.J. Aramini, T. Edge, R.A. Kent, A.R. Maarouf and J. Wilson, 2004: Vulnerability of waterborne diseases to climate change in Canada: a review. J. Toxicol. Env. Heal. A, 67, 1667-1677.

Chavez, F.P., J. Ryan, S.E. Lluch-Cota and M. Niquen, 2003: From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean. Science, 299, 217-221.

Chelliah, M. and G.D. Bell, 2004: Tropical multidecadal and interannual climate variability in the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. J. Climate, 17, 1777-1803.

Chen, H., X. Chen, B. Hu and R. Yu, 2005a: Spatial and temporal variation of phenological growing season and climate change impacts in temperate eastern China. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1118-1130.

Chen, H., A.K. Githeko, G.F. Zhou, J.I. Githure and G.Y. Yan, 2006: New records of Anopheles arabiensis breeding on the Mount Kenya highlands indicate indigenous malaria transmission. Malaria J., 5, doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-17.

Chen, X., E. Zhang, H. Mu and Y. Zong, 2005b: A preliminary analysis of human impacts on sediment discharges from the Yangtze, China, into the sea. J. Coastal Res., 21, 515-521.

Chen, Z., S.E. Grasby and K.G. Osadetz, 2002: Predicting average annual groundwater levels from climatic variables: an empirical model. J. Hydrol., 260, 102-117.

Chiba, S. and K. Tadokoro, 2006: Effects of decadal climate change on zooplankton over the last 50 years in the western subarctic North Pacific. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 907-920.

Chmielewski, F.M. and T. Rotzer, 2001: Response of tree phenology to climate change across Europe. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 108, 101-112.

Chmielewski, F.M., A. Muller and E. Bruns, 2004: Climate changes and trends in phenology of fruit trees and field crops in Germany, 1961-2000. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 121, 69-78.

Church, J.A. and N.J. White, 2006: A 20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01602, doi:10.1029/2005GL024826.

Church, J.A., N.J. White, R. Coleman, K. Lambeck and J.X. Mitrovica, 2004: Estimates of the regional distribution of sea-level rise over the 1950-2000 period. J. Climate, 17, 2609-2625.

Clark, D.A., S.C. Piper, C.D. Keeling and D.B. Clark, 2003: Tropical rain forest tree growth and atmospheric carbon dynamics linked to interannual temperature variation during 1984-2000. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 5852-5857.

Community of Arctic Bay, S. Nickels, C. Furgal, J. Akumilik and B.J. Barnes, 2005: Unikkaaqatigiit: Putting the Human Face on Climate Change – Perspectives from Arctic Bay, Nunavut. Report of the Workshop held in Arctic Bay, Nunavut, March 3–4, 2004. Joint publication of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatimi, Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments at Université Laval and the Ajunnginiq Centre at the National Aboriginal Health Organization, Ottawa, 31 pp, http://www.itk.ca/environment/climate-book/community/ArcticBay.pdf.

Conard, S.G., A.I. Sukhinin, B.J. Stocks, D.R. Cahoon, E.P. Davidenko and G.A. Ivanova, 2002: Determining effects of area burned and fire severity on carbon cycling and emissions in Siberia. Climatic Change, 55, 197-211.

Cooke, S.J., S.G. Hinch, A.P. Farrell, M.F. Lapointe, S.R.M. Jones, J.S. Macdonald, D.A. Patterson, M.C. Healey and G. Van Der Kraak, 2004: Abnormal migration timing and high en route mortality of sockeye salmon in the Fraser River, British Columbia. Fisheries, 29, 22-33.

Cooper, N.J., T. Cooper and F. Burd, 2001: 25 years of salt marsh erosion in Essex: implications from coastal defence and natural conservation. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 9, 31-40.

Cotton, P.A., 2003: Avian migration phenology and global climate change. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 12219-12222.

Coudrain, A., B. Francou and Z.W. Kundzewicz, 2005: Glacier shrinkage in the Andes and consequences for water resources: editorial. Hydrolog. Sci. J., 50, 925–932.

Couture, R., S.D. Robinson and M.M. Burgess, 2000: Climate change, permafrost, degradation and infrastructure adaptation: preliminary results from a pilot community study in the Mackenzie Valley. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000, 1-9.

Craig, M.H., I. Kleinschmidt, D. Le Sueur and B.L. Sharp, 2004: Exploring thirty years of malaria case data in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Part II. The impact of non-climatic factors. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9, 1258-1266.

Crick, H.Q.P. and T.H. Sparks, 1999: Climate change related to egg-laying trends. Nature, 399, 423-424.

Crick, H.Q.P., C. Dudley, D.E. Glue and D.L. Thomson, 1997: UK birds are laying eggs earlier. Nature, 388, 526.

Crozier, L., 2004: Warmer winters drive butterfly range expansion by increasing survivorship. Ecology, 85, 231-241.

Cullen, L.E., G.H. Stewart, R.P. Duncan and J.G. Palmer, 2001: Disturbance and climate warming influences on New Zealand Nothofagus tree-line population dynamics. J. Ecol., 89, 1061.

Curriero, F.C., J.A. Patz, J.B. Rose and S. Lele, 2001: The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994. Am. J. Public Health, 91, 1194-1199.

Curriero, F., K.S. Heiner, J. Samet, S. Zeger, L. Strug and J.A. Patz, 2002: Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the Eastern United States. Am. J. Epidemiol., 155, 80-87.

Dabrowski, M., W. Marszelewski and R. Skowron, 2004: The trends and dependencies between air and water temperatures in lakes in northern Poland in 1961-2000. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc., 8, 79-87.

Dai, A., K.E. Trenberth and T. Qian, 2004: A global data set of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870-2002: relationship with soil moisture and effect of surface warming. J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 1117-1130.

Daniel, H., 2001: Replenishment versus retreat: the cost of maintaining. Ocean Coast. Manage., 44, 87-104.

Daniel, M., V. Danielová, B. K?í?, A. Jirsa and J. No?i?ka, 2003: Shift of the tick Ixodes ricinus and tick-borne encephalitis to higher altitudes in central Europe. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., 22, 327-328.

Danielová, V., N. Rudenko, M. Daniel, J. Holubova, J. Materna, M. Golovchenko and L. Schwarzova, 2006: Extension of Ixodes ricinus ticks and agents of tick-borne diseases to mountain areas in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 296, 48-53.

D’Arrigo, R.D., R.K. Kaufmann, N. Davi, G.C. Jacoby, C. Laskowski, R.B. Myneni and P. Cherubini, 2004: Thresholds for warming-induced growth decline at elevational tree line in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB3021.

Daufresne, M., M.C. Roger, H. Capra and N. Lamouroux, 2004: Long-term changes within the invertebrate and fish communities of the Upper Rhone River: effects of climatic factors. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 124-140.

Davies, Z.G., R.J. Wilson, S. Coles and C.D. Thomas, 2006: Changing habitat associations of a thermally constrained species, the silver-spotted skipper butterfly, in response to climate warming. J. Anim. Ecol., 75, 247-256.

Davis, M.A., J.P. Grime and K. Thompson, 2000: Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. J. Ecol., 88, 528-534.

Davis, R.E., P.C. Knappenberger, P.J. Michaels and W.M. Novicoff, 2003a: Changing heat-related mortality in the United States. Environ. Health Persp., 111, 1712-1718.

Davis, R.E., P.C. Knappenberger, W.M. Novicoff and P.J. Michaels, 2003b: Decadal changes in summer mortality in US cities. Int. J. Biometeorol., 47, 166-175.

Day, J.W., G. Abrami, J. Rybczyk and W. Mitsch, 2005. Venice Lagoon and the Po Delta: system functioning as a basis for sustainable management. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge, C.A. Fletcher and T. Spencer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 445-459.

de Dear, R.J. and G.S. Brager, 1998: Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference. ASHRAE Transactions, 104, 145-167.

Defila, C. and B. Clot, 2001: Phytophenological trends in Switzerland. Int. J.Biometeorol., 45, 203-207.

Defra, 2003: The Impacts of Climate Change: Implications for Defra. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 40 pp, http://www.defra.gov.uk/ENVIRONMENT/climatechange/pubs/impacts/pdf/ccimpacts_defra.pdf.

Delbart, N., T. Le Toan, L. Kergoat and V. Fedotova, 2006: Remote sensing of spring phenology in boreal regions: a free of snow-effect method using NOAA-AVHRR and SPOT-VGT data (1982-2004). Remote Sens. Environ., 101, 52-62.

Derocher, A.E., N.J. Lunn and I. Stirling, 2004: Polar bears in a warming climate. Integr. Comp. Biol., 44, 163-176.

Dery, S.J. and E.F. Wood, 2005: Decreasing river discharge in northern Canada. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10401, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022845.

Diaz, J., A. Jordan, R. Garcia, C. Lopez, J.C. Alberdi, E. Hernandez and A. Otero, 2002: Heat waves in Madrid 1986-1997: effects on the health of the elderly. Int. Arch. Occ. Env. Hea., 75, 163-170.

Diergaardt, S.M., S.N. Venter, A. Spreeth, J. Theron and V.S. Brozel, 2004: The occurrence of campylobacters in water sources in South Africa. Water Res., 38, 2589-2595.

Dobbertin, M., N. Hilker, M. Rebetez, N.E. Zimmermann, T. Wohlgemuth and A. Rigling, 2005: The upward shift in altitude of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) in Switzerland: the result of climate warming? Int. J. Biometeorol., 50, 40-47.

Doledec, S., J. Dessaix and H. Tachet, 1996: Changes within the Upper Rhone River macrobenthic communities after the completion of three hydroelectric schemes: anthropogenic effects or natural change? Arch. Hydrobiol., 136, 19-40.

Donaldson, G.C., W.R. Keatinge and S. Näyhä, 2003: Changes in summer temperature and heat-related mortality since 1971 in North Carolina, South Finland and Southeast England. Environ. Res., 91, 1-7.

Donnelly, A., M.B. Jones and J. Sweeney, 2004: A review of indicators of climate change for use in Ireland. Int. J. Biometeorol., 49, 1-12.

Donnelly, J.P. and M.D. Bertness, 2001: Rapid shoreward encroachment of salt marsh cordgrass in response to accelerated sea-level rise. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 14218-14223.

Dose, V. and A. Menzel, 2004: Bayesian analysis of climate change impacts in phenology. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 259-272.

Dose, V. and A. Menzel, 2006: Bayesian correlation between temperature and blossom onset data. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1451-1459.

Douglas, E.M., R.M. Vogel and C.N. Kroll, 2000: Trends in floods and low flows in the United States: impacts of spatial correlation. J. Hydrol., 240, 90-105.

Douglas, M.S.V., J.P. Smol and W. Blake, 1994: Marked post-18th century environmental-change in high-Arctic ecosystems. Science, 266, 416-419.

Drinkwater, K.F., A. Belgrano, A. Borja, A. Conversi, M. Edwards, C.H. Greene, G. Ottersen, A.J. Pershing and H. Walker, 2003: The response of marine ecosystems to North Atlantic climate variability associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact, J. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen and M. Visbeck, Eds., Geophysical Monograph 134, American Geophysical Union, Washington, District of Columbia, 211-234.

D’Souza, R.M., N.G. Beeker, G. Hall and K.B.A. Moodie, 2004: Does ambient temperature affect foodborne disease? Epidemiology, 15, 86-92.

Du, M.Y., S. Kawashima, S. Yonemura, X.Z. Zhang and S.B. Chen, 2004: Mutual influence between human activities and climate change in the Tibetan Plateau during recent years. Global Planet. Change, 41, 241-249.

Duchêne, E. and C. Schneider, 2005: Grapevine and climatic changes: a glance at the situation in Alsace. Agron. Sustain. Dev., 25, 93-99.

Dul?i?, J., B. Grbec, L. Lipej, G. Beg-Paklar, N. Supic and A. Smircic, 2004: The effect of the hemispheric climatic oscillations on the Adriatic ichthyofauna. Fresen. Environ. Bull., 13, 293-298.

Dunn, P., 2004. Breeding dates and reproductive performance. Adv. Ecol. Res., 35, 69-87.

Dunn, P.O. and D.W. Winkler, 1999: Climate change has affected the breeding date of tree swallows throughout North America. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 266, 2487.

Eagles, P.F.J., 2004: Trends affecting tourism in protected areas. Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Monitoring and Management of Visitor Flows in Recreational and Protected Areas, Rovaniemi, Finland, June 16–20, 2004, T. Sievänen, J. Erkkonen, J. Jokimäki, J. Saarinen, S. Tuulentie and E. Virtanen, Eds., Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 2, 17-25.

Eakin, H., 2000: Smallholder maize production and climate risk: a case study from Mexico. Climatic Change, 45, 19-36.

Easterling, D.R., G.A. Meehl, C. Parmesan, S.A. Changnon, T.R. Karl and L.O. Mearns, 2000: Climate extremes: observations, modeling, and impacts. Science, 289, 2068-2074.

Easterling, W.E., 2003: Observed impact of climate change in agriculture and forestry. IPCC Workshop on the Detection and Attribution of the Effects of Climate Change, GISS, New York, 54-55.

Edwards, M. and A.J. Richardson, 2004: Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature, 430, 881-884.

Edwards, M., P. Reid and B. Planque, 2001: Long-term and regional variability of phytoplankton biomass in the Northeast Atlantic (1960-1995). ICES J. Mar. Sci., 58, 39-49.

Edwards, M., G. Beaugrand, P.C. Reid, A.A. Rowden and M.B. Jones, 2002: Ocean climate anomalies and the ecology of the North Sea. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser., 239, 1-10.

