REFERENCES

Akiyama, H., K. Yagi, and X. Yan 2005: Direct N₂O emissions from rice paddy fields: summary of available data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB1005, doi:10.1029/2004GB002378.

Albrecht, A. and S.T. Kandji, 2003: Carbon sequestration in tropical agroforestry systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 99, pp. 15-27.

Alcock, D. and R.S. Hegarty, 2006: Effects of pasture improvement on productivity, gross margin and methane emissions of a grazing sheep enterprise. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update. C.R. Soliva, J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.), International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 103-106.

Alvarez, R. 2005: A review of nitrogen fertilizer and conservative tillage effects on soil organic storage. Soil Use and Management, 21, pp. 38-52.

Amon, B., T. Amon, J. Boxberger, and C. Wagner-Alt, 2001: Emissions of NH₃, N₂O and CH₄ from dairy cows housed in a farmyard manure tying stall (housing, manure storage, manure spreading). Nutrient Cycling in Agro-Ecosystems, 60, pp. 103-113.

Amon, B., V. Kryvoruchko, T. Amon, and S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern, 2006: Methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions during storage and after application of dairy cattle slurry and influence of slurry treatment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112, pp. 153-162.

Anderson, T.L., R.J. Charlson, S.E. Schwartz, R. Knutti, O. Boucher, H. Rodhe, and J. Heintzenberg, 2003: Climate forcing by aerosols - a hazy picture. Science, 300, pp. 1103-1104.

Andreae, M.O. 2001: The dark side of aerosols. Nature, 409, pp. 671-672.

Andreae, M.O. and P. Merlet, 2001: Emission to trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, pp. 955-966.

Andreae, M.O., C.D. Jones, and P.M. Cox, 2005: Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future. Nature, 435, 1187 pp.

Aulakh, M.S., R., Wassmann, C. Bueno, and H. Rennenberg, 2001: Impact of root exudates of different cultivars and plant development stages of rice (Oryza sativa L.) on methane production in a paddy soil. Plant and Soil, 230, pp. 77-86.

Balmford, A., R.E. Green, and J.P.W. Scharlemann, 2005: Sparing land for nature: exploring the potential impact of changes in agricultural yield on the area needed for crop production. Global Change Biology, 11, pp. 1594-1605.

Barak, P., B.O. Jobe, A.R. Krueger, L.A. Peterson, and D.A. Laird, 1997: Effects of long-term soil acidification due to nitrogen fertilizer inputs in Wisconscin. Plant and Soil, 197, pp. 61-69.

Barthès, B., A. Azontonde, E. Blanchart, C. Girardin, C. Villenave, S. Lesaint, R. Oliver, and C. Feller, 2004: Effect of a legume cover crop (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) on soil carbon in an Ultisol under maize cultivation in southern Benin. Soil Use and Management, 20, pp. 231-239.

Batjes, N.H., 1999: Management options for reducing CO₂-concentrations in the atmosphere by increasing carbon sequestration in the soil. Dutch National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change, Project executed by the International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 114 pp.

Bauman, D.E., 1992: Bovine somatotropin: review of an emerging animal technology. Journal of Dairy Science, 75, pp. 3432-3451.

Beauchemin, K. and S. McGinn, 2005: Methane emissions from feedlot cattle fed barley or corn diets. Journal of Animal Science, 83, pp. 653-661.

Benz, D.A. and D.E. Johnson, 1982: The effect of monensin on energy partitioning by forage fed steers. Proceedings of the West Section of the American Society of Animal Science, 33, 60 pp.

Beringer, J., L.B. Hutley, N.J. Tapper, A. Coutts, A. Kerley, and A.P. O’Grady, 2003: Fire impacts on surface heat, moisture and carbon fluxes from a tropical savanna in northern Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 12, pp. 333-340.

Berndes, G. and P. Börjesson, 2002: Multi-functional biomass production systems. Available at: <http://www.elkraft.ntnu.no/eno/konf_pub/ISES2003/full_paper/6%20MISCELLANEOUS/O6%204.pdf> accessed 26 March 2007.

Berndes, G., 2002: Bioenergy and water: the implications of large-scale bioenergy production for water use and supply. Global Environmental Change, 12, pp. 253-271.

Berndes, G., F. Fredrikson, and P. Borjesson, 2004: Cadmium accumulation and Salix-based phytoextraction on arable land in Sweden. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 103, pp. 207-223.

Berndes, G., M. Hoogwijk, and R. van den Broek, 2003: The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass & Bioenergy, 25, pp. 1-28.

Bhatia, A., H. Pathak, and P.K. Aggarwal, 2004: Inventory of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils of India and their global warming potential. Current Science, 87, pp. 317-324.

Binfield, J., T. Donnellan, K. Hanrahan, and P. Westhoff, 2006: World Agricultural Trade Reform and the WTO Doha Development Round: Analysis of the Impact on EU and Irish Agriculture. Teagasc, Athenry, Galway, Ireland, 79 pp.

Blaxter, K.L. and J.L. Claperton, 1965: Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition, 19, pp. 511-522.

Boadi, D., C. Benchaar, J. Chiquette, and D. Massé, 2004: Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: update review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 84, pp. 319-335.

Boehm, M., B. Junkins, R. Desjardins, S. Kulshreshtha, and W. Lindwall, 2004: Sink potential of Canadian agricultural soils. Climatic Change, 65, pp. 297-314.

Börjesson, P. and G. Berndes, 2006: The prospects for willow plantations for wastewater treatment in Sweden. Biomass & Bioenergy, 30, pp. 428-438.

Bouwman, A., 2001: Global Estimates of Gaseous Emissions from Agricultural Land. FAO, Rome, 106 pp.

Brown, D.J., K.D. Shepherd, M.G. Walsh, M.D. Mays, and T.G. Reinsch 2006: Global soil characterization with VNIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Geoderma, 132, pp. 273-290.

Bruce, J.P., M. Frome, E. Haites, H. Janzen, R. Lal, and K. Paustian, 1999: Carbon sequestration in soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 54, pp. 382-389.

Butt, T.A., B.A. McCarl, and A.O. Kergna, 2006: Policies for reducing agricultural sector vulnerability to climate change in Mali. Climate Policy, 5, pp. 583-598.

Cai, Z.C. and H. Xu, 2004: Options for mitigating CH₄ emissions from rice fields in China. In Material Circulation through Agro-Ecosystems in East Asia and Assessment of Its Environmental Impact, Hayashi, Y. (ed.), NIAES Series 5, Tsukuba, pp. 45-55.

Cai, Z.C., H. Tsuruta, and K. Minami, 2000: Methane emissions from rice fields in China: measurements and influencing factors. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105 D13, pp. 17231-17242.

Cai, Z.C., H. Tsuruta, M. Gao, H. Xu, and C.F. Wei, 2003: Options for mitigating methane emission from a permanently flooded rice field. Global Change Biology, 9, pp. 37-45.

Caldeira, K., M.G. Morgan, D. Baldocchi, P.G. Brewer, C.T.A. Chen, G.J. Nabuurs, N. Nakicenovic, and G.P. Robertson, 2004: A portfolio of carbon management options. In The Global Carbon Cycle. Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World, C.B. Field, and M.R. Raupach (eds.). SCOPE 62, Island Press, Washington DC, pp.103-129.

Cannell, M.G.R., 2003: Carbon sequestration and biomass energy offset: theoretical, potential and achievable capacities globally, in Europe and the UK. Biomass & Bioenergy, 24, pp. 97-116.

Cassman, K.G., A. Dobermann, D.T. Walters, and H. Yang, 2003: Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28, pp. 315-358.

Cerri, C.C., M. Bernoux, C.E.P. Cerri, and C. Feller, 2004: Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in South America: the case of Brazil. Soil Use and Management, 20, pp. 248-254.

