Report by UK

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

Important and useful table - but where have the 12 drivers come from? There is also much more than can be added to it to make it more comprehensive - it mixes up supply (e.g. infrastructure and energy mix) and demand (e.g. transport) - and it does not really focus on carbon reduction
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

This is very helpful - there could be more discussion of it through talking about such issues as the energy mix, shorter trips, use of public transport, walk and cycle, through using waste for energy, through carbon sinks, through insulation and design standards, and thorugh buildings design and materials etc.
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

This is very helpful and could perhaps be used to structure this Section
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

This table is again helpful and could be made more central to the Chapter's main messages
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

This section was the hardest to understand as it is so fragmented and repetitive - this could be cut extensively - the focus on carbon is missing
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

This is much better presented than 12.4
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

This Section on Governance is important - it can again be shortened - with a stronger ending that leads into Section 12.7 - that much of the action is taking place at the city and city regional levels
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

An example of a civil society approach to implementing sustainable development paths based on limit to resources and equity is "one planet living" One Planet Communities (Desai, 2009) http://www.amazon.co.uk/One-Planet-Communities-Sustainable-Living/dp/0470715464/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpi_1 http://www.bioregional.com/oneplanetliving/what-is-one-planet-living/
View full comment by Sue Riddlestone...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning:
UK

This Section again needs to be rethought as it seems to be rather bits and pieces with no common themes - the linkages with the previous sections is missing - there is no reflection and it is again very much based on the experience in selected developed cities - Tokyo, London, LA and Chicago - needs some balancing of examples
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 0
UK

The terms compact, sprawl, unplanned, settlements are not clearly defined. They can have different meaning in different countries. For example, a settlement that is considered low density in Europe would be considered as compact in the USA. Some quantification would be useful such as a density ranges and settlement sizes to have a global definition of compactness and settlement types.
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 0
UK

A lot of the analysis is based on general and selective comparisons such as one country has higher densities and lower GHG emissions than another, therefore higher density causes lower GHG emissions etc. However, there are many other reasons for differences between the energy use and efficiency of countries such as climate, cultural, building standards, and fuel costs relative to incomes. Broad comparisons between cities are not sufficient to show causation.
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 0
UK

The text tends to focus on the density and compactness of cities even though it acknowledges that a large proportion of the urban population live in towns and smaller settlements and broader an more balanced consideration of settlement types would be helpful.
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 0
UK

The text is generally written from the perspective of promoting compaction. For example 'compact or compactness' is mentioned 26 times usually in a favourable light. Alternatives to compaction are described as 'unplanned' or 'sprawl' usually in an unfavourable context. It would be useful to have some unbiased assessment of the potential for planned towns and settlements. As people become wealthier many will want more space and a greener living environment rather than live
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 0
UK

Words such as 'strong' or 'significant' are often used without quantification
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 0
UK

My general conclusion from the chapter is that spatial planning is a very slow way of impacting on climate mitigation in developed countries but it is very important in developing countries where the rate of urbanisation is much higher. In developed countries the infrastructure investment, vehicle and building technologies and demand management measures can have a bigger impact than spatial planning. The appropriate mix of investment, technologies and demand management is l
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 10 , Line 1
UK

difference
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 10 , Line 27
UK

lower not lesser
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 10 , Line 4
UK

these figures from IEA should be updated to 2010 - they are available
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 10 , Line 42
UK

too much on comparisons when the metric, the time are not known or made clear - needs to set up common factors and focus on CO2 - there is a need to use the best available data - also important statements are made with no evidence
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 12 , Line 10
UK

where is the evidence?
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 12 , Line 19
UK

informs the private sector
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 12 , Line 25
UK

There is strong and direct correlation - how strong?
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 12 , Line 37
UK

VMT is only one key variable - also relates to type of vehicle, efficiency, occupancy
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 12 , Line 8 To Page 12 , Line 12
UK