Edwards, M., D.G. Johns, S.C. Leterme, E. Svendsen and A.J. Richardson, 2006: Regional climate change and harmful algal blooms in the northeast Atlantic. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 820-829.

EEA, 2004: Impacts of Europe’s Changing Climate: An Indicator-based Assessment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Report 2/2004. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 107 pp.

Elliott, J.M., M.A. Hurley and S.C. Maberly, 2000: The emergence period of sea trout fry in a Lake District stream correlates with the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Fish Biol., 56, 208-210.

Elsasser, H. and P. Messerli, 2001: The vulnerability of the snow industry in the Swiss Alps. Mt. Res. Dev., 21, 335-339.

Emanuel, K., 2005: Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature, 434, 686-688.

Emberlin, J., M. Detandt, R. Gehrig, S. Jaeger, N. Nolard and A. Rantio-Lehtimaki, 2003: Responses in the start of Betula (birch) pollen seasons to recent changes in spring temperatures across Europe. Int. J. Biometeorol., 47, 113-115.

Erdenetuya, M., 2004: Application of remote sensing in climate change study: vulnerability and adaptation assessment for grassland ecosystem and livestock sector in Mongolia project. AIACC Annual Report, Washington, DC.

Ericson, J.P., C.J. Vorosmarty, S.L. Dingman, L.G. Ward and M. Meybeck, 2006: Effective sea-level rise and deltas: causes of change and human dimension implications. Global Planet. Change, 50, 63-82.

Estrella, N. and A. Menzel, 2006: Responses of leaf colouring in four deciduous tree species to climate and weather in Germany. Climate Res., 32, 253-267.

Estrella, N., T.H. Sparks and A. Menzel, 2007: Trends and temperature response in the phenology of crops in Germany. Glob. Change Biol., doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01374.x.

Fang, S. and K. Dingbo, 2003: Remote sensing investigation and survey of Qinghai Lake in the past 25 years. Journal of Lake Sciences, 15, 290-296.

Feely, R.A., C.L. Sabine, K. Lee, W. Berelson, J. Kleypas, V.J. Fabry and F.J. Millero, 2004: Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science, 305, 362-366.

Feng, S. and Q. Hu, 2004: Changes in agro-meteorological indicators in the contiguous United States: 1951-2000. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 78, 247-264.

Ferguson, G. and S.S. George, 2003: Historical and estimated ground water levels near Winnipeg, Canada and their sensitivity to climatic variability. J. Am. Water Resour. As., 39, 1249-1259.

Field, D.B., T.R. Baumgarter, C.D. Charles, V. Ferreira-Bartrina and M.D. Ohman, 2006: Planktonic foraminifera of the California Current reflect 20th-century warming. Science, 311, 63-66.

Fillol, E.J. and A. Royer, 2003: Variability analysis of the transitory climate regime as defined by the NDVI/Ts relationship derived from NOAA-AVHRR over Canada. IEEE Int., 4, 21-25.

Fitter, A.H. and R.S.R. Fitter, 2002: Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science, 296, 1689.

Forbes, D.L., 2005: Coastal erosion. Encyclopedia of the Arctic, M. Nuttall, Ed., Routledge, New York and London, 391-393.

Forbes, D.L., G.S. Parkes, G.K. Manson and L.A. Ketch, 2004: Storms and shoreline retreat in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Mar. Geol., 210, 169-204.

Forcada, J., P.N. Trathan, K. Reid and E.J. Murphy, 2005: The effects of global climate variability in pup production on Antarctic fur seals. Ecol. Lett., 86, 2408-2417.

Forcada, J., P.N. Trathan, K. Reid, E.J. Murphy and J.P. Croxall, 2006: Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin species in association with climate warming. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 411-423.

Ford, J.D. and B. Smit, 2004: A framework for assessing the vulnerability of communities in the Canadian Arctic to risks associated with climate change. Arctic, 57, 389-400.

Forister, M.L. and A.M. Shapiro, 2003: Climatic trends and advancing spring flight of butterflies in lowland California. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1130-1135.

Fox, S., 2002: These things that are really happening: Inuit perspectives on the evidence and impacts of climate change in Nunavut. The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change, I. Krupnik and D. Jolly, Eds., Arctic Research Consortium of the US, Fairbanks, Alaska, 12-53.

Franco, A.M.A., J.K. Hill, C. Kitschke, Y.C. Collingham, D.B. Roy, R. Fox, B. Huntley and C.D. Thomas, 2006: Impacts of climate warming and habitat loss on extinctions at species’ low-latitude range boundaries. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1545-1553.

Francou, B. and C. Vincent, 2006: Les glaciers à l’épreuve du climat. IRD/BELIN, Paris, 274 pp.

Francou, B., M. Vuille, P. Wagnon, J. Mendoza and J.E. Sicart, 2003: Tropical climate change recorded by a glacier of the central Andes during the last decades of the 20th century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 16°S. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4154.

Francou, B., P. Ribstein, P. Wagnon, E. Ramirez and B. Pouyaud, 2005: Glaciers of the tropical Andes: indicators of the global climate variability. Global Change and Mountain Regions: A State of Knowledge Overview, U.M. Huber, H.K.M. Bugmann and M.A. Reasoner, Eds., Advances in Global Change Research, Vol 23, Springer, Berlin, 197-204.

Franken, R.J. and D.S. Hik, 2004: Interannual variation in timing of parturition and growth of collared pikas (Ochotona collaris) in the southwest Yukon. Integr. Comp. Biol., 44, 186.

Frederiksen, M., M.P. Harris, F. Daunt, P. Rothery and S. Wanless, 2004: Scale-dependent climate signals drive breeding phenology of three seabird species. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1214-1221.

Frei, C. and C. Schar, 2001: Detection probability of trends in rare events: theory and application to heavy precipitation in the Alpine region. J. Climate, 14, 1568-1584.

Frenot, Y., S.L. Chown, J. Whinam, P.M. Selkirk, P. Convey, M. Skotnicki and D.M. Bergstrom, 2005: Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and implications. Biol. Rev., 80, 45-72.

Frihy, O., K. Dewidar and M. El Raey, 1996: Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt. Ocean Coast. Manage., 30, 281-295.

Frolov, A.V., S.V. Borshch, E.S. Dmitriev, M.V. Bolgov and N.I. Alekseevsky, 2005: Dangerous hydrological events: methods for analysis and forecasting, mitigation of negative results. Proceedings of the VIth All-Russia Hydrological Congress, Vol.1, St .Petersburg.

Fromentin, J.M. and B. Planque, 1996: Calanus and environment in the eastern North Atlantic. II. Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Calanus finmarchicus and C. hegolandicus. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser., 134, 111-118.

Fruget, J.F., M. Centofanti, J. Dessaix, J.M. Olivier, J.C. Druart and P.J. Martinez, 2001: Temporal and spatial dynamics in large rivers: example of a long-term monitoring of the Middle Rhone River. Ann. Limnol.–Int. J. Lim., 37, 237-251.

Gajewski, K., P.B. Hamilton and R. McNeely, 1997: A high resolution proxy-climate record from an arctic lake with annually-laminated sediments on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada. J. Paleolimnol., 17, 215-225.

Gao, Y., G.Y. Qiu, H. Shimizu, K. Tobe, B.P. Sun and J. Wang, 2002: A 10-year study on techniques for vegetation restoration in a desertified salt lake area. J. Arid Environ., 52, 483-497.

Gardner, T.A., I.M. Côté, J.A. Gill, A. Grant and A.R. Watkinson, 2005: Hurricanes and Caribbean coral reefs: impacts, recovery patterns and role in long-term decline. Ecology, 86, 174-184.

Garpe, K.C., S.A.S. Yahya, U. Lindahl and M.C. Ohman, 2006: Long-term effects of the 1998 coral bleaching event on reef fish assemblages. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser., 315, 237-247.

Gaston, K.J., K. Charman, S.F. Jackson, P.R. Armsworth, A. Bonn, R.A. Briers, C.S.Q. Callaghan, R. Catchpole, J. Hopkins, W.E. Kunin, J. Latham, P. Opdam, R. Stoneman, D.A. Stroud and R. Tratt, 2006: The ecological effectiveness of protected areas: the United Kingdom. Biol. Conserv., 132, 76-87.

Gedney, N., P.M. Cox, R.A. Betts, O. Boucher, C. Huntingford and P.A. Stott, 2006: Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records. Nature, 439, 835-838.

Genner, M.J., D.W. Sims, V.J. Wearmouth, E.J. Southall, A.J. Southward, P.A. Henderson and S.J. Hawkins, 2004: Regional climatic warming drives long-term community changes of British marine fish. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 271, 655-661.

Genovese, G., C. Lazar and F. Micale, 2005: Effects of observed climate fluctuation on wheat flowering as simulated by the European crop growth monitoring system (CGMS). Proceedings of a Workshop on Adaptation of Crops and Cropping Systems to Climate Change, 7-8 November 2005, Dalum Landbrugsskole, Odense, Denmark. Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists, 12 pp.

Georgiou, I.Y., D.M. FitzGerald and G.W. Stone, 2005: The impact of physical processes along the Louisiana coast. J. Coastal Res., 44, 72-89.

Gerten, D. and R. Adrian, 2000: Climate-driven changes in spring plankton dynamics and the sensitivity of shallow polymictic lakes to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 1058-1066.

Gerten, D. and R. Adrian, 2002: Species-specific changes in the phenology and peak abundance of freshwater copepods in response to warm summers. Freshwater Biol., 47, 2163-2173.

Gibbs, J.P. and A.R. Breisch, 2001: Climate warming and calling phenology of frogs near Ithaca, New York, 1900-1999. Conserv. Biol., 15, 1175.

Gill, J.A., J.P. McWilliams, A.R. Watkinson and I.M. Côté, 2006: Opposing forces of aerosol cooling and El Niño drive coral bleaching on Caribbean reefs. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 18870-18873.

Gillett, N.P., A.J. Weaver, F.W. Zwiers and M.D. Flannigan, 2004: Detecting the effect of climate change on Canadian forest fires. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18211, doi:10.1029/2004GL020876.

Githeko, A. and W. Ndegwa, 2001: Predicting malaria epidemics in the Kenya highlands using climate data: a tool for decision makers. Glob. Change Hum. Health, 2, 54-63.

Githeko, A. and A. Woodward, 2003: International consensus on the science of climate and health: the IPCC Third Assessment Report. Climate Change and Human Health: Risks and Responses, A.J. McMicheal, D.H. Campbell-Lendrum, C.F. Corvalan, K.L. Ebi, A. Githeko, J.D. Scheraga and A. Woodward, Eds., World Health Organization, Rome, 43-60. www.who.int/globalchange/publications/climatechangechap3.pdf.

Gobron, N., B. Pinty, F. Melin, M. Taberner, M.M. Verstraete, A. Belward, T. Lavergne and J.L. Widlowski, 2005: The state of vegetation in Europe following the 2003 drought. Int. J. Remote Sens., 26, 2013-2020.

Goetz, S.J., A.G. Bunn, G.J. Fiske and R.A. Houghton, 2005: Satellite-observed photosynthetic trends across boreal North America associated with climate and fire disturbance. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 13521-13525.

Goklany, I.M., 1996: Factors affecting environmental impacts: the effects of technology on long-term trends in cropland, air pollution and water-related diseases. Ambio, 25, 497-503.

Goldenberg, S.B., C.W. Landsea, A.M. Mestas-Nunez and W.M. Gray, 2001: The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: causes and implications. Science, 293, 474-479.

Gonzalez, P., 2001: Desertification and a shift of forest species in the West African Sahel. Climate Res., 17, 217-228.

Grabherr, G., M. Gottfried and H. Pauli, 2001: Long-term monitoring of mountain peaks in the Alps. Biomonitoring: General and Applied Aspects on Regional and Global ScalesTasks for Vegetation Science, C.A. Burga and A. Kratochwil, Eds., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 153- 177.

Graham, N.A.J., S.K. Wilson, S. Jennings, N.V.C. Polunin, J.P. Bijoux and J. Robinson, 2006: Dynamic fragility of oceanic coral reef ecosystems. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 8425-8429.

Grebmeier, J.M., J.E. Overland, S.E. Moore, E.V. Farley, E.C. Carmack, L.W. Cooper, K.E. Frey, J.H. Helle, F.A. McLaughlin and S.L. McNutt, 2006: A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science, 311, 1461-1464.

Green, K. and C.M. Pickering, 2002: A potential scenario for mammal and bird diversity in the Snowy Mountains of Australia in relation to climate change. Mountain Biodiversity: A Global Assessment, C. Korner and E. Spehn, Eds., Parthenon Publishing, London, 241-249.

Gregg, W.W., M.E. Conkright, P. Ginoux, J.E. O’Reilly and N.W. Casey, 2003: Ocean primary production and climate: global decadal changes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1809, doi:10.1029/2003GL016889.

Grenouillet, G., B. Hugueny, G.A. Carrel, J.M. Olivier and D. Pont, 2001: Large-scale synchrony and inter-annual variability in roach recruitment in the Rhone River: the relative role of climatic factors and density-dependent processes. Freshwater Biol., 46, 11-26.

Greve, W., 2004: Aquatic plants and animals. Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science, M. D. Schwartz, Ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, 385-403.

Gruber, S., M. Hoelzle and W. Haeberli, 2004: Permafrost thaw and destabilization of Alpine rock walls in the hot summer of 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13504, doi:10.1029/2004GL020051.

Guisande, C., A. Vergara, I. Riveiro and J. Cabanadas, 2004: Climate change and abundance of the Atlantic-Iberian sardine (Sardina pilchardus). Fish. Oceanogr., 13, 91-101.