Chadwick, D.R., 2005: Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane from cattle manure heaps: effect of compaction and covering. Atmospheric Environment, 39, pp. 787-799.

Christensen, J.H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R.K. Kolli, W.-T. Kwon, R. Laprise, V. Magaña Rueda, L. Mearns, C.G. Menéndez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr and P. Whetton, 2007: Regional Climate Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Clark, H., C. Pinares, and C. de Klein, 2005: Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grasslands. In Grassland. A Global Resource, D. McGilloway (ed.), Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 279-293.

Clemens, J. and H.J. Ahlgrimm, 2001: Greenhouse gases from animal husbandry: mitigation options. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 60, pp. 287-300.

Clemens, J., M. Trimborn, P. Weiland, and B. Amon, 2006: Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 112, pp. 171-177.

Cohen, J.E., 2003: Human population: the next half century. Science, 302, pp. 1172-1175.

Cole, C.V., J. Duxbury, J. Freney, O. Heinemeyer, K. Minami, A. Mosier, K. Paustian, N. Rosenberg, N. Sampson, D. Sauerbeck, and Q. Zhao, 1997: Global estimates of potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by agriculture. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 49, pp. 221-228.

Conant, R.T. and K. Paustian, 2002: Potential soil carbon sequestration in overgrazed grassland ecosystems. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16 (4), 1143 pp., doi:10.1029/2001GB001661.

Conant, R.T., K. Paustian, and E.T. Elliott, 2001: Grassland management and conversion into grassland: Effects on soil carbon. Ecological Applications, 11, pp. 343-355.

Conant, R.T., K. Paustian, S.J. Del Grosso, and W.J. Parton, 2005: Nitrogen pools and fluxes in grassland soils sequestering carbon. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 71, pp. 239-248.

Connor, D.J., 2004: Designing cropping systems for efficient use of limited water in southern Australia. European Journal of Agronomy, 21, pp. 419-431.

Conway, G. and G. Toenniessen, 1999: Feeding the world in the twenty-first century. Nature, 402, pp. C55-C58.

Crutzen, P.J., 1995: The role of methane in atmospheric chemistry and climate. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction, Von Engelhardt, W., S. Leonhard-Marek, G. Breves, and D. Giesecke (eds.), Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 291-316.

Dalal, R.C., W. Wang, G.P. Robertson, and W.J. Parton, 2003: Nitrous oxide emission from Australian agricultural lands and mitigation options: a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 41, pp. 165-195.

Davidson, E.A., D.C. Nepstad, C. Klink, and S.E. Trumbore, 1995: Pasture soils as carbon sink. Nature, 376, pp. 472-473.

Dean, T., 2000: Development: agriculture workers too poor to buy food. UN IPS, New York, 36 pp.

DeAngelo, B.J., F.C. de la Chesnaye, R.H. Beach, A. Sommer, and B.C. Murray, 2006: Methane and nitrous oxide mitigation in agriculture. Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Energy Journal, Special Issue #3.Available at: <http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/journal.aspx> accessed 26 March 2007.

DeFries, R.S., J.A. Foley, and G.P. Asner, 2004: Land-use choices: balancing human needs and ecosystem function. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 2, pp. 249-257.

Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Derner, J.D., T.W. Boutton, and D.D. Briske, 2006: Grazing and ecosystem carbon storage in the North American Great Plains. Plant and Soil, 280, pp. 77-90.

Dias de Oliveira, M.E., B.E. Vaughan, and E.J. Rykiel, Jr., 2005: Ethanol as fuel: energy, carbon dioxide balances, and ecological footprint. BioScience, 55, pp. 593-602.

Díaz -Zorita, M., G.A. Duarte, and J.H. Grove, 2002: A review of no-till systems and soil management for sustainable crop production in the subhumid and semiarid Pampas of Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research, 65, pp. 1-18.

Diekow, J., J. Mielniczuk, H. Knicker, C. Bayer, D.P. Dick, and I. Kögel-Knabner, I. 2005: Soil C and N stocks as affected by cropping systems and nitrogen fertilization in a southern Brazil Acrisol managed under no-tillage for 17 years. Soil and Tillage Research, 81, pp. 87-95.

Díez, J.A., P. Hernaiz, M.J. Muñoz, A. de la Torre, A. Vallejo, 2004: Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain. Soil Use and Management, 20, pp. 444-450.

Dohme, F.A., A. Machmuller, A.Wasserfallen, and M. Kreuzer, 2001: Comparative efficiency of various fats rich in medium-chain fatty acids to suppress ruminal methanogenesis as measured with Rusitec. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 80, pp. 473-482.

Edmonds, J.A., 2004: Climate change and energy technologies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 9, pp. 391-416.

Eidman, V.R., 2005: Agriculture as a producer of energy. In Agriculture as a Producer and Consumer of Energy, J.L. Outlaw, K.J. Collins, and J.A. Duffield (eds.), CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA, pp.30-67.

Elbakidze, L. and B.A. McCarl, 2007: Sequestration offsets versus direct emission reductions: consideration of environmental co-effects. Ecological Economics, 60(3), pp. 564-571.

European Climate Change Programme, 2001: Agriculture. Mitigation potential of Greenhouse Gases in the Agricultural Sector. Working Group 7, Final report, COMM(2000)88. European Commission, Brussels, 17 pp.

European Environment Agency, 2006: How much biomass can Europe use without harming the environment? EEA Briefing 2/2006. Available at: <http://reports.eea.europa.eu/briefing_2005_2/en> (accessed 26 March 2007).

Ewert, F., M.D.A. Rounsevell, I. Reginster, M. Metzger, and R. Leemans, 2005: Future scenarios of European agricultural land use. I: estimating changes in crop productivity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 107, pp. 101-116.

Faaij, A., 2006: Modern biomass conversion technologies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, pp. 335-367.

Falloon, P., P. Smith, and D.S. Powlson, 2004: Carbon sequestration in arable land - the case for field margins. Soil Use and Management, 20, pp. 240-247.

Fang, C., P. Smith, J.B. Moncrieff, and J.U. Smith, 2005: Similar response of labile and resistant soil organic matter pools to changes in temperature. Nature, 433, pp. 57-59.

FAO, 2001: Soil carbon sequestration for improved land management. World Soil Resources Reports No. 96. FAO, Rome, 58 pp.

FAO, 2003: World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. FAO, Rome, 97 pp.

FAOSTAT, 2006: FAOSTAT Agricultural Data. Available at: <http://faostat.fao.org/> accessed 26 March 2007.

Fawcett, A.A. and R.D. Sands. 2006: Non-CO₂ Greenhouse Gases in the Second Generation Model. Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Energy Journal, Special Issue #3, pp 305-322. Available at: <http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/journal.aspx> accessed 26 March 2007.

Fedoroff, N.V. and J.E. Cohen, 1999: Plants and population: is there time? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 96, pp. 5903-5907.

Feng, W., G.X. Pan, S. Qiang, R.H. Li, and J.G. Wei, 2006: Influence of long-term fertilization on soil seed bank diversity of a paddy soil under rice/rape rotation. Biodiversity Science, 14 (6), pp. 461-469.

Ferris, C.P., F.J. Gordon, D.C. Patterson, M.G. Porter, and T. Yan, 1999: The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 132, pp. 483-490.

Fisher, M.J., I.M. Rao, M.A. Ayarza, C.E. Lascano, J.I. Sanz, R.J. Thomas, and R.R. Vera,1994: Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South American savannas. Nature, 371, pp. 236-238.

