Figure 5.18: Fuel economy and GHG emission standards

Note: all the fuel economy targets represent test values based on artificial driving cycles. The standards in the EU and Australia are based on voluntary agreements. In most cases, actual on-road fuel economy values will be lower; for example, the US publishes fuel economy estimates for individual LDVs that are about 15% lower than the test val-ues and even these values appear to be optimistic. Miles/gallon is per US gallon.