Günther, H., W. Rosenthal, M. Stawarz, J.C. Carretero, M. Gomez, I. Lozano, O. Serano and M. Reistad, 1998: The wave climate of the Northeast Atlantic over the period 1955-94: the WASA wave hindcast. The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System, 6, 121-163.

Gyan, K., W. Henry, S. Lacaille, A. Laloo, C. Lamsee-Ebanks, S. McKay, R. Antoine and M. Monteil, 2003: African dust clouds are associated with paediatric accident and emergency asthma admissions at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. W. Indian Med. J., 52, 46.

Haeberli, W. and C. Burn, 2002: Natural hazards in forests - glacier and permafrost effects as related to climate changes. Environmental Change and Geomorphic Hazards in Forests, R.C. Sidle, Ed., IUFRO Research Series, 9, 167-202.

Haeberli, W., A. Kääb, D. Vonder Mühll, and P. Teysseire, 2001: Prevention of outburst floods from periglacial lakes at Grubengletscher, Valais, Swiss Alps. J. Glaciol., 47, 111-122.

Hafner, S., 2003: Trends in maize, rice and wheat yields for 188 nations over the past 40 years: a prevalence of linear growth. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 97, 275-283.

Hambright, K.D., M. Gophen and S. Serruya, 1994: Influence of long-term climatic changes on the stratification of a subtropical, warm monomictic lake. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1233-1242.

Hamilton, J.M., 2003a: Climate and the destination choice of German tourists, Working Paper FNU-15 (revised), Centre for Marine and Climate Research, University of Hamburg, 36 pp.

Hamilton, J.M., D.J. Maddison and R.S.J. Tol, 2003: Climate change and international tourism: a simulation study. Working Paper FNU-31, Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change, 41 pp.

Hamilton, J.M., D.J. Maddison and R.S.J. Tol, 2005: Climate change and international tourism: a simulation study. Global Environ. Chang., 15, 253-266.

Hamilton, L.C., 2003b: Warming winters and New Hampshire’s lost ski areas: an integrated case study. Int. J. Sociol. Social Pol., 23, 52-73.

Hampton, S.E., 2005: Increased niche differentiation between two Conochilus species over 33 years of climate change and food web alteration. Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 421-426.

Hari, R.E., D.M. Livingstone, R. Siber, P. Burkhardt-Holm and H. Guttinger, 2006: Consequences of climatic change for water temperature and brown trout populations in Alpine rivers and streams. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 10-26.

Hartig, E.K. and V. Gornitz, 2004: Salt marsh change, 1926-2002 at Marshlands Conservancy, New York. Proceedings of the Long Island Sound Biennial Research Conference, 7 pp.

Hartig, E.K., V. Gornitz, A. Kolker, F. Mushacke and D. Fallon, 2002: Anthropogenic and climate-change impacts on salt marshes of Jamaica Bay, New York City. Wetlands, 22, 71-89.

Harvell, C.D., K. Kim, J.M. Burkholder, R.R. Colwell, P.R. Epstein, D.J. Grimes, E.E. Hofmann, E.K. Lipp, A.D.M.E. Osterhaus, R.M. Overstreet, J.W. Porter, G.W. Smith and G.R. Vasta, 1999: Emerging marine diseases: climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science, 285, 1505-1510.

Haslett, S.K., A.B. Cundy, C.F.C. Davies, E.S. Powell and I.W. Croudace, 2003: Salt marsh, sedimentation over the past c. 120 years along the West Cotentin coast of Normandy (France): relationship to sea-level rise and sediment supply. J. Coastal Res., 19, 609-620.

Hattenschwiler, S. and C. Korner, 2003: Does elevated CO2 facilitate naturalization of the non-indigenous Prunus laurocerasus in Swiss temperate forests? Funct. Ecol., 17, 778.

Hawkins, S.J., A.J. Southward and M.J. Genner, 2003: Detection of environmental change in a marine ecosystem: evidence from the western English Channel. Sci. Total Environ., 310, 245-256.

Hay, S.I., J. Cox, D.J. Rogers, S.E. Randolph, D.I. Stern, G.D. Shanks, M.F. Myers and R.W. Snow, 2002a: Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature, 415, 905-909.

Hay, S.I., D.J. Rogers, S.E. Randolph, D.I. Stern, J. Cox, G.D. Shanks and R.W. Snow, 2002b: Hot topic or hot air? Climate change and malaria resurgence in East African highlands. Trends Parasitol., 18, 530-534.

Hecky, R.E., F.W.B. Bugenyi, P. Ochumba, J.F. Talling, R. Mugidde, M. Gophen and L. Kaufman, 1994: Deoxygenation of the deep-water of Lake Victoria, East Africa. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1476-1481.

Hegerl, G.C., F.W. Zwiers, P. Braconnot, N.P. Gillett, Y. Luo, J. Marengo, N. Nicholls, J.E. Penner and P.A. Stott, 2007: Understanding and attributing climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 663-746.

Helander, E. and T. Mustonen, Eds., 2004: Snowscapes, Dreamscapes: Snowchange Book on Community Voices of Change. Tampere Polytechnic Publications, Oy, Vaasa, 562 pp.

Hickling, R., D.B. Roy, J.K. Hill and C.D. Thomas, 2005: A northward shift of range margins in British Odonata. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 502-506.

Hickling, R., D.B. Roy, J.K. Hill, R. Fox and C.D. Thomas, 2006: The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 450-455.

Hilden, M., H. Lethtonen, I. Barlund, K. Hakala, T. Kaukoranta and S. Tattari, 2005: The practice and process of adaptation in Finnish agriculture. FINADAPT Working Paper 5, Finnish Environment Institute Mimeographs 335, Helsinki, 28 pp.

Hill, J.K., C.D. Thomas and D.S. Blakeley, 1999a: Evolution of flight morphology in a butterfly that has recently expanded its geographic range. Oecologia, 121, 165-170.

Hill, J.K., C.D. Thomas and B. Huntley, 1999b: Climate and habitat availability determine 20th-century changes in a butterfly’s range margin. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 266, 1197.

Hill, J.K., Y.C. Collingham, C.D. Thomas, D.S. Blakeley, R. Fox, D. Moss and B. Huntley, 2001: Impacts of landscape structure on butterfly range expansion. Ecol. Lett., 4, 313.

Hock, R., 2005: Glacier melt: a review on processes and their modelling. Prog. Phys. Geog., 29, 362-391.

Hock, R., P. Jansson and L. Braun, 2005: Modelling the response of mountain glacier discharge to climate warming. Global Change and Mountain Regions: An Overview of Current Knowledge, U.M. Huber, H.K.M. Bugmann and M.A. Reasoner, Eds., Advances in Global Change Research Series, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 243-254.

Hodgkins, G.A., R.W. Dudley and T.G. Huntington, 2003: Changes in the timing of high river flows in New England over the 20th century. J. Hydrol., 278, 244-252.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 1999: Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Mar. Freshwater Res., 50, 839-866.

Holbrook, S.J., R.J. Schmitt and J.S. Stephens, 1997: Changes in an assemblage of temperate reef fishes associated with a climate shift. Ecol. Appl., 7, 1299-1310.

Holgate, S.J. and P.L. Woodworth, 2004: Evidence for enhanced coastal sea-level rise during the 1990s. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07305, doi:10.1029/2004GL019626.

Holtmeier, F.K. and G. Broll, 2005: Sensitivity and response of northern hemisphere altitudinal and polar treelines to environmental change at landscape and local scales. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 14, 395-410.

Hubalek, Z., 2003: Spring migration of birds in relation to North Atlantic Oscillation. Folia Zool., 52, 287-298.

Huggel, C., W. Haeberli, A. Kaab, D. Bieri and S. Richardson, 2004: An assessment procedure for glacial hazards in the Swiss Alps. Can. Geotech. J., 41, 1068-1083.

Hughes, C.L., J.K. Hill and C. Dytham, 2003a: Evolutionary trade-offs between reproduction and dispersal in populations at expanding range boundaries. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio, 270, S147.

Hughes, L. 2000: Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent? Trends Ecol. Evol., 15, 56-61.

Hughes, T.P., A.H. Baird, D.R. Bellwood, M. Card, S.R. Connolly, C. Folke R. Grosberg, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J.B.C. Jackson, J. Kleypas, J.M. Lough, P. Marshall, M. Nystrom, S.R. Palumbi, J.M. Pandolfi, B. Rosen, B. and J. Roughgarden, 2003b: Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science, 301, 929-933.

Huntington, H. and S. Fox, 2004: The changing Arctic: indigenous perspectives. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, ACIA, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 62-98.

Huntington, T.G., 2006: Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: review and synthesis. J. Hydrol., 319, 83-95.

Huntington, T.G., G.A. Hodgkins and R.W. Dudley, 2003: Historical trends in river ice thickness and coherence in hydroclimatological trends in Maine. Climatic Change, 61, 217-236.

Huppop, O. and K. Huppop, 2003: North Atlantic Oscillation and timing of spring migration in birds. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 270, 233-240.

Hussell, D.J.T., 2003: Climate change, spring temperatures and timing of breeding of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in southern Ontario. Auk, 120, 607-618.

Huynen, M., P. Martens, D. Schram, M. Weijenberg and A.E. Kunst, 2001: The impact of cold spells and heatwaves on mortality rates in the Dutch population. Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 463-470.

Inouye, D.W., B. Barr, K.B. Armitage and B.D. Inouye, 2000: Climate change is affecting altitudinal migrants and hibernating species. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 1630.

Inouye, D.W., M.A. Morales and G.J. Dodge, 2002: Variation in timing and abundance of flowering by Delphinium barbeyi Huth (Ranunculaceae): the roles of snowpack, frost and La Niña, in the context of climate change. Oecologia, 130, 543-550.

IPCC, 2001a: Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Dokken and K.S. White, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1032 pp.

IPCC, 2001b: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C.A. Johnson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 881 pp.

IPCC, 2003: IPCC Workshop Report on the Detection and Attribution of the Effects of Climate Change, C. Rosenzweig and P.G. Neofotis, Eds., NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, 87 pp.

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 996 pp.

Jansen, E., J. Overpeck, K.R. Briffa, J.-C. Duplessy, F. Joos, V. Masson-Delmotte, D.O. Olago, B. Otto-Bliesner, W.R. Peltier, S. Rahmstorf, R. Ramesh, D. Raynaud, D.H. Rind, O. Solomina, R. Villalba and D. Zhang, 2007: Paleoclimate. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 433-498.

Jansson, P., R. Hock and T. Schneider, 2003: The concept of glacier storage: a review. J. Hydrol., 282, 116-129.

Jarvinen, A., 1994: Global warming and egg size of birds. Ecography, 17, 108.

Jarvinen, A., 1996: Correlation between egg size and clutch size in the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in cold and warm summers. Ibis, 138, 620-623.

Johns, D.G., M. Edwards and S.D. Batten, 2001: Arctic boreal plankton species in the Northwest Atlantic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 58, 2121-2124.

Johns, D.G., M. Edwards, A. Richardson and J.I. Spicer, 2003: Increased blooms of a dinoflagellate in the NW Atlantic. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser., 265, 283-287.

Johnson, H., S. Kovats, G. McGregor, J. Stedman, M. Gibbs, H. Walton and L. Cook, 2004: The impact of the 2003 heat wave on mortality and hospital admissions in England. Epidemiology, 15, S126-S126.

Jones, G.A. and G.H.R. Henry, 2003: Primary plant succession on recently deglaciated terrain in the Canadian High Arctic. J. Biogeogr., 30, 277-296.

Jones, G.V., 2005: Climate change in the western United States grape growing regions. 7th International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology and Biotechnology, 689, 71-80.

Jones, G.V. and R.E. Davis, 2000: Climate influences on grapevine phenology, grape composition and wine production and quality for Bordeaux, France. Am. J. Enol. Viticult., 51, 249-261.

Jones, I., F. Hunter and G. Roberston, 2002: Annual adult survival of Least Auklets (Aves, Alcidae) varies with large-scale climatic conditions of the North Pacific Ocean. Oecologia, 133, 38-44.

Jordan, E., 1991: Die gletscher der bolivianischen Anden: eine photogrammetrisch-kartographische Bestandsaufnahme der Gletscher Boliviens als Grundlage für klimatische Deutungen und Potential für die wirtschaftliche Nutzung (The glaciers of the Bolivian Andes, a photogrammetric-cartographical inventory of the Bolivian glaciers as a basis for climatic interpretation and potential for economic use). Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung 23, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 401 pp.

Juanes, F., S. Gephard and K. Beland, 2004: Long-term changes in migration timing of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the southern edge of the species distribution. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 61, 2392-2400.

Juen, I., G. Kaser and C. Georges, 2007: Modelling observed and future runoff from a glacierized tropical catchment (Cordillera Blanca, Perú). Global Planet. Change, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.11.038.

Jump, A.S., J.M. Hunt and J. Peñuelas, 2006: Rapid climate change-related growth decline at the southern range edge of Fagus sylvatica. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2163-2174.

Kaab, A., C. Huggel, L. Fischer, S. Guex, F. Paul, I. Roer, N. Salzmann, S. Schlaefli, K. Schmutz, D. Schneider, T. Strozzi and Y. Weidmann, 2005: Remote sensing of glacier- and permafrost-related hazards in high mountains: an overview. Nat. Hazard. Earth Sys., 5, 527-554.

Kalnay, E. and M. Cai, 2003: Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature, 423, 528-531.

Kanuscak, P., M. Hromada, P. Tryjanowski and T. Sparks, 2004: Does climate at different scales influence the phenology and phenotype of the river warbler Locustella fluviatilis? Oecologia, 141, 158-163.