Foley, J.A., R. DeFries, G. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan, S.R. Carpenter, F.S. Chapin, M.T. Coe, G.C. Dailey, H.K. Gibbs, J.H. Helkowski, T. Holloway, E.A. Howard, C.J. Kucharik, C. Monfreda, J.A. Patz, I.C. Prentice, N. Ramankutty, and P.K. Snyder, 2005: Global consequences of land use. Science, 309, pp. 570-574.

Follett, R.F., 2001: Organic carbon pools in grazing land soils. In The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. R.F. Follett, J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal (eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 65-86.

Follett, R.F., J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal, 2001: The potential of U.S. grazing lands to sequester soil carbon. In The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect, R.F. Follett, J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal (eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 401-430.

Follett, R.F., S.R. Shafer, M.D. Jawson, and A.J. Franzluebbers, 2005: Research and implementation needs to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in the USA. Soil and Tillage Research, 83, pp. 159-166.

Freibauer, A., M. Rounsevell, P. Smith, and A. Verhagen, 2004: Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe. Geoderma, 122, pp. 1-23.

Fujino, J., R. Nair, M. Kainuma, T. Masui, and Y. Matsuoka, 2006: Multi-gas mitigation analysis on stabilization scenarios using AIM global model. Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Energy Journal, Special Issue #3, pp 343-354. Available at: <http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/journal.aspx> (accessed 26 March 2007).

Galloway, J.N., 2003: The global nitrogen cycle. Treatise on Geochemistry, 8, pp. 557-583.

Galloway, J.N., F.J. Dentener, D.G. Capone, E.W. Boyer, R.W. Howarth, S.P. Seitzinger, G.P. Asner, C.C. Cleveland, P.A. Green, E.A. Holland, D.M. Karl, A.F. Michaels, J.H. Porter, A.R. Townsend, and C.J. Vörösmarty, 2004: Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry, 70, pp. 153-226.

Galloway, J.N., J.D. Aber, J.W. Erisman, S.P. Seitzinger, R.W. Howarth, E.B. Cowling, and B.J. Cosby, 2003: The nitrogen cascade. Bioscience, 53, pp. 341-356.

Gehl, R.J., C.W. Rice, 2007: Emerging technologies for in situ measurement of soil carbon. Climatic Change 80, pp. 43-54.

Gilland, B., 2002: World population and food supply. Can food production keep pace with population growth in the next half-century? Food Policy, 27, pp. 47-63.

Gonzalez-Avalos, E. and L.G. Ruiz-Suarez, 2001: Methane emission factors from cattle in Mexico. Bioresource Technology, 80, pp. 63-71.

Green, R.E., S.J. Cornell, J.P.W. Scharlemann, and A. Balmford, 2005: Farming and the fate of wild nature. Science, 307, pp. 550-555.

Gregorich, E.G., P. Rochette, A.J. van den Bygaart, and D.A. Angers, 2005: Greenhouse gas contributions of agricultural soils and potential mitigation practices in Eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research, 83, pp. 53-72.

Guo, L.B. and R.M. Gifford, 2002: Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Global Change Biology, 8, pp. 345-360.

Hamelinck, C.N., R.A.A. Suurs, and A.P.C. Faaij, 2004: Techno-economic analysis of international bio-energy trade chains. Biomass & Bioenergy, 29, pp. 114-134.

Hansen, L.B., 2000: Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist’s viewpoint. Journal of Dairy Science, 83, pp. 1145-1150.

Helgason, B.L., H.H. Janzen, M.H. Chantigny, C.F. Drury, B.H. Ellert, E.G. Gregorich, Lemke, E. Pattey, P. Rochette, and C. Wagner-Riddle, 2005: Toward improved coefficients for predicting direct N₂O emissions from soil in Canadian agroecosystems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 71, pp. 87-99.

Henry, H.A.L., E.E. Cleland, C.B. Field, and P.M. Vitousek, 2005: Interactive effects of elevated CO₂, N deposition and climate change on plant litter quality in a California annual grassland. Oecologia, 142, pp. 465-473.

Hess, H.D., T.T. Tiemann, F. Noto, J.E. Carulla, and M. Kruezer, 2006: Strategic use of tannins as means to limit methane emission from ruminant livestock. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update, C.R. Soliva, J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.). International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 164-167.

Hindrichsen, I.K., H.R. Wettstein, A. Machmüller, and M. Kreuzer, 2006: Methane emission, nutrient degradation and nitrogen turnover in dairy cows and their slurry at different production scenarios with and without concentrate supplementation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 113, pp. 150-161.

Hoogwijk, M., 2004: On the Global and Regional Potential of Renewable Energy Sources. PhD Thesis, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, March 12, 2004. 256 pp.

Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, R. van den Broek, G. Berndes, D. Gielen, and W. Turkenburg, 2003: Exploration of the ranges of the global potential of biomass for energy. Biomass and Bioenergy, 25, pp. 119-133.

Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, B. Eickhout, B. de Vries, and W. Turkenburg, 2005: Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios. Biomass & Bioenergy, 29, pp. 225-257.

Huang, J., C. Pray, and S. Rozelle, 2002: Enhancing the crops to feed the poor. Nature, 418, pp. 678-684.

Huston, M.A. and G. Marland, 2003: Carbon management and biodiversity. Journal of Environmental Management, 67, pp. 77-86.

International Fertilizer Industry Association, 2007: Fertilizer consumption statistics. Available at: <http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/statistics.asp> (accessed 26 March 2007).

IPCC, 1996: Climate change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC, 1997: Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Workbook. Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC, 2000: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

IPCC, 2001a: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., Y. Ding, D.J. Griggs, M. Noguer, P.J. van der Linden, X. Dai, K. Maskell, and C.A. Johnson, (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, 881 pp.

IPCC, 2001b: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation: Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz, B., O. Davidson, R. Swart, and J. Pan, (eds.)], Cambridge University Press, 752 pp.

IPCC, 2003: Good Practice Guidance for Greenhouse Gas Inventories for Land-Use, Land-Use Change & Forestry. Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Kanagawa, Japan.

IPCC, 2006: 2006 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines. Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Kanagawa, Japan.

IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Parry, M.L., O.F. Canziani, J.P Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Izaurralde, R.C. and C.W. Rice, 2006: Methods and tools for designing pilot soil carbon sequestration projects. In Carbon Sequestration in Soils of Latin America, Lal, R., C.C. Cerri, M. Bernoux, J. Etchvers, and C.E. Cerri (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 457-476.

Izaurralde, R.C., W.B. McGill, J.A. Robertson, N.G. Juma, and J.J. Thurston, 2001: Carbon balance of the Breton classical plots over half a century. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65, pp. 431-441.

Jackson, R.B., E.G. Jobbágy, R. Avissar, S. Baidya Roy, D. Barrett, C.W. Cook, K.A. Farley, D.C. le Maitre, B.A. McCarl, and B.C. Murray 2005: Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration. Science, 310, pp. 1944-1947.

Janzen, H.H., 2004: Carbon cycling in earth systems - a soil science perspective. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 104, pp. 399-417.

Janzen, H.H., 2005: Soil carbon: A measure of ecosystem response in a changing world? Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 85, pp. 467-480.

Jensen, B., B.T. Christensen, 2004: Interactions between elevated CO₂ and added N: effects on water use, biomass, and soil ¹⁵N uptake in wheat. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B 54, pp. 175-184.

Johnson, D.E., G.M. Ward, and J. Torrent, 1991: The environmental impact of bovine somatotropin (bST) use in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 74S, 209 pp.

Johnson, D.E., H.W. Phetteplace, and A.F. Seidl, 2002: Methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from ruminant livestock production systems. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture, J. Takahashi, and B.A. Young (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 77-85.

Johnson, K.A. and D.E. Johnson, 1995: Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, pp. 2483-2492.

Jones, C.D., P.M. Cox, R.L.H. Essery, D.L. Roberts, and M.J. Woodage, 2003: Strong carbon cycle feedbacks in a climate model with interactive CO₂ and sulphate aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, pp. 32.1-32.4.