I think the report should not imply that people having cars and single family homes and freedom of choice is somehow a bad thing. The car has been very beneficial in improving the lives of ordinary people. Its quite natural that people want to live in a single family home. I think that what this section is aiming to say is that the car has made it easier for people that work in urban areas to live in single family housing. Spatial planning and infrastructure needs to provi
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 13 , Line 4
UK

Explain - cannot exist without minimum levels of support - ref (1994) is very dated
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 13 , Line 45
UK

unclear about the point being made here - missing element is the corridor development in cities and the linkages between cities - clusters (many examples in China) and the development of satellite cities (Seoul and Shanghai)
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 13 , Line 8
UK

not kilometre but hectare
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 13 , Line 21 To Page 13 , Line 24
UK

The US National Research Council (2009) report found that "doubling density would only reduce VKT by 5% to 12%, and perhaps by 25% if coupled with higher employment concentrations, significant public transport improvements, mixed uses and other supportive demand management measures." Note however that these measures to achieve more than the 5% to 12% range are very dependent on having a strong local economy and investment in local improvements to public transport and streets
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 13 , Line 7 To Page 13 , Line 8
UK

I think the units "70 people per kilometre" are incorrect - should this be 70 people per hectare?
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 14 , Line 23
UK

unclear what is meant by 'more neutral'
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 14 , Line 31
UK

some figures needed here on proportions of household energy in housing and transport - if they account for over a half - where does the rest go? Differences between cities and those in the global north and south
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 14 , Line 5
UK

decentralised or distributed?
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 15 , Line 15
UK

important - to note the decisions made today about the location of development of all sorts influences the energy and CO2 emissions in the future - much better to have efficiency now than try to retrofit it
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 15 , Line 7
UK

evidence?
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 17 , Line 28
UK

note - evidence in several countries - EU, USA (not Japan) of peak car use
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 18 , Line 24
UK

several refs missing - Muller et al, Bulkeley et al 2012, Strohbach and Hass, 2012, Chaparro and Tarrodos, 2009 etc….
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 18 , Line 29
UK

Question about whether the 2C is a 2050 target - it has been downgraded and not agreed
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 18 , Line 50
UK

What is urban mining - explain
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 18 , Line 7
UK

rail not rails
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 19 To Page 21
UK

Generally the section on metabolism is good - maybe make more of the need for consistency and the use of IO/LCA
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 19 To Page 21
UK

also need to link the main points together - at present left as individual points - there are strong interrelationships
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 19 , Line 12
UK

This sentence is repeated on p23
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 21 To Page 94
UK

the list of mitigation opportunities is not complete - this needs to be addressed
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 22 , Line 11 To Page 22 , Line 11
UK

Newman and Kenworthy 1996 showed a correlation between density and fuel consumption and inferred that lower density cities cause higher fuel consumption. However, an alternative explanation is that for those cities that have cheap travel relative to income, people tend to travel further in order to have more living space, as property prices are lower outside central areas. Thus, lower real transport cost is the cause of lower density rather than higher density being the ca
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 22 , Line 12 To Page 22 , Line 12
UK

Mitchell et al (2011) This paper was based on case studies which found that the effects of alternative spatial planning policies in the UK such as a more compact or more dispersed pattern would have a relatively small impacts on energy consumption compared to the policy trend over a 30 year period. A more recent paper describes the overall findings of this research:- Echenique Hargreaves Mitchell and Namdeo 2012 Growing Cities Sustainably; Does Urban Form Really Matter? Jour
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 25 , Line 28
UK

These are US figures - there is huge variability, even in the US - this needs to be brought out - the land take in Dallas versus that in New York. But in many emerging cities the amount of land for streets is about half that in other cities - and the street is used for so many different activities.
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 25 , Line 42
UK

These units are inconsistent and totally meaningless - consistent metrics should be used throughout
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 27
UK

the comments on water, energy and carbon - and the linkages are really important
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 28 , Line 14
UK

same is true of the food consumption - perhaps extend these two and come back to them at the end
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 29 , Line 27
UK

increased
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 41 , Line 34
UK

Need the latest figures on CDM - there has been an increase in the number of transport projects and others
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 42 , Line 31
UK