Karban, R. and S.Y. Strauss, 2004: Physiological tolerance, climate change and a northward range shift in the spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius. Ecol. Entomol., 29, 251-254.

Karl, T.H. and R.W. Knight, 1997: The 1995 Chicago heat wave: how likely is a recurrence? B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 1107-1119.

Karl, T.R. and K.E. Trenberth, 2003: Modern global climate change. Science, 302, 1719-1723.

Karoly, D.J. and Q. Wu, 2005: Detection of regional surface temperature trends. J. Climate, 18, 4337-4343.

Karoly, D.J. and P.A. Stott, 2006: Anthropogenic warming of central England temperature. Atmos. Sci. Lett., 7, 81-85.

Karst-Riddoch, T.L., M.F.J. Pisaric and J.P. Smol, 2005: Diatom responses to 20th century climate-related environmental changes in high-elevation mountain lakes of the northern Canadian Cordillera. J. Paleolimnol., 33, 265-282.

Kaser, G. and H. Osmaston, 2002. Tropical Glaciers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 227 pp.

Kearney, M., A. Rogers, J. Townshend, E. Rizzo, D. Stutzer, J. Stevenson and K. Sundborg, 2002: Landsat imagery shows decline of coastal marshes in Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. EOS Transactions, 83, 173, doi:10.1029/2002EO000112.

Keeling, C.D., J.F.S. Chin and T.P. Whorf, 1996: Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements. Nature, 382, 146-149.

Keller, F. and C. Korner, 2003: The role of photoperiodism in alpine plant development. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 361-368.

Kennish, M.J., 2001: Coastal salt marsh systems in the US: a review of anthropogenic impacts. J. Coastal Res., 17, 731-748.

Klanderud, K. and H.J.B. Birks, 2003: Recent increases in species richness and shifts in altitudinal distributions of Norwegian mountain plants. Holocene, 13, 1-6.

Klasner, F.L. and D.B. Fagre, 2002: A half century of change in alpine treeline patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 34, 49-56.

Kleypas, J.A., R.W. Buddemeier, D. Archer, J.P. Gattuso, C. Langdon and B.N. Opdyke, 1999: Geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs. Science, 284, 118-120.

Knutson, T.R., T.L. Delworth, K.W. Dixon, I.M. Held, J. Lu, V. Ramaswamy, M.D. Schwarzkopf, G. Stenchikov and R.J. Stouffer, 2006: Assessment of twentieth century regional surface air temperature trends using the GFDL CM2 coupled models. J. Climate, 19, 1624-1651.

Konvicka, M., M. Maradova, J. Benes, Z. Fric and P. Kepka, 2003: Uphill shifts in distribution of butterflies in the Czech Republic: effects of changing climate detected on a regional scale. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 12, 403-410.

Korhola, A., S. Sorvari, M. Rautio, P.G. Appleby, J.A. Dearing, Y. Hu, N. Rose, A. Lami and N.G. Cameron, 2002: A multi-proxy analysis of climate impacts on the recent development of subarctic Lake Saanajarvi in Finnish Lapland. J. Paleolimnol., 28, 59-77.

Kosatsky, T., 2005: The 2003 European heat waves. Euro Surveillance, 10, 148-149.

Kovats, R.S., D.H. Campbell-Lendrum, A.J. McMichael, A. Woodward and J.S. Cox, 2001: Early effects of climate change: do they include changes in vector-borne disease? Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 356, 1057-1068.

Kovats, R.S., M.J. Bouma, S. Hajat, E. Worrall and A. Haines, 2003: El Niño and health. Lancet, 362, 1481-1489.

Kozlov, M.V. and N.G. Berlina, 2002: Decline in length of the summer season on the Kola Peninsula, Russia. Climatic Change, 54, 387-398.

Krupnik, I. and D. Jolly, Eds., 2002: The Earth is Faster Now: Indigenous Observations of Arctic Environmental Change. Arctic Research Consortium of the United States, Fairbanks, 356 pp.

Kullman, L., 2002: Rapid recent range-margin rise of tree and shrub species in the Swedish Scandes. J. Ecol., 90, 68-77.

Kundzewicz, Z., 2004: Detection of change in world-wide hydrological time series of maximum annual flow. GRDC Report 32, 36 pp.

Kundzewicz, Z.W., U. Ulbrich, T. Brucher, D. Graczyk, A. Kruger, G.C. Leckebusch, L. Menzel, I. Pinskwar, M. Radziejewski and M. Szwed, 2005: Summer floods in central Europe: climate change track? Nat. Hazards, 36, 165-189.

Kunst, A.E., C.W.N. Looman and J.P. Mackenbach, 1991: The decline in winter excess mortality in the Netherlands. Int. J. Epidemiol., 20, 971-977.

Kysely, J., 2004: Mortality and displaced mortality during heat waves in the Czech Republic. Int. J. Biometeorol., 49, 91-97.

Labat, D., Y. Godderis, J.L. Probst and J.L. Guyot, 2004: Evidence for global runoff increases related to climate warming. Adv. Water Resour., 27, 631-642.

Ladenburger, C.G., A.L. Hild, D.J. Kazmer and L.C. Munn, 2006: Soil salinity patterns in Tamarix invasions in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. J. Arid Environ., 65, 111-128.

Laing, T.E. and J.P. Smol, 2003: Late Holocene environmental changes inferred from diatoms in a lake on the western Taimyr Peninsula, northern Russia. J. Paleolimnol., 30, 231-247.

Lam, J.C., C.L. Tsang and D.H.W. Li, 2004: Long term ambient temperature analysis and energy use implications in Hong Kong. Energ. Convers. Manage., 45, 315-327.

Lammers, R.B., A.I. Shiklomanov, C.J. Vorosmarty, B.M. Fekete and B.J. Peterson, 2001: Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on observational discharge records. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 106(D4), 3321-3334.

Landsea, C.W., 2005: Meteorology: hurricanes and global warming. Nature, 438, E11-E13.

Landsea, C.W., R.A. Pielke Jr., A.M. Mestas-Nuñez and J.A. Knaff, 1999: Atlantic basin hurricanes: indices of climatic change. Climatic Change, 42, 89-129.

Langdon, C., T. Takahashi, C. Sweeney, D. Chipman, J. Goddard, F. Marubini, H. Aceves, H. Barnett and M.J. Atkinson, 2000: Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef. Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 639-654.

Lantuit, H. and W.H. Pollard, 2003: Remotely sensed evidence of enhanced erosion during the 20th century on Herschel Island, Yukon Territory. Ber. Polar. Meeresforsch., 443, 54-59.

Larsen, C.F., R.J. Motyka, J.T. Freymueller, K.A. Echelmeyer and E.R. Ivins, 2005: Rapid uplift of southern Alaska caused by recent ice loss. Geophys. J. Int., 158, 1118-1133.

Larsson, N., 2003: Adapting to climate change in Canada. Build. Res. Inf., 31, 231-239.

Laternser, M. and M. Schneebeli, 2003: Long-term snow climate trends of the Swiss Alps (1931-99). Int. J. Climatol., 23, 733-750.

Lavaniegos, B.E. and M.D. Ohman, 2003: Long-term changes in pelagic tunicates of the California Current. Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 2473-2498.

Lawrence, D.M. and A.G. Slater, 2005: A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24401, doi:10.1029/2005GL025080.

Lawson, P.W., E.A. Logerwell, N.J. Mantua, R.C. Francis and V.N. Agostini, 2004: Environmental factors influencing freshwater survival and smolt production in Pacific Northwest coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 61, 360-373.

Leatherman, S.P., K. Zhang and B.C. Douglas, 2000: Sea-level rise shown to drive coastal erosion. EOS Transactions, 81, 55-57.

Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: Historical overview of climate change science. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 93-128.

Ledneva, A., A.J. Miller-Rushing, R.B. Primack and C. Imbres, 2004: Climate change as reflected in a naturalist’s diary, Middleborough, Massachusetts. Wilson Bull., 116, 224-231.

Lee, C.S., X.D. Li, W.Z. Shi, S.C. Cheung and I. Thornton, 2006: Metal contamination in urban, suburban and country park soils of Hong Kong: a study based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Sci. Total Environ., 356, 45-61.

Legates, D.R., H.F. Lins and G.J. McCabe, 2005: Comments on “Evidence for global runoff increase related to climate warming” by Labat et al. Adv. Water Resour., 28, 1310-1315.

Legendre, L. and R.B. Rivkin, 2002: Pelagic food webs: responses to environmental processes and effects on the environment. Ecol. Res., 17, 143-149.

Lehikoinen, E., T.H. Sparks and M. Zalakevicius, 2004: Arrival and departure dates. Adv. Ecol. Res., 35, 1-31.

Lemke, P., J. Ren, R. Alley, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Flato, Y. Fujii, G. Kaser, P. Mote, R. Thomas and T. Zhang, 2007: Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 337-384.

Lepers, E., E.F. Lambin, A.C. Janetos, R. DeFries, F. Achard, N. Ramankutty and R.J. Scholes, 2004: A synthesis of information on rapid land-cover change for the period 1981-2000. BioScience, 55, 115-124.

Lesica, P. and B. McCune, 2004: Decline of arctic-alpine plants at the southern margin of their range following a decade of climatic warming. J. Veg. Sci., 15, 679-690.

Levermore, G.J. and E. Keeble, 1998: Dry-bulb temperature analyses for climate change at three UK sites in relation to the forthcoming CIBSE Guide to Weather and Solar Data. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 19, 175-181.

Levetin, E., 2001: Effects of climate change on airborne pollen. J. Allergy Clin. Immun., 107, S172-S172.

Levine, M., D. Ürge-Vorsatz, K. Blok, L. Geng, D. Harvey, S. Lang, G. Levermore, A. Mongameli Mehlwana, S. Mirasgedia, A. Novikovam, J. Rilling and H. Yoshino, 2007: Residential and commercial buildings. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, B. Metz, O. Davidson, P.Bosch, R. Dave and L. Meyer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Linderholm, H.W., 2006: Growing season changes in the last century. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 137, 1-14.

Lindgren, E. and R. Gustafson, 2001: Tick-borne encephalitis in Sweden and climate change. Lancet, 358, 16-18.

Lindgren, E., L. Talleklint and T. Polfeldt, 2000: Impact of climatic change on the northern latitude limit and population density of the disease-transmitting European tick Ixodes ricinus. Environ. Health Persp., 108, 119-123.

Lionello, P., 2005: Extreme surges in the Gulf of Venice: present and future climate. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge 2003, C. Fletcher and T. Spencer, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 59-70.

Lionello, P. and A. Sanna, 2005: Mediterranean wave climate variability and its links with NAO and Indian Monsoon. Clim. Dynam., 25, 611-623.

Lise, W. and R.S.J. Tol, 2002: Impact of climate on tourist demand. Climatic Change, 55, 429-449.

Livingstone, D.M. and M.T. Dokulil, 2001: Eighty years of spatially coherent Austrian lake surface temperatures and their relationship to regional air temperature and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1220-1227.

Lobell, D.B. and G.P. Asner, 2003: Climate and management contributions to recent trends in U.S. agricultural yields. Science, 299, 1032.

Lobo, A. and P. Maisongrande, 2006: Stratified analysis of satellite imagery of SW Europe during summer 2003: the differential response of vegetation classes to increased water deficit. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sc., 10, 151-164.

Lorch, R., 1990: Energy and global responsibility. RIBA J., March, 50-51.

Lorke, A., K. Tietze, M. Halbwachs and A. Wuest, 2004: Response of Lake Kivu stratification to lava inflow and climate warming. Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 778-783.

Lotsch, A.M., A. Friedl, B.T. Anderson and C.J. Tucker, 2005: Response of terrestrial ecosystems to recent Northern Hemispheric drought. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06705, doi:10.1029/2004GL022043.

Lucht, W., I.C. Prentice, R.B. Myneni, S. Sitch, P. Friedlingstein, W. Cramer, P. Bousquet, W. Buermann and B. Smith, 2002: Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect. Science, 296, 1687-1689.

Luterbacher, J., D. Dietrich, E. Xoplaki, M. Grosjean and H. Wanner, 2004: European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends and extremes since 1500. Science, 303, 1499-1503.

MacDonald, M., L. Arragutainaq and Z. Novalinga, 1997: Voices from the Bay: Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Inuit and Cree. Canadian Arctic Resource Committee and Environmental Committee of Municipality of Sanikiluaq, Ottawa, 98 pp.

Maddison, D., 2001: In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists. Climatic Change, 49, 193-208.

Mark, B.G., J.M. McKenzie and J. Gómez, 2005: Hydrochemical evaluation of changing glacier meltwater contribution to stream discharge: Callejon de Huaylas, Peru. Hydrolog. Sci. J, 50, 975-987.

Masek, J.G., 2001: Stability of boreal forest stands during recent climate change: evidence from Landsat satellite imagery. J. Biogeogr., 28, 967-976.

Maselli, F., 2004: Monitoring forest conditions in a protected Mediterranean coastal area by the analysis of multi-year NDVI data. Remote Sens. Environ., 89, 423-433.

Matsumoto, K., T. Ohta, M. Irasawa and T. Nakamura, 2003: Climate change and extension of the Ginkgo biloba L. growing season in Japan. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1634-1642.

McCabe, G. and M.P. Clark, 2005: Trends and variability in snowmelt runoff in the western United States. J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 476-482.

McCallum, H., D. Harvell and A. Dobson, 2003: Rates of spread of marine pathogens. Ecol. Lett., 6, 1062-1067.