Jordan, E., D. Kenny, M. Hawkins, R. Malone, D.K. Lovett, and F.P. O’Mara, 2006b: Effect of refined soy oil or whole soybeans on methane output, intake and performance of young bulls. Journal of Animal Science, 84, pp. 2418-2425.

Jordan, E., D.K. Lovett, F.J. Monahan, and F.P. O’Mara, 2006a: Effect of refined coconut oil or copra meal on methane output, intake and performance of beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 84, pp. 162-170.

Jordan, E., D.K. Lovett, M. Hawkins, J. Callan, and F.P. O’Mara, 2006c: The effect of varying levels of coconut oil on intake, digestibility and methane output from continental cross beef heifers. Animal Science, 82, pp. 859-865.

Junginger, M., A. Faaij, A. Koopmans, R. van den Broek, and W. Hulscher, 2001: Setting up fuel supply strategies for large scale bio-energy projects - a methodology for developing countries. Biomass & Bioenergy, 21, pp. 259-275.

Kamra, D.N., N. Agarwal, and L.C. Chaudhary, 2006: Inhibition of ruminal methanogenesis by tropical plants containing secondary compounds. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update, C.R. Soliva, J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.). International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 156-163.

Kang, G.D., Z.C. Cai, and X.Z. Feng, 2002: Importance of water regime during the non-rice growing period in winter in regional variation of CH₄ emissions from rice fields during following rice growing period in China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 64, pp. 95-100.

Kasimir-Klemedtsson, A., L. Klemedtsson, K. Berglund, P. Martikainen, Silvola, and O. Oenema, 1997: Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review. Soil Use and Management, 13, pp. 245-250.

Kebreab, E., K. Clark, C. Wagner-Riddle, and J. France, 2006: Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian animal agriculture: A review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 86, pp. 135-158.

Kemfert, C., T.P. Truong, and T. Bruckner. 2006: Economic impact assessment of climate change-A multi-gas investigation with WIAGEM-GTAPEL-ICM. Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Energy Journal, Special Issue #3. Available at: <http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/journal.aspx> accessed 26 March 2007.

Kennedy, P.M. and L.P. Milligan, 1978: Effects of cold exposure on digestion, microbial synthesis and nitrogen transformation in sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 39, pp. 105-117.

Khalil, M.A.K. and M.J. Shearer, 2006. Decreasing emissions of methane from rice agriculture. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update. Soliva, C.R., J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.), International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 33-41.

Kim, M-K. and B.A. McCarl, 2005: Uncertainty Discounting for Land-Based Carbon Sequestration. Presented at International Policy Forum on Greenhouse Gas Management April 2005 Victoria, British Columbia.

Knorr, W., I.C. Prentice, J.I. House, E.A. Holland, 2005: Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming. Nature, 433, pp. 298-301.

Koga, N., T. Sawamoto, and H. Tsuruta 2006: Life cycle inventory-based analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from arable land farming systems in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 52, pp. 564-574.

Korontzi, S., C.O. Justice, and R.J. Scholes, 2003: Influence of timing and spatial extent of savannah fires in southern Africa on atmospheric emissions. Journal of Arid Environments, 54, pp. 395-404.

Kreuzer, M. and I.K. Hindrichsen, 2006: Methane mitigation in ruminants by dietary means: the role of their methane emission from manure. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update. C.R. Soliva, J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.). International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 199-208.

Külling, D.R., H. Menzi, F. Sutter, P. Lischer, and M. Kreuzer, 2003: Ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions from differently stored dairy manure derived from grass- and hay-based rations. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 65, pp. 13-22.

Kumar, P. 2001: Valuation of Ecological services of Wetland Ecosystems: A Case Study of Yamuna Floodplains in the Corridors of Delhi. Mimeograph, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, India, 137 pp.

Kurkalova, L., C.L. Kling, and J. Zhao, 2004: Multiple benefits of carbon-friendly agricultural practices: Empirical assessment of conservation tillage. Environmental Management, 33, pp. 519-527.

Lal, R. and J.P. Bruce, 1999: The potential of world cropland soils to sequester C and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Environmental Science and Policy, 2, pp. 177-185.

Lal, R., 1999: Soil management and restoration for C sequestration to mitigate the accelerated greenhouse effect. Progress in Environmental Science, 1, pp. 307-326.

Lal, R., 2001a: World cropland soils as a source or sink for atmospheric carbon. Advances in Agronomy, 71, pp. 145-191.

Lal, R., 2001b: Potential of desertification control to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Climate Change, 15, pp. 35-72.

Lal, R., 2002: Carbon sequestration in dry ecosystems of West Asia and North Africa. Land Degradation and Management, 13, pp. 45-59.

Lal, R., 2003: Global potential of soil carbon sequestration to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 22, pp. 151-184.

Lal, R., 2004a: Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304, pp. 1623-1627.

Lal, R., 2004b: Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Geoderma, 123, pp. 1-22.

Lal, R., 2004c: Offsetting China’s CO₂ emissions by soil carbon sequestration. Climatic Change, 65, pp. 263-275.

Lal, R., 2004d: Carbon sequestration in soils of central Asia. Land Degradation and Development, 15, pp. 563-572.

Lal, R., 2004e: Soil carbon sequestration in India. Climatic Change, 65, pp. 277-296.

Lal, R., 2005: Soil carbon sequestration for sustaining agricultural production and improving the environment with particular reference to Brazil. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 26, pp. 23-42.

Lal, R., R.F. Follett, and J.M. Kimble, 2003: Achieving soil carbon sequestration in the United States: a challenge to the policy makers. Soil Science, 168, pp. 827-845.

Le Mer, J. and P. Roger, 2001: Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: a review. European Journal of Soil Biology, 37, pp. 25-50.

Leng, R.A., 1991: Improving Ruminant Production and Reducing Methane Emissions from Ruminants by Strategic Supplementation. EPA Report no. 400/1-91/004, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

Li, C., S. Frolking, and K. Butterbach-Bahl, 2005: Carbon sequestration in arable soils is likely to increase nitrous oxide emissions, offsetting reductions in climate radiative forcing. Climatic Change, 72, pp. 321-338.

Liebig, M.A., J.A. Morgan, J.D. Reeder, B.H. Ellert, H.T. Gollany, and G.E. Schuman, 2005: Greenhouse gas contributions and mitigation potential of agricultural practices in northwestern USA and western Canada. Soil & Tillage Research, 83, pp. 25-52.

Lila, Z.A., N. Mohammed, S. Kanda, T. Kamada, and H. Itabashi, 2003: Effect of sarsaponin on ruminal fermentation with particular reference to methane production in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, pp. 330-336.

Long, S.P., E.A. Ainsworth, A.D.B. Leakey, J. Nosberger, and D.R. Ort, 2006: Food for thought: lower-than-expected crop yield stimulation with rising CO₂ concentrations. Science, 312, pp. 1918-1921.

Lovett, D., S. Lovell, L. Stack, J. Callan, M. Finlay, J. Connolly, and F.P. O’Mara, 2003: Effect of forage/concentrate ratio and dietary coconut oil level on methane output and performance of finishing beef heifers. Livestock Production Science, 84, pp. 135-146.

Lovett, D.K. and F.P. O’Mara, 2002: Estimation of enteric methane emissions originating from the national livestock beef herd: a review of the IPCC default emission factors. Tearmann, 2, pp. 77-83.

Lovett, D.K., L. Shalloo, P. Dillon, and F.P. O’Mara, 2006: A systems approach to quantify greenhouse gas fluxes from pastoral dairy production as affected by management regime. Agricultural Systems, 88, pp. 156-179.

