|
References
Allanic, A., R. Oppliger, and M.J. Rossi, 1997: Real-time kinetics of
the uptake of HOBr and BrONO2 on ice and in the presence of HCl in the temperature
range 190-200K. Journal of Geophysical Research, D102, 23529.
Anderson, M.R., R.C. Miake-Lye, R.C. Brown, and C.E. Kolb, 1996: Calculation
of exhaust plume structure and emissions of the ER-2 aircraft in the stratosphere.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 4025-4032.
Arnold, F., J. Schneider, K. Gollinger, H. Schlager, P. Schulte, D.E.
Hage, P.D. Whitefield, and P. van Velthoven, 1997: Observations of upper tropospheric
sulfur dioxide- and acetone-pollution: potential implications for hydroxyl radical
and aerosol formation. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 57-60.
Arnold, F., J. Schneider, M. Klemm, J. Scheid, T. Stilp, H. Schlager,
P. Schulte, and M.E. Reinhardt, 1994: Mass spectrometric measurement of SO2
and reactive nitrogen gases in exhaust plumes of commercial jet airliners at
cruise altitude. In: Impact of Emissions from Aircraft and Spacecraft upon the
Atmosphere [Schumann, U. and D. Wurzel (eds.)]. Proceedings of an international
scientific colloquium, 18-20 April 1994, Cologne, Germany. DLR-Mitteilung 94-06,
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center), Oberpfaffenhoffen
and Cologne, Germany, pp. 323-328.
Arnold, F., J. Scheid, T. Stilp, H. Schlager, and M.E. Reinhardt, 1992:
Measurements of jet aircraft emissions at cruise altitude. I: The odd-nitrogen
gases NO, NO2, HNO2 and HNO3. Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 2421-2424.
Atherton, C.S., 1995: Biomass Burning Sources of Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon
MoNOxide, and Non-Methane Hydrocarbons. UCRL-ID-122583, Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA, 15 pp.
Atherton, C.S., S. Grotch, D.D. Parrish, J.E. Penner, and J.J. Walton,
1996: The role of anthropogenic emissions of NOx on tropospheric ozone over
the North Atlantic ocean-a 3-dimensional global model study. Atmospheric Environment,
30, 1739-1749.
Barone, S.B., M.A. Zondlo, and M.A. Tolbert, 1997: A kinetic and product
study of the hydrolysis of ClONO2 on type Ia polar stratospheric cloud materials
at 185K. Journal of Physical Chemistry, A101, 8643-8652.
Baughcum, S.L., 1996: Aircraft Emissions Deposited in the Stratosphere
and Within the Arctic Polar Vortex. NASA-CR-4714, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA, 131 pp.
Baughcum, S.L., T.G. Tritz, S.C. Henderson, and D.C. Pickett, 1996:
Scheduled Civil Aircraft Emission Inventories for 1992: Database Development
and Analysis. NASA-CR-4700, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley
Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA, 205 pp.
Becker, K.H., J. Kleffmann, R. Kurtenbach, and P. Wiesen, 1996: Solubility
of nitrous acid (HONO) in sulfuric acid solutions. Journal of Physical Chemistry,
100, 14984-14990.
Beier, K. and F. Schreier, 1994: Modelling of aircraft exhaust emissions
and infrared spectra for measurements of nitrogen oxide. Annales Geophysicae,
12, 920-943.
Bekki, S., 1997: On the possible role of aircraft-generated soot in
the middle latitude ozone depletion. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 10751-10758.
Benkovitz, C.M., J. Dignon, J. Pacyna, T. Scholtz, L. Tarrasson, E.
Voldner, and T.E. Graedel, 1996: Global inventories of anthropogenic emissions
of SO2 and NOx. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 29239-29254.
Blake, D.F. and K. Kato, 1995: Latitudinal distribution of black carbon
soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 100, 7195-7202.
Boering, K.A., S.C. Wofsy, B.C. Daube, H.R. Schneider, M. Loewenstein,
and J.R. Podolske, 1996: Stratospheric mean ages and transport rates from observations
of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Science, 274, 1340-1343.
Borrmann, S., S. Solomon, J.E. Dye, and B. Luo, 1996: The potential
of cirrus clouds for heterogeneous chlorine activation. Geophysical Research
Letters, 23, 2133-2136.
Brasseur, G.P., R.A. Cox, D. Hauglustaine, I. Isaksen, J. Lelieveld,
D.H. Lister, R. Sausen, U. Schumann, A. Wahner, and P. Wiesen, 1998: European
scientific assessment of the atmospheric effects of aircraft emissions. Atmospheric
Environment, 32, 2327-2422.
Brewer, A.W., 1949: Evidence for a world circulation provided by the
measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere. Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 75, 351-363.