McGowan, J.A., D.R. Cayan and L.M. Dorman, 1998: Climate-ocean variability and ecosystem response in the northeast Pacific. Science, 281, 210-217.

McKenzie, D., Z. Gedalof, D.L. Peterson and P. Mote, 2004, Climatic change, wildfire and conservation. Conserv. Biol., 18, 890-902.

McLaughlin, J.F., J.J. Hellmann, C.L. Boggs and P.R. Ehrlich, 2002a: Climate change hastens population extinctions. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 6070-6074.

McLaughlin, J.F., J.J. Hellmann, C.L. Boggs and P.R. Ehrlich, 2002b: The route to extinction: population dynamics of a threatened butterfly. Oecologia, 132, 538-548.

McNamara, J.P., D.L. Kane and L.D. Hinzman, 1999: An analysis of an arctic channel network using a digital elevation model. Geomorphology, 29, 339-353.

McWilliams, J.P., I.M. Côté, J.A. Gill, W.J. Sutherland and A.R. Watkinson, 2005: Accelerating impacts of temperature-induced coral bleaching in the Caribbean. Ecology, 86, 2055-2060.

Mendes, J.M. and J.D. Woodley, 2002: Effect of the 1995-1996 bleaching event on polyp tissue depth, growth, reproduction and skeletal band formation in Montastraea annularis. Mar. Ecol.–Prog. Ser., 235, 93-102.

Menendez, R., A.G. Megias, J.K. Hill, B. Braschler, S.G. Willis, Y. Collingham, R. Fox, D.B. Roy and C.D. Thomas, 2006: Species richness changes lag behind climate change. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 273, 1465-1470.

Menzel, A., 2000: Trends in phenological phases in Europe between 1951 and 1996. Int. J. Biometeorol., 44, 76-81.

Menzel, A., 2002: Phenology: its importance to the global change community. Climatic Change, 54, 379-385.

Menzel, A., 2003: Plant phenological anomalies in Germany and their relation to air temperature and NAO. Climatic Change, 57, 243-263.

Menzel, A. and P. Fabian, 1999: Growing season extended in Europe. Nature, 397, 659-659.

Menzel, A. and N. Estrella, 2001: Plant phenological changes. “Fingerprints” of Climate Change: Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges, G.-R. Walther, C.A. Burga and P.J. Edwards, Eds., Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 123-137.

Menzel, A. and V. Dose, 2005: Analysis of long-term time series of the beginning of flowering by Bayesian function estimation. Meteorol. Z., 14, 429-434.

Menzel, A., N. Estrella and P. Fabian, 2001: Spatial and temporal variability of the phenological seasons in Germany from 1951 to 1996. Glob. Change Biol., 7, 657-666.

Menzel, A., G. Jakobi, R. Ahas, H. Scheifinger and N. Estrella, 2003: Variations of the climatological growing season (1951-2000) in Germany compared with other countries. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 793-812.

Menzel, A., A. Estrella and A. Testka, 2005a: temperature response rates from long-term phenological records. Climate Res., 30, 21-28.

Menzel, A., T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella and S. Eckhardt, 2005b: ‘SSW to NNE’: North Atlantic Oscillation affects the progress of seasons across Europe. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 909-918.

Menzel, A., T. Sparks, N. Estrella and D.B. Roy, 2006a: Geographic and temporal variability in phenology. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 15, 498-504.

Menzel, A., T.H. Sparks, N. Estrella, E. Koch, A. Aasa, R. Ahas, K. Alm-Kübler, P. Bissolli, O. Braslavská, A. Briede, F.M. Chmielewski, Z. Crepinsek, Y. Curnel, Å. Dahl, C. Defila, A. Donnelly, Y. Filella, K. Jatczak, F. Måge, A. Mestre, Ø. Nordli, J. Peñuelas, P. Pirinen, V. Remi?ová, H. Scheifinger, M. Striz, A. Susnik, A.J.H. van Vliet, F.-E. Wielgolaski, S. Zach and A. Zust, 2006b: European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1969-1976.

Menzel, A., J. von Vopelius, N. Estrella, C. Schleip and V. Dose, 2006c: Farmers’ annual activities are not tracking speed of climate change. Climate Res., 32, 201-207.

Meshinev, T., I. Apostolova and E. Koleva, 2000: Influence of warming on timberline rising: a case study on Pinus peuce Griseb. in Bulgaria. Phytocoenologia, 30, 431-438.

Mestas-Nunez, A.M. and A.J. Miller, 2006: Interdecadal variability and climate change in the eastern tropical Pacific: a review. Prog. Oceanogr., 69, 267-284.

Michelutti, N., M.S.V. Douglas and J.P. Smol, 2003: Diatom response to recent climatic change in a high arctic lake (Char Lake, Cornwallis Island, Nunavut). Global Planet. Change, 38, 257-271.

Middleton, E.M., J.R. Herman, E.A. Celarier, J.W. Wilkinson, C. Carey and R.J. Rusin, 2001: Evaluating ultraviolet radiation exposure with satellite data at sites of amphibian declines in Central and South America. Conserv. Biol., 15, 914-929.

Millar, J.S. and E.J. Herdman, 2004: Climate change and the initiation of spring breeding by deer mice in the Kananaskis Valley, 1985-2003. Can. J. Zool., 82, 1444-1450.

Milly, P.C.D., R.T. Wetherald, K.A. Dunne and T.L. Delworth, 2002: Increasing risk of great floods in a changing climate. Nature, 415, 514-517.

Milly, P.C.D., K.A. Dunne and A.V. Vecchia, 2005: Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate. Nature, 438, 347-350.

Mimura, N. and P.D. Nunn, 1998: Trends of beach erosion and shoreline protection in rural Fiji. J. Coastal Res., 14, 37-46.

Mitchell, J.F.B., D.J. Karoly, M.R. Allen, G. Hegerl, F. Zwiers and J. Marengo, 2001: Detection of climate change and attribution of causes. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J.T. Houghton, Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell and C.A. Johnson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 695-738.

Mohr, J.J. and R. Forsberg, 2002: Remote sensing: searching for new islands in sea ice: coastlines concealed in polar seas are now more accessible to cartography. Nature, 416, 35-35.

Moiseev, P.A. and S.G. Shiyatov, Eds., 2003: Vegetation dynamics at the treeline ecotone in the Ural highlands, Russia. Alpine Biodiversity in Europe: A Europe-wide Assessment of Biological Richness and Change, L. Nagy, G. Grabherr, C. Körner and D.B.A. Thompson, Eds., Ecological Studies 167, Springer, Berlin, 423-435.

Mölg, T., D.R. Hardy, N. Cullen and G. Kaser, 2005: Tropical glaciers in the context of climate change and society: focus on Kilimanjaro (East Africa). Contribution to Mountain Glaciers and Society Workshop. California University Press, Wengen, 28 pp.

Molyneux, D., 2003: Climate change and tropical disease: common themes in changing vector-borne disease scenarios. T. Roy. Soc. Trop Med. H., 97, 129-32.

Mool, P.K., D. Wangda and S.R. Bajracharya, 2001: Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods: Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region. ICIMOD, Bhutan, Kathmandu, 227 pp.

Moonen, A.C., L. Ercoli, M. Mariotti and A. Masoni, 2002: Climate change in Italy indicated by agrometeorological indices over 122 years. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 111, 13-27.

Mueller, D.R., W.F. Vincent and M.O. Jeffries, 2003: Break-up of the largest Arctic ice shelf and associated loss of an epishelf lake. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2031, doi:10.1029/2003GL017931.

Muir Wood, R., S. Miller and A. Boissonnade, 2006: The search for trends in a global catalogue of normalized weather-related catastrophe losses. Workshop on Climate Change and Disaster Losses: Understanding and Attributing Trends and Projections. Hohenkammer, Munich, 188-194.

Munich Re Group, 2005: Annual Review: Natural Catastrophes 2004. WKD Offsetdruck GmbH, Munich, 60 pp.

Myneni, R.B., C.D. Keeling, C.J. Tucker, G. Asrar and R.R. Nemani, 1997: Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature, 386, 698-702.

Nabuurs, G.J., A. Pussinen, T. Karjalainen, M. Erhard and K. Kramer, 2002: Stemwood volume increment changes in European forests due to climate change: a simulation study with the EFISCEN model. Glob. Change Biol., 8, 304-316.

Nelson, F.E., 2003: (Un)frozen in time. Science, 299, 1673-1675.

Nemani, R.R., M.A. White, D.R. Cayan, G.V. Jones, S.W. Running, J.C. Coughlan and D.L. Peterson, 2001: Asymmetric warming over coastal California and its impact on the premium wine industry. Climate Res., 19, 25-34.

Nemani, R.R., C.D. Keeling, H. Hashimoto, W.M. Jolly, S.C. Piper, C.J. Tucker, R.B. Myneni and S.W. Running, 2003: Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science, 300, 1560-1563.

Newman, J.A., 2005: Climate change and the fate of cereal aphids in Southern Britain. Glob. Change Biol., 11, 940-944.

Nicol, F., 2004: Adaptive thermal comfort standards in the hot-humid tropics. Energ. Buildings, 36, 628-637.

NOAA, 2005: Preliminary Report: Hurricane Katrina storm tide summary. Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, U.S. Department of Commerce National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20 pp.

Noetzli, J., M. Hoelzle and W. Haeberli, 2003: Mountain permafrost and recent Alpine rock-fall events: a GIS-based approach to determine critical factors. 8th International Conference on Permafrost, Zürich, Proceedings Vol. 2, M. Phillips, S. Springman and L. Arenson, Eds., Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, 827-832.

Nowakowski, J.J., 2002: Variation of morphometric parameters within the Savi’s warbler (Locustella luscinioides) population in eastern Poland. Ring, 24, 49.

Nyberg, P., E. Bergstand, E. Degerman and O. Enderlein, 2001: Recruitment of pelagic fish in an unstable climate: studies in Sweden’s four largest lakes. Ambio, 30, 559-564.

Nyssen, J., J. Poesen, J. Moeyersons, J. Deckers, M. Haile and A. Lang, 2004: Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands: a state of the art. Earth-Sci. Rev., 64, 273-320.

O’Reilly, C.M., 2007: The impact of recent global climate change on the East Africa Rift Valley lakes. Earth-Sci. Rev., submitted.

O’Reilly, C.M., S.R. Alin, P.D. Plisnier, A.S. Cohen and B.A. McKee, 2003: Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa. Nature, 424, 766-768.

OECD, 2007: Climate change in the European Alps. Adapting Winter Tourism and Natural Hazards Management, Shardul Agrawala Ed., OECD Publishing, Paris, 127 pp.

Ohde, S. and M.M.M. Hossain, 2004: Effect of CaCO3 (aragonite) saturation state of seawater on calcification of Porites coral. Geochem. J., 38, 613-621.

Opdam, P. and D. Wascher, 2004: Climate change meets habitat fragmentation: linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation. Biol. Conserv., 117, 285-297.

Orviku, K., J. Jaagus, A. Kont, U. Ratas and R. Rivis, 2003: Increasing activity of coastal processes associated with climate change in Estonia. J. Coastal Res., 19, 364-375.

Ozaki, N., T. Fukushima, H. Harasawa, T. Kojiri, K. Kawashima and M. Ono, 2003: Statistical analyses on the effects of air temperature fluctuations on river water qualities. Hydrol. Process., 17, 2837-2853.

Pagano, T. and D. Garen, 2005: A recent increase in western US streamflow variability and persistence. J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 173-179.

Pagliosa, P.R. and F.A.R. Barbosa, 2006: Assessing the environment–benthic fauna coupling in protected and urban areas of southern Brazil. Biol. Conserv., 129, 408-417.

Parmesan, C., 2006: Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S., 37, 637-669.

Parmesan, C. and G. Yohe, 2003: A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems. Nature, 421, 37-42.

Parmesan, C. and H. Galbraith, 2004: Observed impacts of global climate change in the US. Report prepared for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Washington, District of Columbia, 67 pp.

Parmesan, C., N. Rhyrholm, C. Stefanescu, J.K. Hill, C.D. Thomas, H. Descimon, B. Huntley, L. Kalia, J. Kullberg, T. Tammaru, W.J. Tennent, J.A. Thomas and M. Warren, 1999: Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature, 399, 579-583.

Parmesan, C., T.L. Root and M.R. Willig, 2000: Impacts of extreme weather and climate on terrestrial biota. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81, 443-450.

Pascual, M., A. Ahumada, L.F. Chaves, X. Rodo and M.J. Bouma, 2006: Malaria resurgence in the East African highlands: temperature trends revisited. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 5829-5834.

Patz, J.A., M. Hulme, C. Rosenzweig, T.D. Mitchell, R.A. Goldberg, A.K. Githeko, S. Lele, A.J. McMichael and D. Le Sueur, 2002: Climate change: regional warming and malaria resurgence. Nature, 420, 627-628.

Patz, J.A., D. Campbell-Lendrum, T. Holloway and J.A.N. Foley, 2005: Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature, 438, 310-317.

Pauli, H., M. Gottfried and G. Grabherr, 2001. High summits of the Alps in a changing climate. “Fingerprints” of Climate Change: Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges, G.-R. Walther, C.A. Burga and P.J. Edwards, Eds., Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 139-149.

Pauli, H., M. Gottfried, T. Dirnbock, S. Dullinger and G. Grabherr, 2003: Assessing the long-term dynamics of endemic plants at summit habitats. Alpine Biodiversity in Europe: A Europe-wide Assessment of Biological Richness and Change, L. Nagy, G. Grabherr, C. Körner and D.B.A. Thompson, Eds., Ecological Studies 167, Springer, Heidelberg, 195-207.