Lutz, W., W. Sanderson, S. Scherbov, 2001: The end of world population growth. Nature, 412, pp. 543-545.

Machado, P.L.O.A. and C.A. Silva, 2001: Soil management under no-tillage systems in the tropics with special reference to Brazil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 61, pp. 119-130.

Machado, P.L.O.A. and P.L. Freitas 2004: No-till farming in Brazil and its impact on food security and environmental quality. In Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice-Wheat System, R. Lal, P.R. Hobbs, N. Uphoff, D.O. Hansen (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 291-310.

Machmüller, A., C.R. Soliva, and M. Kreuzer, 2003: Methane-suppressing effect of myristic acid in sheep as affected by dietary calcium and forage proportion. British Journal of Nutrition, 90, pp. 529-540.

Machmülller, A., D.A. Ossowski, and M. Kreuzer, 2000: Comparative evaluation of the effects of coconut oil, oilseeds and crystalline fat on methane release, digestion and energy balance in lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 85, pp. 41-60.

Madari, B., P.L.O.A. Machado, E. Torres, A.G. Andrade, and L.I.O. Valencia, 2005: No tillage and crop rotation effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon in a Fhodic Ferralsol from southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 80, pp. 185-200.

Manne, A.S. and R.G. Richels, 2004: A multi-gas approach to climate policy. In The Global Carbon Cycle. Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World, C.B. Field and M.R. Raupach (eds.). SCOPE 62, Island Press, Washington DC, pp. 439-452.

Marland, G., B.A. McCarl, and U.A. Schneider, 2001: Soil carbon: policy and economics. Climatic Change, 51, pp. 101-117.

Marland, G., R.A. Pielke Jr., M. Apps, R. Avissar, R.A. Betts, K.J. Davis, P.C. Frumhoff, S.T. Jackson, L.A. Joyce, P. Kauppi, J. Katzenberger, K.G. MacDicken, R.P. Neilson, J.O. Niles, D.S. Niyogi, R.J. Norby, N. Pena, N. Sampson, and Y. Xue, 2003a: The climatic impacts of land surface change and carbon management, and the implications for climate-change mitigation policy. Climate Policy, 3, pp. 149-157.

Marland, G., T.O. West, B. Schlamadinger, and L. Canella, 2003b: Managing soil organic carbon in agriculture: the net effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Tellus 55B, pp. 613-621.

McCarl, B.A. and U.A. Schneider, 2001: Greenhouse gas mitigation in U.S. agriculture and forestry. Science, 294, pp. 2481-2482.

McCrabb, G.C., 2001: Nutritional options for abatement of methane emissions from beef and dairy systems in Australia. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture, J. Takahashi and B.A. Young (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 115-124.

McCrabb, G.J., M. Kurihara, and R.A. Hunter, 1998: The effect of finishing strategy of lifetime methane production for beef cattle in northern Australia. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia, 22, 55 pp.

McGinn, S.M., K.A. Beauchemin, T. Coates, and D. Colombatto, 2004: Methane emissions from beef cattle: effects of monensin, sunflower oil, enzymes, yeast, and fumaric acid. Journal of Animal Science, 82, pp. 3346-3356.

McSwiney, C.P. and G.P. Robertson, 2005: Nonlinear response of N₂O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system. Global Change Biology, 11, pp. 1712-1719.

Menon, S., J. Hansen, L. Nazarenko, and Y. Luo, 2002: Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science, 297, pp. 2250-2253.

Miglior, F., B.L. Muir, and B.J. Van Doormaal, 2005: Selection indices in Holstein cattle of various countries. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, pp. 1255-1263.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Current State and Trends. Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Series, Island press, Washington D.C., 815 pp.

Mills, J.A.N., E. Kebreab, C.M. Yates, L.A. Crompton, S.B. Cammell, M.S. Dhanoa, R.E. Agnew, and J. France, 2003: Alternative approaches to predicting methane emissions from dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science, 81, pp. 3141-3150.

Moe, P.W. and H.F. Tyrrell, 1979: Methane production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 62, pp. 1583-1586.

Monteny, G.-J., A. Bannink, and D. Chadwick, 2006: Greenhouse gas abatement strategies for animal husbandry. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 112, pp. 163-170.

Monteny, G.J., C.M. Groenestein, and M.A. Hilhorst, 2001: Interactions and coupling between emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from animal husbandry. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 60, pp. 123-132.

Mooney, H., A. Cropper, and W. Reid, 2005: Confronting the human dilemma. Nature, 434, pp. 561-562.

Mooney, S., J.M. Antle, S.M. Capalbo, and K. Paustian, 2004: Influence of project scale on the costs of measuring soil C sequestration. Environmental Management, 33(S1), pp. S252-S263.

Mosier, A. and C. Kroeze, 2000: Potential impact on the global atmospheric N₂O budget of the increased nitrogen input required to meet future global food demands. Chemosphere-Global Change Science, 2, pp. 465-473.

Mosier, A.R., 2001: Exchange of gaseous nitrogen compounds between agricultural systems and the atmosphere. Plant and Soil, 228, pp. 17-27.

Mosier, A.R., 2002: Environmental challenges associated with needed increases in global nitrogen fixation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 63, pp. 101-116.

Mosier, A.R., A.D. Halvorson, G.A. Peterson, G.P. Robertson, and L. Sherrod, 2005: Measurement of net global warming potential in three agroecosystems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 72, pp. 67-76.

Mosier, A.R., J.M. Duxbury, J.R. Freney, O. Heinemeyer, K. Minami, and D.E. Johnson, 1998: Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane. Climatic Change, 40, pp. 39-80.

Murray, B.C., B.A. McCarl, and H-C. Lee, 2004: Estimating leakage from forest carbon sequestration programs. Land Economics, 80, pp. 109-124.

Murray, R.M., A.M. Bryant, and R.A. Leng, 1976: Rate of production of methane in the rumen and the large intestine of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition, 36, pp. 1-14.

Mutuo, P.K., G. Cadisch, A. Albrecht, C.A. Palm, and L. Verchot, 2005: Potential of agroforestry for carbon sequestration and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from soils in the tropics. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 71, pp. 43-54.

NEPAD, 2005: The NEPAD Framework Document. New Partnership for Africa’s Development, <http://www.uneca.org/nepad/> (accessed 26 March 2007).

Newbold, C.J. and L.M. Rode, 2006: Dietary additives to control methanogenesis in the rumen. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update. C.R. Soliva, J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.), International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 138-147.

Newbold, C.J., J.O. Ouda, S. López, N. Nelson, H. Omed, R.J. Wallace, and A.R. Moss, 2002: Propionate precursors as possible alternative electron acceptors to methane in ruminal fermentation. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture. J. Takahashi and B.A. Young (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 151-154.

Newbold, C.J., S. López, N. Nelson, J.O. Ouda, R.J. Wallace, and A.R. Moss, 2005: Proprionate precursors and other metabolic intermediates as possible alternative electron acceptors to methanogenesis in ruminal fermentation in vitro. British Journal of Nutrition, 94, pp. 27-35.

Norby, R.J., M.F. Cotrufo, P. Ineson, E.G. O’Neill, and J.G. Canadell, 2001: Elevated CO₂, litter chemistry, and decomposition: a synthesis. Oecologia, 127, pp. 153-165.

Oelbermann, M., R.P. Voroney, and A.M. Gordon, 2004: Carbon sequestration in tropical and temperate agroforestry systems: a review with examples from Costa Rica and southern Canada. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 104, pp. 359-377.

Oenema, O., N. Wrage, G.L. Velthof, J.W. van Groenigen, J. Dolfing, and P.J. Kuikman, 2005: Trends in global nitrous oxide emissions from animal production systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 72, pp. 51-65.