Leadership issues are important - mentioned later, but introduce here - also education, information and involvement so that outcomes of actions are closer to expectations
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 44 , Line 37
UK

Hamburg
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 44 , Line 44
UK

Need to be bolder here - 36% is not enough - in developed cities we should be looking at 80% reductions in CO2
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 45 , Line 11
UK

Where are the largest cities - from India, China and SE Asia and S America?
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 45 , Line 17
UK

Note that this figure is only about 5% of the total urban population
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 45 , Line 2
UK

This is a key point that needs expansion and to be in conclusions - there is very little monitoring of outcomes - this is central to any target achievement, namely that progress must be monitored and actions strengthened if targets are not met
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 45 , Line 25
UK

Question as why Delhi should have a reduction target - there has to be growth of CO2 emissions in the developing cities - but less than trend following - it is the developed cities that must make the major contributions - this central point is not made - otherwise the Chapter is taking a very developed country perspective
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 46 , Line 10
UK

Unclear - the meaning of this section
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 48 , Line 12
UK

Not sure that any city has taken an aggressive agenda - some like Freiburg have followed a consistent pathway over a period of time - political, business and local support.
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 55
UK

Tokyo - this repeats Box 12.1
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 60
UK

Density conundrum - explain this - complexity in urban decision making is not addressed as most decisions have trade offs embedded in them - the example given here is not such a good one as it would be possible to devise strategies that both meet mitigation and adaptation needs
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 60
UK

There is no discussion of health co-benefits including from reduced air pollution, increased active travel and improved mental health from improved urban design
View full comment by Andy Haines...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 61 , Line 2
UK

Repetition
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 61 , Line 7
UK

Too negative
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 67 , Line 38
UK

This is duplicates on p68 (1-8) and different figures used
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 69 , Line 27
UK

This is the first time that spatial and urban planning have been included in IPCC - it is important that this Chapter has some very clear messages that are positive and demonstrate the heterogeneity between cities - the co-benefits argument is important, as is the difference in interpretation of CO2 reduction between cities, the importance of leadership and participatory processes, good examples of practice, the need for mandatory and voluntary agreements, the lack of monitor
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 7
UK

First part not well written - difficult to read - lack of structure - littered with errors - needs more cohesion
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 7 To Page 94
UK

throughout the Chapter it is unclear as to whether the focus is on energy or carbon or something else - nothing is really said about energy mix and the importance of clean energy - the authors need to address this in the introduction
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 7 , Line 11 To Page 7 , Line 12
UK

The statement "a few wealthy cities contributing to a majority of the emissions is not backed up with evidence. Does this mean the consumption of the people in a "few wealthy cities" produces more consumption based emissions of the rest of the world population? Its a very vague statement because the terms "few" and "wealthy" are not defined
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 7 , Line 16 To Page 7 , Line 16
UK

"Per capita GHG emissions are a fraction of national averages." GHG emissions per capita in cities are generally less than the national average but using the words "a fraction of" gives readers the impression that they are very small compared to the national average. This statement should be revised and state the percentage range of how much less than the national average.
View full comment by Anthony Hargreaves...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 8 , Line 18
UK

Needs some comment on ageing - and differences between cites - old and young
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 8 , Line 25
UK

In the developing...
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 8 , Line 25
UK

How can urban become an economic driver?
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 9 , Line 11
UK

increasingly
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 9 , Line 14
UK

No mention throughout of the rivers and estauries - and the potential problems of sea surges and flooding of rivers - many of the great cities are port cities - susceptibility to flooding - large literature on this
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 9 , Line 41
UK

relationships
View full comment by David Banister...

First Order Draft, Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning: From Page 9 , Line 45
UK

unclear
View full comment by David Banister...

Breakdown for UK

Chapter 172
Chapter 221
Chapter 3140
Chapter 477
Chapter 565
Chapter 696
Chapter 7394
Chapter 8217
Chapter 928
Chapter 106
Chapter 11123
Chapter 1278
Chapter 1320
Chapter 142
Chapter 1548
Chapter 1658
Annex II3
Entire Report38
Total Hits1486

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (beta version)