Pelejero, C., E. Calvo, M.T. McCulloch, J.F. Marshall, M.K. Gagan, J.M. Lough and B.N. Opdyke, 2005: Preindustrial to modern interdecadal variability in coral reef pH. Science, 309, 2204-2207.

Peña, H. and F. Escobar, 1985: Análisis de las crecidas del río Paine, XII Región. Publicación Interna E.H. N. 83/7, 78 pp.

Peng, S.B., J.L. Huang, J.E. Sheehy, R.C. Laza, R.M. Visperas, X.H. Zhong, G.S. Centeno, G.S. Khush and K.G. Cassman, 2004: Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 9971-9975.

Penland, S., P.F. Connor, A. Beall, S. Fearnley and S.J. Williams, 2005: Changes in Louisiana’s shoreline: 1855-2002. J. Coastal Res., 44, S7-S39.

Peñuelas, J. and M. Boada, 2003: A global change-induced biome shift in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain). Glob. Change Biol., 9, 131-140.

Peñuelas, J., I. Filella and P. Comas, 2002: Changed plant and animal life cycles from 1952 to 2000 in the Mediterranean region. Glob. Change Biol., 8, 531-544.

Perren, B.B., R.S. Bradley and P. Francus, 2003: Rapid lacustrine response to recent High Arctic warming: a diatom record from Sawtooth Lake, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 271-278.

Perry, A.L., P.J. Low, J.R. Ellis and J.D. Reynolds, 2005: Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science, 308, 1912-1915.

Petheram, C., G. Walker, R. Grayson, T. Thierfelder and L. Zhang, 2001: Towards a framework for predicting impacts of land-use on recharge. Aust. J. Soil Res., 40, 397-417.

Phillips, O.L., T.R. Baker, L. Arroyo, N. Higuchi, T.J. Killeen, W.F. Laurance, S.L. Lewis, J. Lloyd, Y. Malhi, A. Monteagudo, D.A. Neill, P.N. Vargas, J.N.M. Silva, J. Terborgh, R.V. Martinez, M. Alexiades, S. Almeida, S. Brown, J. Chave, J.A. Comiskey, C.I. Czimczik, A. Di Fiore, T. Erwin, C. Kuebler, S.G. Laurance, H.E.M. Nascimento, J. Olivier, W. Palacios, S. Patino, N.C.A. Pitman, C.A. Quesada, M. Salidas, A.T. Lezama and B. Vinceti, 2004: Pattern and process in Amazon tree turnover, 1976-2001. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 359, 381-407.

Pielke, R.A. and C.W. Landsea, 1998: Normalized hurricane damages in the United States: 1925-95. Weather Forecast., 13, 621-631.

Pielke, R.A. and P. Hoppe, 2006: Workshop summary report. Workshop on Climate Change and Disaster Losses: Understanding and Attributing Trends and Projections. Hohenkammer, Munich, 4-12.

Pielke, R.A., Jr., M.W. Downton and J.Z. Barnard Miller, 2002: Flood Damage in the United States, 1926-2000: A Reanalysis of National Weather Service Estimates. National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), Boulder, Colorado, 96 pp.

Pielke, R.A., J. Rubiera, C. Landsea, M.L. Fernandez and R. Klein, 2003: Hurricane vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean: normalized damage and loss potentials. Natural Hazards Review, 4, 101-114.

Pielke, R.A., C. Landsea, K. Emanuel, M. Mayfield, J. Laver and R. Pasch, 2005: Hurricanes and global warming. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 1571.

Pilcher, J. and V. Hall, 2001. Flora Hibernica: The Wild Flowers, Plants and Trees of Ireland. Collins Press, Cork, 203 pp.

Pirazzoli, P.A., H. Regnauld and L. Lemasson, 2004: Changes in storminess and surges in western France during the last century. Mar. Geol., 210, S307-S323.

Post, E. and M. Forchhammer, 2002: Synchronization of animal population dynamics by large-scale climate. Nature, 420, 168-171.

Pounds, J.A., M.R. Bustamante, L.A. Coloma, J.A. Consuegra, M.P.L. Fogden, P.N. Foster, E. La Marca, K.L. Masters, A. Merino-Viteri, R. Puschendorf, S.R. Ron, G.A. Sanchez-Azofeifa, C.J. Still and B.E. Young, 2006: Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature, 439, 161-167.

Pouyaud, B., M. Zapata, J. Yerren, J. Gomez, G. Rosas, W. Suarez and P. Ribstein, 2005: Avenir des ressources en eau glaciaire de la Cordillère Blanche. Hydrolog. Sci. J., 50, 999-1022.

Power, S., B. Sadler and N. Nicholls, 2005: The influence of climate science on water management in Western Australia: lessons for climate scientists. B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 839-844.

Pretlove, S.E.C. and T. Oreszczyn, 1998: Climate change: impact on the environmental design of buildings. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 19, 55-58.

Prospero, J.M. and P.J. Lamb, 2003: African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean, climate change implications. Science, 302, 1024-27.

Prowse, T.D. and S. Beltaos, 2002: Climatic control of river-ice hydrology: a review. Hydrol. Process., 16, 805-822.

Psenner, R. and R. Schmidt, 1992: Climate-driven pH control of remote Alpine lakes and effects of acid deposition. Nature, 356, 781-783.

Purse, B.V., P.S. Mellor, D.J. Rogers, A.R. Samuel, P.P. Mertens and M. Baylis, 2006: Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 4, 160.

Quinn, T.P. and D.J. Adams, 1996: Environmental changes affecting the migratory timing of American shad and sockeye salmon. Ecology, 77, 1151-1162.

Raitsos, D.E., P.C. Reid, S.J. Lavender, M. Edwards and A.J. Richardson, 2005: Extending the SeaWiFS chlorophyll data set back 50 years in the northeast Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06603.

Ramirez, E., B. Francou, P. Ribstein, M. Descloitres, R. Guerin, J. Mendoza, R. Gallaire, B. Pouyaud and E. Jordan, 2001: Small glaciers disappearing in the tropical Andes: a case-study in Bolivia – Glaciar Chacaltaya (16°S). J. Glaciol., 47, 187-194.

Randolph, S.E., 2001: The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 356, 1045-1056.

Rasmussen, A., 2002: The effects of climate change on the birch pollen season in Denmark. Aerobiologia, 18, 253-265.

Reading, C.J., 2003: The effects of variation in climatic temperature (1980-2001) on breeding activity and tadpole stage duration in the common toad, Bufo bufo. Sci. Total Environ., 310, 231-236.

Regehr, E.V., S.C. Amstrup and I. Stirling, 2006: Polar bear population status in the southern Beaufort Sea. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-1337, 20 pp.

Regonda, S.K., B. Rajagopalan, M. Clark and J. Pitlick, 2005: Seasonal cycle shifts in hydroclimatology over the western United States. J. Climate, 18, 372-384.

Reichert, B.K., L. Bengtsson and J. Oerlemans, 2002: Recent glacier retreat exceeds internal variability. J. Climate, 15, 3069-3081.

Reid, P.C. and M. Edwards, 2001: Long-term changes in the pelagos, benthos and fisheries of the North Sea. Burning Issues of North Sea Ecology, I. Kröncke, M. Türkay and J. Sündermann, Eds., Senckenbergiana Maritima, 31, 107-115.

Reid, P.C., M. Edwards, H.G. Hunt and A.J. Warner, 1998: Phytoplankton change in the North Atlantic. Nature, 391, 546-546.

Restrepo, J.D., B. Kjerfve, I. Correa and J. Gonzalez, 2002: Morphodynamics of a high discharge tropical delta, San Juan River, Pacific coast of Colombia. Mar. Geol., 192, 355-381.

Richardson, S.D. and J.M. Reynolds, 2000. An overview of glacial hazards in the Himalayas. Quatern. Int., 65/66, 31-47.

Richardson, A.J. and D.S. Schoeman, 2004: Climate impact on plankton ecosystems in the Northeast Atlantic. Science, 305, 1609-1612.

Rindfuss, R.R., S.J. Walsh, B.L. Turner, J. Fox and V. Mishra, 2004: Developing a science of land change: challenges and methodological issues. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 13976-13981.

Rivera, A., G. Casassa, R. Thomas, E. Rignot, R. Zamora, D. Antúnez, C. Acuña and F. Ordenes, 2005: Glacier wastage on Southern Adelaide Island and its impact on snow runway operations. Ann. Glaciol., 41, 57-62.

Robeson, S.M., 2002: Increasing growing-season length in Illinois during the 20th century. Climatic Change, 52, 219-238.

Rodo, X., M. Pascual, G. Fuchs and A.S.G. Faruque, 2002: ENSO and cholera: a nonstationary link related to climate change? P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99, 12901-12906.

Roemmich, D. and J. McGowan, 1995: Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the California current. Science, 267, 1324-1326.

Rogers, K., K.M. Wilton and N. Saintilan, 2006: Vegetation change and surface elevation dynamics in estuarine wetlands of southeast Australia. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 66, 559-569.

Rogora, M., R. Mosello and S. Arisci, 2003: The effect of climate warming on the hydrochemistry of Alpine lakes. Water Air Soil Pollut., 148, 347-361.

Ron, S.R., W.E. Duellman, L.A. Coloma and M.R. Bustamante, 2003: Population decline of the Jambato toad Atelopus ignescens (Anura: Bufonidae) in the Andes of Ecuador. J. Herpetol., 37, 116-126.

Root, T.L. and S.H. Schneider, 2002. Climate change: overview and implications for wildlife. Wildlife Responses to Climate Change: North American Case Studies, T.L. Root and S.H. Schneider, Eds., Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia, 1-56.

Root, T.L., J.T. Price, K.R. Hall, S.H. Schneider, C. Rosenzweig and J.A. Pounds, 2003: Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature, 421, 57-60.

Root, T.L., D.P. MacMynowski, M.D. Mastrandrea and S.H. Schneider, 2005: Human-modified temperatures induce species changes: Joint attribution. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 7465-7469.

Rose, G.A. and R.L. O’Driscoll, 2002: Capelin are good for cod: can the northern stock rebuild without them? ICES J. Mar. Sci., 59, 1018-1026.

Rose, J.B., D.E. Huffman and A. Gennaccaro, 2002: Risk and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 26, 113-123.

Ross, M.S., J.F. Meeder, J.P. Sah, P.L. Ruiz and G.J. Telesnicki, 2000: The southeast saline everglades revisited: 50 years of coastal vegetation change. J. Veg. Sci., 11, 101-112.

Roy, D.B. and T.H. Sparks, 2000: Phenology of British butterflies and climate change. Glob. Change Biol., 6, 407.

Royal Society, 2005: Ocean Acidification due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Royal Society, London, 68 pp.

Rudel, T.K., O.T. Coomes, E. Moran, F. Achard, A. Angelsen, J. Xu and E.F. Lambin, 2005: Forest transitions: towards a global understanding of land use change. Global Environ. Chang., 15, 23-31.

Ruhland, K., A. Presnitz and J.P. Smol, 2003: Paleolimnological evidence from diatoms for recent environmental changes in 50 lakes across Canadian arctic treeline. Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 110-123.

Sagarin, R.D., J.P. Barry, S.E. Gilman and C.H. Baxter, 1999: Climate-related change in an intertidal community over short and long time scales. Ecol. Monogr., 69, 465-490.

Saino, N., M. Romano, R. Ambrosini, R.P. Ferrari and A.P. Moller, 2004: Timing of reproduction and egg quality covary with temperature in the insectivorous barn swallow, Hirundo rustica. Funct. Ecol., 18, 50-57.

Saintilan, N. and R.J. Williams, 1999: Mangrove transgression into saltmarsh environments in south-east Australia. Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 8, 117-124.

Sanders, C.H. and M.C. Phillipson, 2003: UK adaptation strategy and technical measures: the impacts of climate change on buildings. Build. Res. Inf., 31, 210-221.

Sanz, J., 2003: Large-scale effects of climate change on breeding parameters of pied flycatchers in Western Europe. Ecography, 26, 45-50.

Sauphanor, B. and T. Boivin, 2004: Changement climatique et résistance du carpocapse aux insecticides. Journées MICCES 2004, 2 pp.

Schaber, J., 2002: Phenology in Germany in the 20th century: methods, analyses and models, Dissertation, Department of Geoecology, University of Potsdam, 164 pp.

Schär, C., P.L. Vidale, D. Luthi, C. Frei, C. Haberli, M.A. Liniger and C. Appenzeller, 2004: The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves. Nature, 427, 332-336.

Scheifinger, H., A. Menzel, E. Koch, C. Peter and R. Ahas, 2002: Atmospheric mechanisms governing the spatial and temporal variability of phenological phases in central Europe. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1739-1755.

Schindler, D.E., D.E. Rogers, M.D. Scheuerell and C.A. Abrey, 2005: Effects of changing climate on zooplankton and juvenile sockeye salmon growth in southwestern Alaska. Ecology, 86, 198-209.

Schindler, D.E., C. Baldwin, J. Carter, J. Fox, T.B. Francis, S.E. Hampton, G. Holtgrieve, S.P. Johnson, J.W. Moore, W.J. Palen, C. Ruff, J.M. Scheuerell, H. Tallis and M. Winder, 2007: Climate change and responses of freshwater ecosystems. BioScience, submitted.

Schindler, D.W., K.G. Beaty, E.J. Fee, D.R. Cruikshank, E.R. Debruyn, D.L. Findlay, G.A. Linsey, J.A. Shearer, M.P. Stainton and M.A. Turner, 1990: Effects of climatic warming on lakes of the central Boreal Forest. Science, 250, 967-970.