Ogle, S.M. and K. Paustian, 2005: Soil organic carbon as an indicator of environmental quality at the national scale: monitoring methods and policy relevance. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 8, pp. 531-540.

Ogle, S.M., F.J. Breidt, and K. Paustian, 2005: Agricultural management impacts on soil organic carbon storage under moist and dry climatic conditions of temperate and tropical regions. Biogeochemistry, 72, pp. 87-121.

Ogle, S.M., F.J. Breidt, M.D. Eve, and K. Paustian, 2003: Uncertainty in estimating land use and management impacts on soil organic storage for US agricultural lands between 1982 and 1997. Global Change Biology, 9, pp. 1521-1542.

Ogle, S.M., R.T. Conant, and K. Paustian, 2004: Deriving grassland management factors for a carbon accounting approach developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Environmental Management, 33, pp. 474-484.

Olesen, J.E., K. Schelde, A. Weiske, M.R. Weisbjerg, W.A.H. Asman, and J. Djurhuus, 2006: Modelling greenhouse gas emissions from European conventional and organic dairy farms. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 112, pp. 207-220.

Olsson, L. and J. Ardö, 2002: Soil carbon sequestration in degraded semiarid agro-ecosystems - perils and potentials. Ambio, 31, pp. 471-477.

Pan, G.X., P. Zhou, X.H. Zhang, L.Q. Li, J.F. Zheng, D.S. Qiu, and Q.H. Chu, 2006: Effect of different fertilization practices on crop C assimilation and soil C sequestration: a case of a paddy under a long-term fertilization trial from the Tai Lake region, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26(11), pp. 3704-3710.

Patra, A.K., D.N. Kamra, and N. Agarwal, 2006: Effect of spices on rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and protozoa counts in in vitro gas production test. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update, C.R. Soliva, J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.), International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 176-179.

Pattey, E., M.K. Trzcinski, and R.L. Desjardins, 2005: Quantifying the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as a result of composting dairy and beef cattle manure. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 72, pp. 173-187.

Paul, E.A., S.J. Morris, J. Six, K. Paustian, and E.G. Gregorich, 2003: Interpretation of soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in agricultural and afforested soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 67, pp. 1620-1628.

Paustian, K., B.A. Babcock, J. Hatfield, R. Lal, B.A. McCarl, S. McLaughlin, A. Mosier, C. Rice, G.P. Robertson, N.J. Rosenberg, C. Rosenzweig, W.H. Schlesinger, and D. Zilberman, 2004: Agricultural Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases: Science and Policy Options. CAST (Council on Agricultural Science and Technology) Report, R141 2004, ISBN 1-887383-26-3, 120 pp.

Paustian, K., C.V. Cole, D. Sauerbeck, and N. Sampson, 1998: CO₂ mitigation by agriculture: An overview. Climatic Change, 40, pp. 135-162.

Pérez-Ramírez, J., F. Kapteijn, K. Schöffel, and J.A. Moulijn, 2003: Formation and control of N₂O in nitric acid production: Where do we stand today? Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 44, pp. 117-151.

Phetteplace, H.W., D.E. Johnson, and A.F. Seidl, 2001: Greenhouse gas emissions from simulated beef and dairy livestock systems in the United States. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 60, 9-102.

Pinares-Patiño, C.S., M.J. Ulyatt, G.C. Waghorn, C.W. Holmes, T.N. Barry, K.R. Lassey, and D.E. Johnson, 2003: Methane emission by alpaca and sheep fed on lucerne hay or grazed on pastures of perennial ryegrass/white clover or birdsfoot trefoil. Journal of Agricultural Science, 140, pp. 215-226.

Rao, C.H., 1994: Agricultural Growth, Rural Poverty and Environmental Degradation in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi.

Reay, D.S., K.A. Smith, and A.C. Edwards, 2003: Nitrous oxide emission from agricultural drainage waters. Global Change Biology, 9, pp. 195-203.

Reeder, J.D., G.E. Schuman, J.A. Morgan, and D.R. Lecain, 2004: Response of organic and inorganic carbon and nitrogen to long-term grazing of the shortgrass steppe. Environmental Management, 33, pp. 485-495.

Rees, W.E., 2003: A blot on the land. Nature, 421, 898 pp.

Reilly, J.M., F. Tubiello, B.A. McCarl, and J. Melillo, 2001: Climate change and agriculture in the United States. In Climate Change Impacts on the United States: US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change: Foundation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Chapter 13, pp 379-403.

Rice, C.W. and C.E. Owensby, 2001: Effects of fire and grazing on soil carbon in rangelands. In The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. R. Follet, J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal (eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 323-342.

Richter, B., 2004: Using ethanol as an energy source. Science, 305, 340 pp.

Robertson, G.P. and P.R. Grace, 2004: Greenhouse gas fluxes in tropical and temperate agriculture: The need for a full-cost accounting of global warming potentials. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 6, pp. 51-63.

Robertson, G.P., 2004: Abatement of nitrous oxide, methane and other non-CO₂ greenhouse gases: the need for a systems approach. In The global carbon cycle. Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World, C.B. Field, and M.R. Raupach (eds.). SCOPE 62, Island Press, Washington D.C., pp. 493-506.

Robertson, G.P., E.A. Paul, and R.R. Harwood, 2000: Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: Contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere. Science, 289, pp. 1922-1925.

Robertson, L.J. and G.C. Waghorn, 2002: Dairy industry perspectives on methane emissions and production from cattle fed pasture or total mixed rations in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 62, pp. 213-218.

Rochette, P. and H.H. Janzen, 2005: Towards a revised coefficient for estimating N₂O emissions from legumes. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 73, pp. 171-179.

Rockström, J., 2003: Water for food and nature in drought-prone tropics: vapour shift in rain-fed agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 358, pp. 1997-2009.

Rogner, H., M. Cabrera, A. Faaij, M. Giroux, D. Hall, V. Kagramanian, Serguei, T.Lefevre,

R. Moreira, R. Notstaller, P. Odell, M. Taylor, 2000: Energy Resources. In World Energy Assessment of the United Nations, J. Goldemberg et al. (eds.), UNDP, UNDESA/WEC. UNDP, New York, Chapter 5, pp. 135-171.

Romanenkov, V., I. Romanenko, O. Sirotenko, and L. Shevtsova, 2004: Soil carbon sequestration strategy as a component of integrated agricultural sustainability policy under climate change. In Proceedings of Russian National Workshop on Research Related to the IHDP on Global Environmental Change, November 10-12, 2004, IHDP, Moscow, Russia, pp. 180-189.

Rose, S., H. Ahammad, B. Eickhout, B. Fisher, A. Kurosawa, S. Rao, K. Riahi, and D. van Vuuren, 2007. Land in Climate Stabilization Modeling. Energy Modeling Forum Report, Stanford University < http://www.stanford.edu/group/EMF/projects/group21/Landuse.pdf > accessed 26 March 2007.

Rosegrant, M., M.S. Paisner, and S. Meijer, 2001: Long-Term Prospects for Agriculture and the Resource Base. The World Bank Rural Development Family. Rural Development Strategy Background Paper #1. The World Bank, Washington.

Rosegrant, M.W. and S.A. Cline, 2003: Global food security: challenges and policies. Science, 302, pp. 1917-1919.

Rounsevell, M.D.A, I. Reginster, M.B. Araújo, T.R. Carter, N. Dendoncker, F. Ewert, J.I. House, S. Kankaanpää, R. Leemans, M.J. Metzger, C. Schmit, P. Smith, and G. Tuck, 2006: A coherent set of future land use change scenarios for Europe. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 114, pp. 57-68.

Roy, R.N., R.V. Misra, and A. Montanez, 2002: Decreasing reliance on mineral nitrogen - yet more food. Ambio, 31, pp. 177-183.

Rumpler, W.V., D.E. Johnson, and D.B. Bates, 1986: The effect of high dietary cation concentrations on methanogenesis by steers fed with or without ionophores. Journal of Animal Science, 62, pp. 1737-1741.

Sanchez, P.A. and M.S. Swaminathan, 2005: Cutting world hunger in half. Science, 307, pp. 357-359.

Sanchez, P.A., 2002: Soil fertility and hunger in Africa. Science, 295, pp. 2019-2020.

Sands, R.D. and B.A. McCarl, 2005: Competitiveness of terrestrial greenhouse gas offsets: are they a bridge to the future? In Abstracts of USDA Symposium on Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture and Forestry, March 22-24, USDA, Baltimore, Maryland.

Schils, R.L.M., A. Verhagen, H.F.M. Aarts, and L.B.J. Sebek, 2005: A farm level approach to define successful mitigation strategies for GHG emissions from ruminant livestock systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 71, pp. 163-175.

Schlesinger, W.H., 1999: Carbon sequestration in soils. Science, 284, pp. 2095

Schmidely, P., 1993: Quantitative review on the use of anabolic hormones in ruminants for meat production. I. Animal performance. Annales de Zootechie, 42, pp. 333-359.

Schnabel, R.R., A.J. Franzluebbers, W.L. Stout, M.A. Sanderson, and J.A. Stuedemann, 2001: The effects of pasture management practices. In The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect R.F. Follett, J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal (eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 291-322.

Schneider, U.A. and B.A. McCarl, 2003: Economic potential of biomass based fuels for greenhouse gas emission mitigation. Environmental and Resource Economics, 24, pp. 291-312.

Scholes, R.J. and M.R. van der Merwe, 1996: Sequestration of carbon in savannas and woodlands. The Environmental Professional, 18, pp. 96-103.

Scholes, R.J. and R. Biggs, 2004: Ecosystem services in southern Africa: a regional assessment. CSIR, Pretoria.

Schuman, G.E., J.E. Herrick, and H.H. Janzen, 2001: The dynamics of soil carbon in rangelands. In The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect, R.F. Follett, J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal (eds.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 267-290.

Sheehan, J., A. Aden, K. Paustian, K. Killian, J. Brenner, M. Walsh, and R. Nelson, 2004: Energy and environmental aspects of using corn stover for fuel ethanol. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 7, pp. 117-146.

Sims, R.E.H., A. Hastings, B. Schlamadinger, G. Taylor, and P. Smith, 2006: Energy crops: current status and future prospects. Global Change Biology, 12, pp. 1-23.

Sisti, C.P.J., H.P. Santos, R. Kohhann, B.J.R. Alves, S. Urquiaga, and R.M. Boddey, 2004: Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, 76, pp. 39-58.

Six, J., S.M. Ogle, F.J. Breidt, R.T. Conant, A.R. Mosier, and K. Paustian, 2004: The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term. Global Change Biology, 10, pp.155-160.

Sleutel, S., 2005: Carbon Sequestration in Cropland Soils: Recent Evolution and Potential of Alternative Management Options. PhD. thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Smeets, E.M.W., A.P.C. Faaij, I.M. Lewandowski, and W.C. Turkenburg, 2007: A bottom up quickscan and review of global bio-energy potentials to 2050. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33, pp. 56-106.

Smith, J.U., P. Smith, M. Wattenbach, S. Zaehle, R. Hiederer, R.J.A. Jones, L. Montanarella, M.D.A. Rounsevell, I. Reginster, and F. Ewert, 2005b: Projected changes in mineral soil carbon of European croplands and grasslands, 1990-2080. Global Change Biology, 11, pp. 2141-2152.

Smith, K.A. and F. Conen, 2004: Impacts of land management on fluxes of trace greenhouse gases. Soil Use and Management, 20, pp. 255-263.

Smith, P., 2004a: Carbon sequestration in croplands: the potential in Europe and the global context. European Journal of Agronomy, 20, pp. 229-236.

Smith, P., 2004b: Engineered biological sinks on land. In The Global Carbon Cycle. Integrating humans, climate, and the natural world, C.B. Field and M.R. Raupach (eds.). SCOPE 62, Island Press, Washington D.C., pp. 479-491.

Smith, P., 2004c: Monitoring and verification of soil carbon changes under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol. Soil Use and Management, 20, pp. 264-270.

Smith, P., D. Martino, Z. Cai, D. Gwary, H.H. Janzen, P. Kumar, B. McCarl, S. Ogle, F. O’Mara, C. Rice, R.J. Scholes, O. Sirotenko, M. Howden, T. McAllister, G. Pan, V. Romanenkov, U. Schneider, S. Towprayoon, M. Wattenbach, and J.U. Smith, 2007a: Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B., 363. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2184.

Smith, P., D. Martino, Z. Cai, D. Gwary, H.H. Janzen, P. Kumar, B.A. McCarl, S.M. Ogle, F. O’Mara, C. Rice, R.J. Scholes, O. Sirotenko, M. Howden, T. McAllister, G. Pan, V. Romanenkov, U.A. Schneider, and S. Towprayoon, 2007b: Policy and technological constraints to implementation of greenhouse gas mitigation options in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 118, pp. 6-28.

Smith, P., D.S. Powlson, J.U. Smith, P.D. Falloon, and K. Coleman, 2000: Meeting Europe’s climate change commitments: quantitative estimates of the potential for carbon mitigation by agriculture. Global Change Biology, 6, pp. 525-539.

Smith, P., D.S. Powlson, M.J. Glendining, and J.U. Smith, 1997: Potential for carbon sequestration in European soils: preliminary estimates for five scenarios using results from long-term experiments. Global Change Biology, 3, pp. 67-79.

Smith, P., K.W. Goulding, K.A. Smith, D.S. Powlson, J.U. Smith, P.D. Falloon, and K. Coleman, 2001: Enhancing the carbon sink in European agricultural soils: Including trace gas fluxes in estimates of carbon mitigation potential. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 60, pp. 237-252.

Smith, P., O. Andrén, T. Karlsson, P. Perälä, K. Regina, M. Rounsevell, and B. Van Wesemael, 2005a: Carbon sequestration potential in European croplands has been overestimated. Global Change Biology, 11, pp. 2153-2163.

Smith, S.J. and T.M.L. Wigley, 2006: Multi-Gas Forcing Stabilization with the MiniCAM. Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, Energy Journal, Special Issue #3. Available at: <http://www.iaee.org/en/publications/journal.aspx> accessed 26 March 2007.

Soliva, C.R., J. Takahashi, and M. Kreuzer (eds.), 2006: Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update. International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, 377 pp.

Soussana, J.-F., P. Loiseau, N. Viuchard, E. Ceschia, J. Balesdent, T. Chevallier, and D. Arrouays, 2004: Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in temperate grasslands. Soil Use and Management, 20, pp. 219-230.

South Africa, 1988: Fire Act. Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.

Spatari, S., Y. Zhang, and H.L. Maclean, 2005: Life cycle assessment of switchgrass- and corn stover-derived ethanol-fueled automobiles. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, pp. 9750-9758.

Sperow, M., M. Eve, and K. Paustian, 2003: Potential soil C sequestration on U.S. agricultural soils. Climatic Change, 57, pp. 319-339.

Squires, V., E.P. Glenn, and A.T. Ayoub, 1995: Combating Global Climate Change by Combating Land Degradation. Proceedings of Workshop in Nairobi, 4-8 Sept. 1995. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. 348 pp.

Strengers, B., R. Leemans, B. Eickhout, B. de Vries, and L. Bouwman, 2004: The land-use projections and resulting emissions in the IPCC SRES scenarios as simulated by the IMAGE 2.2 model. GeoJournal, 61, pp. 381-393.