Schleip, C., A. Menzel, N. Estrella and V. Dose, 2006: The use of Bayesian analysis to detect recent changes in phenological events throughout the year. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 141, 179-191.

Schwartz, M.D. and B.E. Reiter, 2000: Changes in North American spring. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 929-932.

Schwartz, M.D. and X. Chen, 2002: Examining the onset of spring in China. Climate Res., 21, 157-164.

Schwörer, D.A., 1997: Bergführer und Klimaänderung: eine Untersuchung im Berninagebiet über mögliche Auswirkungen einer Klimaänderung auf den Bergführerberuf (Mountain guides and climate change: an inquiry into possible effects of climatic change on the mountain guide trade in the Bernina region, Switzerland). Diplomarbeit der philosophisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bern.

Seguin, B., M. Domergue, I.G.D. Cortazar, N. Brisson and D. Ripoche, 2004: Le réchauffement climatique récent: impact sur les arbres fruitiers et la vigne. Lett. PIGB-PMRC France Changement Global, 16, 50-54.

Sekercioglu, C.H., G.C. Daily and P.R. Ehrlich, 2004: Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 18042-18047.

Selvaraju, R., 2003: Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on Indian foodgrain production. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 187-206.

Semenov, S.M., V.V. Yasukevich and E.S. Gel’ver, 2006: Identification of Climatogenic Changes. Publishing Center, Meteorology and Hydrology, Moscow, 325 pp.

Serreze, M., D. Bromwich, M. Clark, A. Etringer, T. Zhang and R. Lammers, 2002: Large scale hydroclimatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 108, 8160.

Shanks, G.D., S.I. Hay, D.I. Stern, K. Biomndo and R.W. Snow, 2002: Meteorologic influences on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the highland tea estates of Kericho, western Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8, 1404-1408.

Shimaraev, M.N. and V.M. Domysheva, 2004: Climate and processes in Lake Baikal ecosystem at present. The VIth All-Russia Hydrological Congress: Abstracts of Papers 4, 287-288 (in Russian).

Shimoda, Y., 2003: Adaptation measures for climate change and the urban heat island in Japan’s built environment. Build. Res. Inf., 31, 222-230.

Simmons, A.D. and C.D. Thomas, 2004: Changes in dispersal during species’ range expansions. Am. Nat., 164, 378.

Singh, B. and A.E. Fouladi, 2003: Coastal erosion in Trinidad in the southern Caribbean: probable causes and solutions. Coastal Engineering VI: Computer Modelling and Experimental Measurements of Seas and Coastal Regions, C.A. Brebbia, D. Almorza and F. López-Aguayo, Eds., WIT Press, Southampton, 397-406.

Smith, L.C., 2000: Trends in Russian Arctic river-ice formation and breakup, 1917 to 1994. Phys. Geogr., 21, 46-56.

Smith, L.C., Y. Cheng, G.M. MacDonald and L.D. Hinzman, 2005: Disappearing Arctic lakes. Science, 308, 1429.

Smith, T.M. and R.W. Reynolds, 2005: A global merged land air and sea surface temperature reconstruction based on historical observations (1880-1997). J. Climate, 18, 2021-2036.

Smith, V.R., 2002: Climate change in the sub-Antarctic: an illustration from Marion Island. Climatic Change, 52, 345-357.

Smol, J.P., A.P. Wolfe, H.J.B. Birks, M.S.V. Douglas, V.J. Jones, A. Korhola, R. Pienitz, K. Ruhland, S. Sorvari, D. Antoniades, S.J. Brooks, M.A. Fallu, M. Hughes, B.E. Keatley, T.E. Laing, N. Michelutti, L. Nazarova, M. Nyman, A.M. Paterson, B. Perren, R. Quinlan, M. Rautio, E. Saulnier-Talbot, S. Siitoneni, N. Solovieva and J. Weckstrom, 2005: Climate-driven regime shifts in the biological communities of arctic lakes. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 4397-4402.

Sobrino, V.E., M.A. González, M. Sanz-Elorza, E. Dana, D. Sánchez-Mata and R. Gavilan, 2001: The expansion of thermophilic plants in the Iberian Peninsula as a sign of climate change. “Fingerprints” of Climate Change: Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges, G.-R. Walther, C.A. Burga and P.J. Edwards, Eds., Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 163-184.

Sokolov, L.V., M.Y. Markovets, A.P. Shapoval and Y.G. Morozov, 1998: Long-term trends in the timing of spring migration of passerines on the Courish spit of the Baltic Sea. Avian Ecology and Behaviour, 1, 1-21.

Sommaruga-Wograth, S., K.A. Koinig, R. Schmidt, R. Sommaruga, R. Tessadri and R. Psenner, 1997: Temperature effects on the acidity of remote alpine lakes. Nature, 387, 64-67.

Sorvari, S., A. Korhola and R. Thompson, 2002: Lake diatom response to recent Arctic warming in Finnish Lapland. Glob. Change Biol., 8, 171-181.

Southward, A.J., O. Langmead, N.J. Hardman-Mountford, J. Aiken, G.T. Boalch, P.R. Dando, M.J. Genner, I. Joint, M.A. Kendall, N.C. Halliday, R.P. Harris, R. Leaper, N. Mieszkowska, R.D. Pingree, A.J. Richardson, D.W. Sims, T. Smith, A.W. Walne and S.J. Hawkins, 2005: Long-term oceanographic and ecological research in the western English Channel. Adv. Mar. Biol., 47, 1-105.

Spagnoli, B., S. Planton, M. Deque, O. Mestre and J.M. Moisselin, 2002: Detecting climate change at a regional scale: the case of France. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi:10.1029/2001GL014619.

Sparks, T.H. and R.G. Loxton, Eds.,1999: Arrival date of the swallow. Indicators of Climate Change in the UK. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Huntington, 62-63.

Sparks, T.H. and O. Braslavska, 2001: The effect of temperature, altitude and latitude on the arrival and departure dates of the swallow Hirundo rustica in the Slovak Republic. Int. J. Biometeorol., 45, 212-216.

Sparks, T.H. and A. Menzel, 2002: Observed changes in seasons: an overview. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1715.

Sparks, T.H., H. Heyen, O. Braslavska and E. Lehikoinen, 1999: Are European birds migrating earlier? BTO News, 223, 8.

Sparks, T.H., E.P. Jeffree and C.E. Jeffree, 2000: An examination of the relationship between flowering times and temperature at the national scale using long-term phenological records from the UK. Int. J. Biometeorol., 44, 82-87.

Steemers, K., 2003: Cities, energy and comfort: a PLEA 2000 review. Energ. Buildings, 35, 1-2.

Stefanescu, C., J. Peñuelas and I. Filella, 2003: Effects of climatic change on the phenology of butterflies in the northwest Mediterranean Basin. Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1494-1506.

Steininger, K.W. and H. Weck-Hannemann, Eds., 2002: Global Environmental Change in Alpine Regions: Recognition, Impact, Adaptation and Mitigation. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 296 pp.

Stenseth, N.C., A. Mysterud, G. Ottersen, J.W. Hurrell, K.S. Chan and M. Lima, 2002: Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science, 297, 1292-1296.

Stervander, M., K. Lindstrom, N. Jonzen and A. Andersson, 2005: Timing of spring migration in birds: long-term trends, North Atlantic Oscillation and the significance of different migration routes. J. Avian Biol., 36, 210-221.

Stirling, I. and C.L. Parkinson, 2006: Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic, 59, 261-275.

Stive, M.J.F., 2004: How important is global warming for coastal erosion? An editorial comment. Climatic Change, 64, 27-39.

Stone, R.S., E.G., Dutton, J.M. Harris and D. Longenecker, 2002: Earlier spring snowmelt in northern Alaska as an indicator of climate change. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 107, doi:10.1029/2000JD000286.

Straile, D. and R. Adrian, 2000: The North Atlantic Oscillation and plankton dynamics in two European lakes: two variations on a general theme. Glob. Change Biol., 6, 663-670.

Straile, D., K. Johns and H. Rossknecht, 2003: Complex effects of winter warming on the physicochemical characteristics of a deep lake. Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1432-1438.

Strode, P.K., 2003: Implications of climate change for North American wood warblers (Parulidae). Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1137-1144.

Sturm, M., C. Racine and K. Tape, 2001: Climate change: increasing shrub abundance in the Arctic. Nature, 411, 546-547.

Su, Y.Z., H.L. Zhao, T.H. Zhang and X.Y. Zhao, 2004: Soil properties following cultivation and non-grazing of a semi-arid sandy grassland in northern China. Soil Till. Res., 75, 27-36.

Sutherst, R.W., 2004: Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 17, 136.

Svensson, C., J. Hannaford, Z.W. Kundzewicz and T.J. Marsh, 2006: Trends in river floods: why is there no clear signal in observations? IAHS/UNESCO Kovacs Colloquium: Frontiers in Flood Research, 305, 1-18.

Swiss Reinsurance Company, 2005: Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2004. Swiss Reinsurance Company. Economic Research and Consulting, Zürich, 40 pp.

Sydeman, W.J., M.M. Hester, J.A. Thayer, F. Gress, P. Martin and J. Buffa, 2001: Climate change, reproductive performance and diet composition of marine birds in the southern California Current system, 1969-1997. Prog. Oceanogr., 49, 309-329.

Syvitski, J.P.M., N. Harvey, E. Wolanski, W.C. Burnett, G.M.E. Perillo, V. Gornitz, 2005a: Dynamics of the coastal zone. Coastal Fluxes in the Anthropocene, C.J. Crossland, H.H. Kremer, H.J. Lindeboom, J.I.M. Crossland and M.D.A. Le Tissier, Eds., Springer, Berlin, 39-94.

Syvitski, J.P.M., C.J. Vorosmarty, A.J. Kettner and P. Green, 2005b: Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science, 308, 376-380.

Tamis, W.L.M., M. Van’t Zelfde and R. Van der Meijden, 2001: Changes in vascular plant biodiversity in the Netherlands in the 20th century explained by climatic and other environmental characteristics. Long-term Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes, H. Van Oene, W.N. Ellis, M.M.P.D. Heijmans, D. Mauquoy, W.L.M. Tamis, F. Berendse, B. Van Geel, R. Van der Meijden and S.A. Ulenberg, Eds., NOP, Bilthoven, 23-51.

Tank, A.M.G.K. and G.P. Konnen, 2003: Trends in indices of daily temperature and precipitation extremes in Europe, 1946-99. J. Climate, 16, 3665-1680.

Taylor, J.A., A.P. Murdock and N.I. Pontee, 2004: A macroscale analysis of coastal steepening around the coast of England and Wales. Geogr. J., 170, 179-188.

Teranishi, H., Y. Kenda, T. Katoh, M. Kasuya, E. Oura and H. Taira, 2000: Possible role of climate change in the pollen scatter of Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica in Japan. Climate Res., 14, 65-70.

Thampanya, U., J.E. Vermaat, S. Sinsakul and N. Papapitukkul, 2006: Coastal erosion and mangrove progradation of southern Thailand. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 68, 75-85.

Theurillat, J.P. and A. Guisan, 2001: Potential impact of climate change on vegetation in the European Alps: a review. Climatic Change, 50, 77-109.

Thomas, C.D., 2005: Recent evolutionary effects of climate change. Climate Change and Biodiversity, T.E. Lovejoy and L. Hannah, Eds., Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 75-90.

Thomas, C.D., E.J. Bodsworth, R.J. Wilson, A.D. Simmons, Z.G. Davies, M. Musche and L. Conradt, 2001a: Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins. Nature, 411, 577-581.

Thomas, C.D., A. Cameron, R.E. Green, M. Bakkenes, L.J. Beaumont, Y.C. Collingham, B.F.N. Erasmus, M.F. de Siqueira, A. Grainger, L. Hannah, L. Hughes, B. Huntley, A.S. van Jaarsveld, G.F. Midgley, L. Miles, M.A. Ortega-Huerta, A.T. Peterson, O.L. Phillips and S.E. Williams, 2004: Extinction risk from climate change. Nature, 427, 145-148.

Thomas, C.D., A.M.A. Franco and J.K. Hill, 2006: Range retractions and extinction in the face of climate warming. Trends Ecol. Evol., 21, 415-416.

Thomas, D., H. Osbahr, C. Twyman, N. Adger and B. Hewitson, 2005: ADAPTIVE: Adaptations to climate change amongst natural resource-dependant societies in the developing world – across the Southern African climate gradient. Research Technical Report 35, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change, Norwich, 47 pp.

Thomas, D.S.G. and C. Twyman, 2005: Equity and justice in climate change adaptation amongst natural resource-dependant societies. Global Environ. Chang., 15, 115-124.

Thomas, D.W., J. Blondel, P. Perret, M.M. Lambrechts and J.R. Speakman, 2001b: Energetic and fitness costs of mismatching resource supply and demand in seasonally breeding birds. Science, 291, 2598-2600.

Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M.E. Davis, P.N. Lin, K. Henderson and T.A. Mashiotta, 2003: Tropical glacier and ice core evidence of climate change on annual to millennial time scales. Climatic Change, 59, 137-155.

Tidemann, C.R., M.J. Vardon, R.A. Loughland and P.J. Brocklehurst, 1999: Dry season camps of flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) in Kakadu World Heritage Area, north Australia. J. Zool., 247, 155-163.

Tillman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D’Antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, D. Schindler, W. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff and D. Swackhamer, 2001: Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science, 292, 281-284.

Trenberth, K.E., P.D. Jones, P.G. Ambenje, R. Bojariu, D.R. Easterling, A.M.G. Klein Tank, D.E. Parker, J.A. Renwick, F. Rahimzadeh, M.M. Rusticucci, B.J. Soden and P.-M. Zhai, 2007: Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 235-336.