Tate, K.R., D.J. Ross, N.A. Scott, N.J. Rodda, J.A. Townsend, and G.C. Arnold, 2006: Post-harvest patterns of carbon dioxide production, methane uptake and nitrous oxide production in a Pinus radiata D. Don plantation. Forest Ecology and Management, 228, pp. 40-50.

Tejo, P., 2004: Public Policies and Agriculture in Latin America During the 2000’s. CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina), Serie Desarrollo Productivo 152 (in Spanish), Santiago, Chile, 74 pp.

Tilman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D’Antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, D. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff, and D. Swackhamer, 2001: Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science, 292, pp. 281-284.

Torbert, H.A., S.A. Prior, H.H. Hogers, and C.W. Wood, 2000: Review of elevated atmospheric CO₂ effects on agro-ecosystems: residue decomposition processes and soil C storage. Plant and Soil, 224, pp. 59-73.

Totten, M., S.I. Pandya, and T. Janson-Smith, 2003: Biodiversity, climate, and the Kyoto Protocol: risks and opportunities. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 1, pp. 262-270.

Trewavas, A., 2002: Malthus foiled again and again. Nature, 418, pp. 668-670.

Unkovich, M., 2003: Water use, competition, and crop production in low rainfall, alley farming systems of south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 54, pp. 751-762.

USCCSP, 2006: Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations. Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and approved by the Climate Change Science Program Product Development Advisory Committee. Clarke, L., J. Edmonds, J. Jacoby, H. Pitcher, J. Reilly, R. Richels (eds.), U.S. Climate Change Science Program.

US-EPA, 2005: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential in U.S. Forestry and Agriculture. United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 430-R-05-006, November 2005. Washington, D.C., <http://epa.gov/sequestration/pdf/ghg_part2.pdf> accessed 26 March 2007.

US-EPA, 2006a: Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 19902020. United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 430-R-06-003, June 2006. Washington, D.C., < http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/downloads/GlobalAnthroEmissionsReport.pdf > accessed 26 March 2007.

US-EPA, 2006b: Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases. United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 430-R-06-005, Washington, D.C. < http://www.epa.gov/nonco2/econ-inv/downloads/GlobalMitigationFullReport.pdf > accessed 26 March 2007.

Van Groenigen, K.J., A. Gorissen, J. Six, D. Harris, P.J. Kuikman, J.W. van Groenigen, and C. van Kessel, 2005: Decomposition of ¹⁴C-labeled roots in a pasture soil exposed to 10 years of elevated CO₂. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37, pp. 497-506.

Van Nevel, C.J. and D.I. Demeyer, 1995: Lipolysis and biohydrogenation of soybean oil in the rumen in vitro: Inhibition by antimicrobials. Journal of Dairy Science, 78, pp. 2797-2806.

Van Nevel, C.J. and D.I. Demeyer, 1996: Influence of antibiotics and a deaminase inhibitor on volatile fatty acids and methane production from detergent washed hay and soluble starch by rumen microbes in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 37, pp. 21-31.

Van Oost, K., G. Govers, T.A., Quine, and G. Heckrath, 2004: Comment on ‘Managing soil carbon’ (I). Science, 305, 1567 pp.

Van Wilgen, B.W., N. Govender, H.C. Biggs, D. Ntsala, and X.N. Funda, 2004: Response of savanna fire regimes to changing fire-management policies in a large African National Park. Conservation Biology, 18, pp. 1533-1540.

Venkataraman, C., G. Habib, A. Eiguren-Fernandez, A.H. Miguel, and S.K. Friedlander, 2005: Residential biofuels in south Asia: carbonaceous aerosol emissions and climate impacts. Science, 307, pp. 1454-1456.

Viner, D., M. Sayer, M. Uyarra, and N. Hodgson, 2006: Climate Change and the European Countryside: Impacts on Land Management and Response Strategies. Report prepared for the Country Land and Business Association, UK. Publ., CLA, UK, 180 pp.

Waghorn, G.C., M.H. Tavendale, and D.R. Woodfield, 2002: Methanogenesis from forages fed to sheep. Proceedings of New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 64, pp. 161-171.

Wallace, R.J., T.A. Wood, A. Rowe, J. Price, D.R. Yanez, S.P. Williams, and C.J. Newbold, 2006: Encapsulated fumaric acid as a means of decreasing ruminal methane emissions. In Greenhouse Gases and Animal Agriculture: An Update. Soliva, C.R., J. Takahashi and M. Kreuzer (eds.), International Congress Series No. 1293, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 148-151.

Wander, M. and T. Nissen, 2004: Value of soil organic carbon in agricultural lands. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 9, pp. 417-431.

Wang, B., H. Neue, and H. Samonte, 1997: Effect of cultivar difference on methane emissions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 62, pp. 31-40.

Wang, M.X. and X.J. Shangguan, 1996: CH₄ emission from various rice fields in PR China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 55, pp. 129-138.

Wassmann, R., R.S. Lantin, H.U. Neue, L.V. Buendia, T.M. Corton, and Y. Lu, 2000: Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. III. Mitigation options and future research needs. Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystems, 58, pp. 23-36.

West, T.O. and G. Marland, 2003: Net carbon flux from agriculture: Carbon emissions, carbon sequestration, crop yield, and land-use change. Biogeochemistry, 63, pp. 73-83.

West, T.O. and W.M. Post, 2002: Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation: A global data analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, pp. 1930-1946.

Wolin, E.A., R.S. Wolf, and M.J. Wolin, 1964: Microbial formation of methane. Journal of Bacteriology, 87, pp. 993-998.

Woodward, S.L., G.C. Waghorn, M.J. Ulyatt, and K.R. Lassey, 2001: Early indications that feeding Lotus will reduce methane emissions in ruminants. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 61, pp. 23-26.

World Bank, 2003: World Development Indicators [CD-ROM]. The World Bank, Washington, D.C..

World Bank, 2005: India Development Strategy Paper 2005-2008. The World Bank, Washington D.C..

Wright, A.D.G., P. Kennedy, C.J. O’Neill, A.F. Troovey, S. Popovski, S.M. Rea, C.L. Pimm, and L. Klein. 2004: Reducing methane emissions in sheep by immunization against rumen methanogens. Vaccine, 22, pp. 3976-3985.

Xiang, C.G, P.J. Zhang, G.X. Pan, D.S. Qiu, and Q.H. Chu, 2006: Changes in diversity, protein content, and amino acid composition of earthworms from a paddy soil under different long-term fertilizations in the Tai Lake Region, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26(6), pp. 1667-1674.

Xu, H., Z.C. Cai, and H. Tsuruta, 2003: Soil moisture between rice-growing seasons affects methane emission, production, and oxidation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 67, pp. 1147-1157.

Xu, H., Z.C. Cai, Z.J. Jia, and H. Tsuruta, 2000: Effect of land management in winter crop season on CH₄ emission during the following flooded and rice-growing period. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 58, pp. 327-332.

Xu, S., X. Hao, K. Stanford, T. McAllister, F.J. Larney, and J. Wang, 2007: Greenhouse gas emissions during co-composting of cattle mortalities with manure. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 78, 177-187.

Yagi, K., H. Tsuruta, and K. Minami, 1997: Possible options for mitigating methane emission from rice cultivation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 49, pp. 213-220.

Yan, T., R.E. Agnew, F.J. Gordon, and M.G. Porter, 2000: Prediction of methane energy output in dairy and beef cattle offered grass silage-based diets. Livestock Production Science, 64, pp. 253-263.

Yan, X., T. Ohara, and H. Akimoto, 2003: Development of region-specific emission factors and estimation of methane emission from rice field in East, Southeast and South Asian countries. Global Change Biology, 9, pp. 237-254.