Trigo, R.M., R. Garcia-Herrera, J. Diaz, I.F. Trigo and M.A. Valente, 2005: How exceptional was the early August 2003 heatwave in France? Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10701, doi:10.1029/2005GL022410.

Tryjanowski, P., 2002: A long-term comparison of laying date and clutch size in the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) in Silesia, southern Poland. Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. H., 48, 101-106.

Tryjanowski, P., M. Rybacki and T. Sparks, 2003: Changes in the first spawning dates of common frogs and common toads in western Poland in 1978-2002. Ann. Zool. Fenn., 40, 459-464.

Tryjanowski, P., T.H. Sparks, J. Ptaszyk and J. Kosicki, 2004: Do white storks Ciconia ciconia always profit from an early return to their breeding grounds? Bird Study, 51, 222-227.

Tryjanowski, P., T.H. Sparks and P. Profus, 2005: Uphill shifts in the distribution of the white stork Ciconia ciconia in southern Poland: the importance of nest quality. Diversity and Distributions, 11, 219.

Tulu, A.N., 1996: Determinants of malaria transmission in the highlands of Ethiopia: the impact of global warming on morbidity and mortality ascribed to malaria. PhD thesis, University of London, London, 301 pp.

Turalioglu, F.S., A. Nuhoglu and H. Bayraktar, 2005: Impacts of some meteorological parameters on SO2 and TSP concentrations in Erzurum, Turkey. Chemosphere, 59, 1633-1642.

Umina, P.A., A.R. Weeks, M.R. Kearney, S.W. McKechnie and A.A. Hoffmann, 2005: A rapid shift in a classic clinal pattern in Drosophila reflecting climate change. Science, 308, 691-693.

United Nations Development Programme, 2004: Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development. United Nations Development Programme, New York, 161 pp, http://www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/rdr.htm.

USGS, 2006: Land area changes in coastal Louisiana after the 2005 hurricanes. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1274, 2 pp.

Valiela, I., J.L. Bowen and J.K. York, 2001: Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. BioScience, 51, 807-815.

van der Wal, D. and K. Pye, 2004: Patterns, rates and possible causes of saltmarsh erosion in the Greater Thames area (UK). Geomorphology, 61, 373-391.

Van Duivenbooden, N., S. Abdoussalam and A.B. Mohamed, 2002: Impact of climate change on agricultural production in the Sahel. Part 2. Case study for groundnut and cowpea in Niger. Climatic Change, 54, 349-368.

van Noordwijk, A.J., R.H. McCleery and C.M. Perrins, 1995: Selection for the timing of great tit breeding in relation to caterpillar growth and temperature. J. Anim. Ecol., 64, 451-458.

Van Vliet, A.J.H., A. Overeem, R.S. De Groot, A.F.G. Jacobs and F.T.M. Spieksma, 2002: The influence of temperature and climate change on the timing of pollen release in the Netherlands. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1757-1767.

Vare, H., R. Lampinen, C. Humphries and P. Williams, 2003: Taxonomic diversity of vascular plants in the European alpine areas. Alpine Biodiversity in Europe: A Europe-wide Assessment of Biological Richness and Change, L. Nagy, G. Grabherr, C. Körner and D.B.A. Thompson, Ecological Studies 167, Springer, Heidelberg, 133-148.

Verburg, P., R.E. Hecky and H. Kling, 2003: Ecological consequences of a century of warming in Lake Tanganyika. Science, 301, 505-507.

Verheye, H.M., A.J. Richardson, L. Hutchings, G. Marska and D. Gianakouras, 1998: Long-term trends in the abundance and community structure of coastal zooplankton in the southern Benguela system, 1951-1996. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 19, 317-332.

Vesely, J., V. Majer, J. Kopacek and S.A. Norton, 2003: Increasing temperature decreases aluminium concentrations in Central European lakes recovering from acidification. Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 2346-2354.

Vincent, W.F., J.A.E. Gibson and M.O. Jeffries, 2001: Ice-shelf collapse, climate change and habitat loss in the Canadian high Arctic. Polar Rec., 37, 133-142.

Vollmer, M.K., H.A. Bootsma, R.E. Hecky, G. Patterson, J.D. Halfman, J.M. Edmond, D.H. Eccles and R.F. Weiss, 2005: Deep-water warming trend in Lake Malawi, East Africa. Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 727-732.

Vuille, M., R.S. Bradley, M. Werner and F. Keimig, 2003: 20th century climate change in the tropical Andes: observations and model results. Climatic Change, 59, 75-99.

Wall, G., 1998: Implications of global climate change for tourism and recreation in wetland areas. Climatic Change, 40, 371-389.

Walther, G.-R., 2000: Climatic forcing on the dispersal of exotic species. Phytocoenologia, 30, 409.

Walther, G.-R., 2004: Plants in a warmer world. Perspect. Plant Ecol., 6, 169-185.

Walther, G.-R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T.J.C. Beebee, J.M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg and F. Bairlein, 2002: Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416, 389-395.

Walther, G.-R., S. Beissner and C.A. Burga, 2005a: Trends in the upward shift of alpine plants. J. Veg. Sci., 16, 541-548.

Walther, G.-R., S. Berger and M.T. Sykes, 2005b: An ecological ‘footprint’ of climate change. P. Roy. Soc.Lond. B Bio., 272, 1427-1432.

Warren, M.S., J.K. Hill, J.A. Thomas, J. Asher, R. Fox, B. Huntley, D.B. Roy, M.G. Telfer, S. Jeffcoate, P. Harding, G. Jeffcoate, S.G. Willis, J.N. Greatorex-Davies, D. Moss and C.D. Thomas, 2001: Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change. Nature, 414, 65-69.

Watson, R.T. and W. Haeberli, 2004: Environmental threats, mitigation strategies and high mountain areas. Mountain Areas: A Global Resource. Ambio, 13, 2-10.

Webster, P.J., G.J. Holland, J.A. Curry and H.R. Chang, 2005: Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration and intensity in a warming environment. Science, 309, 1844-1846.

Weimerskirch, H., P. Inchausti, C. Guinet and C. Barbraud 2003: Trends in bird and seal populations as indicators of a system shift in the Southern Ocean. Antarct. Sci., 15, 249-256.

Weissflog, L., N. Elansky, E. Putz, G. Krueger, C.A. Lange, L. Lisitzina and A. Pfennigsdorff, 2004: Trichloroacetic acid in the vegetation of polluted and remote areas of both hemispheres. Part II. Salt lakes as novel sources of natural chlorohydrocarbons. Atmos, Environ,, 38, 4197-4204.

Weladji, R. and Ø. Holand, 2003: Global climate change and reindeer: effects of winter weather on the autumn weight and growth of calves. Oecologia, 136, 317-323.

Werrity, A., A. Black, R. Duck, B. Finlinson, N. Thurston, S. Shackley and D. Crichton 2002: Climate Change: Flooding Occurrences Review. Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, Edinburgh, 94 pp.

West, C.C. and M.J. Gawith, Eds., 2005: Measuring Progress: Preparing for Climate Change Through UK Climate Impacts Programme. UKCIP, Oxford, 72 pp.

Westerling, A.L., H.G. Hidalgo, D.R. Cayan and T.W. Swetnam, 2006: Warming and earlier spring increases Western U.S. forest fire activity. Science, 313, 940-943.

Weyhenmeyer, G.A., 2001: Warmer winters: are planktonic algal populations in Sweden’s largest lakes affected? Ambio, 30, 565-571.

Weyhenmeyer, G.A., T. Blenckner and K. Pettersson, 1999: Changes of the plankton spring outburst related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 1788-1792.

WHO, 2003: Phenology and human health: allergic disorders. Report on a WHO meeting, Rome. World Health Organization, Rome, 64 pp.

Wilkinson, J.W., 2004. Status of Coral Reefs of the World. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, 580 pp.

Williams, D.W. and A.M. Liebhold, 2002: Climate change and the outbreak range of two North American bark beetles. Agr. Forest Entomol., 4, 87-99.

Williams, S.E., E.E. Bolitho and S. Fox, 2003: Climate change in Australian tropical rainforests: an impending environmental catastrophe. P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 270, 1887-1892.

Wilmking, M., G.P. Juday, V.A. Barber and H.S.J. Zald, 2004: Recent climate warming forces contrasting growth responses of white spruce at treeline in Alaska through temperature thresholds. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1724-1736.

Wilson, R.J., C.D. Thomas, R. Fox, D.B. Roy and W.E. Kunin, 2004: Spatial patterns in species distributions reveal biodiversity change. Nature, 432, 393-396.

Wilson, R.J., D. Gutierrez, J. Gutierrez, D. Martinez, R. Agudo and V.J. Monserrat, 2005: Changes to the elevational limits and extent of species ranges associated with climate change. Ecol. Lett., 8, 1346-1346.

Winder, M. and D.E. Schindler, 2004a: Climate change uncouples trophic interactions in an aquatic system. Ecology, 85, 3178-3178.

Winder, M. and D.E. Schindler, 2004b: Climatic effects on the phenology of lake processes. Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1844-1856.

Wolanski, E., S. Spagnol and E.B. Lim, 2002. Fine sediment dynamics in the mangrove-fringed muddy coastal zone. Muddy Coasts of the World: Processes, Deposits and Function, T. Healy, Y. Wang and J.A. Healy, Eds., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 279-292.

Wolfe, A.P. and B.B. Perren, 2001: Chrysophyte microfossils record marked responses to recent environmental changes in high- and mid-arctic lakes. Can. J. Bot., 79, 747-752.

Wolfe, D.W., M.D. Schwartz, A.N. Lakso, Y. Otsuki, R.M. Pool and N.J. Shaulis, 2005: Climate change and shifts in spring phenology of three horticultural woody perennials in northeastern USA. Int. J. Biometeorol., 49, 303-309.

Wolters, M., J.P. Bakker, M.D. Bertness, R.L. Jefferies and I. Moller, 2005: Saltmarsh erosion and restoration in south-east England: squeezing the evidence requires realignment. J. Appl. Ecol., 42, 844-851.

Wong, P.P., 2003: Where have all the beaches gone? Coastal erosion in the tropics. Singapore. J. Trop. Geo., 24, 111-132.

Woodworth, P.L. and D.L. Blackman, 2004: Evidence for systematic changes in extreme high waters since the mid-1970s. J. Climate, 17, 1190-1197.

Woolf, D.K., P.G. Challenor and P.D. Cotton, 2002: Variability and predictability of the North Atlantic wave climate. J. Geophys. Res.–Oceans, 107, 3145, doi:10.1029/2001JC001124.

Worrall, F., T. Burt and R. Shedden, 2003: Long term records of riverine dissolved organic matter. Biogeochemistry, 64, 165-178.

Yamada, T., 1998: Glacier lake and its outburst flood in the Nepal Himalaya. Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, Tokyo, 1, 96.

Yang, D.Q., D.L. Kane, L.D. Hinzman, X.B. Zhang, T.J. Zhang and H.C. Ye, 2002: Siberian Lena River hydrologic regime and recent change. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 107(D23), 4694, doi:10.1029/2002JD002542.

Yang, S.L., J. Zhang, J. Zhu, J.P. Smith, S.B. Dai, A. Gao and P. Li, 2005: Impact of dams on Yangtze River sediment supply to the sea and delta intertidal wetland response. J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 110, F03006, doi:10.1029/2004JF000271.

Ye, H.C. and M. Ellison, 2003: Changes in transitional snowfall season length in northern Eurasia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1252, doi:10.1029/2003GL016873.

Yom-Tov, Y., 2003: Body sizes of carnivores commensal with humans have increased over the past 50 years. Funct. Ecol., 17, 323-327.

Yom-Tov, Y. and S. Yom-Tov, 2004: Climatic change and body size in two species of Japanese rodents. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 82, 263-267.

Yoshikawa, K. and L.D. Hinzman, 2003: Shrinking thermokarst ponds and groundwater dynamics in discontinuous permafrost near Council, Alaska. Permafrost Periglac., 14, 151-160.

Zhang, K.Q., B.C. Douglas and S.P. Leatherman, 2000: Twentieth-century storm activity along the US east coast. J. Climate, 13, 1748-1761.

Zhang, K.Q., B.C. Douglas and S.P. Leatherman, 2004: Global warming and coastal erosion. Climatic Change, 64, 41-58.

Zhang, X.B., K.D. Harvey, W.D. Hogg and T.R. Yuzyk, 2001: Trends in Canadian streamflow. Water Resour. Res., 37, 987-998.

Zhang, X.B., F.W. Zwiers and P.A. Stott, 2006: Multimodel multisignal climate change detection at regional scale. J. Climate, 19, 4294-4307.

Zheng, J.Y., Q.S. Ge and Z.X. Hao, 2002: Impacts of climate warming on plants phenophases in China for the last 40 years. Chinese Sci. Bull., 47, 1826-1831.

Zhou, G., N. Minakawa, A. Githeko and G. Yan, 2004: Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 24, 2375-2380.

Zhou, L., C.J. Tucker, R.K. Kaufmann, D. Slayback, N.V. Shabanov and R.B. Myneni, 2001: Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999. J. Geophys. Res.–Atmos., 106, 20069-20083.

Zhou, L., R.K. Kaufmann, Y. Tian, R.B. Myneni and C.J. Tucker, 2003: Relation between interannual variations in satellite measures of northern forest greenness and climate between 1982 and 1999. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4004, doi:10.1029/2002JD002510.

Zimov, S.A., E.A. Schuur and F.S. Chapin III, 2006: Permafrost and the global carbon budget. Science, 312, 1612-1613.