Brost, R.A., R.B. Chatfield, J.P. Greenberg, P.L. Haagenson, S. Madronich,
B.A. Ridley, and R.R. Zimmerman, 1988: Three-dimensional modeling of transport
of chemical species from continents to the Atlantic Ocean. Tellus, 40B,
358-379.
Brouwer, J., M.J. Rossi, and D.M. Golden, 1986: Reaction of N2O5 on
carbonaceous surfaces. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 90, 4599.
Brühl, C., P.J. Crutzen, and J.U. Grooß, 1998: High-latitude, summertime
NOx activation and seasonal ozone decline in the lower stratosphere: Model calculation
based on observations by HALOE on UARS. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103,
3587-3597.
Brune, W.H., I.C. Fallona, D. Tan, A.J. Weinheimer, T. Campos, B.A.
Ridley, S.A. Vay, J.E. Collins, G.W. Sachse, L. Jaeglé, and D.J. Jacob, 1998:
Airborne in-situ OH and HO2 observations in the cloud-free troposphere and lower
stratosphere during SUCCESS. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 1701-1704.
Brunner, D., J. Staehelin, and D. Jeker, 1998. Large-scale nitrogen
oxide plumes in the tropopause region and implications for ozone. Science, 282,
1305-1309.
Calvert, J.G., A. Lazrus, G.L. Kok, B.G. Heikes, J.G. Walega, J.G. Lind,
and C.A. Cantrell, 1985: Chemical mechanisms of acid generation in the troposphere.
Nature, 317, 27-35.
Carslaw, K.S., B.P. Luo, S.L. Clegg, T. Peter, P. Brimblecombe, and
P.J. Crutzen, 1994: Stratospheric aerosol growth and HNO3 gas-phase depletion
from coupled HNO3 and water-uptake by liquid particles. Geophysical Research
Letters, 21, 2479-2482.
Chameides, W.L., D.D. Davis, J. Bradshaw, M. Rodgers, S. Sandholm, and
D.B. Bai, 1987: An estimate of the NOx production rate in electrified clouds
based on NO observations from the GTE CITE-1 fall 1983 operation. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 92, 2153-2156.
Chatfield, R.B. and P.J. Crutzen, 1984: Sulfur dioxide in remote oceanic
air: Cloud transport of reactive precursors. Journal of Geophysical Research,
89, 7111-7132.
Chughtai, A.R., W.F. Welch, Jr., M.S. Akhter, and D.M. Smith, 1990:
A spectroscopic study of gaseous products of soot-oxides of nitrogen/water reactions.
Applied Spectroscopy, 44, 294-298.
Considine, D.B., A.R. Douglass, and C.H. Jackman, 1994: Effects of a
polar stratospheric cloud parameterization on ozone depletion due to stratospheric
aircraft in a 2-dimensional model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99,
18879-18894.
Crutzen, P.J. and M.O. Andreae, 1990: Biomass burning in the tropics-impact
on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250, 1669-1678.
Danilin, M.Y., J.M. Rodriguez, M.K.W. Ko, D.K. Weisenstein, R.C. Brown,
R.C. Miake-Lye, and M.R. Anderson, 1997: Aerosol particle evolution in an aircraft
wake: implications for the high-speed civil transport fleet impact on ozone.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 21453-21463.
Dessler, A.E., E.J. Hintsa, E.M. Weinstock, J.G. Anderson, and K.R.
Chan, 1995: Mechanisms controlling water vapor in the lower stratosphere: a
tale of two stratospheres. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 23167-23172.
Dignon, J., 1992: NOx and SOxO emissions from fossil fuels: a global
distribution. Atmospheric Environment, A26, 1157-1163.
Dowling, D.R. and L.F. Radke, 1990: A summary of physical properties
of cirrus clouds. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 29, 970-978.
Durbeck, T. and T. Gerz, 1996: Dispersion of aircraft exhausts in the
free atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 26007-26015.
Ehhalt, D.H., F. Rohrer, and A. Wahner, 1992: Sources and distribution
of NOx in the upper troposphere at northern mid-latitudes. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 97, 3725-3738.
Elkins, J.W., D.W. Fahey, J.M. Gilligan, G.S. Dutton, T.J. Baring, C.M.
Volk, R.E. Dunn, R.C. Myers, S.A. Montzka, P.R. Wamsley, A.H. Hayden, J.H. Butler,
T.M. Thompson, T.H. Swanson, E.J. Dlugokencky, P.C. Novelli, D.F. Hurst, J.M.
Lobert, S.J. Ciciora, R.J. McLaughlin, T.L. Thompson, R.H. Winkler, P.J. Fraser,
L.P. Steele, and M.P. Lucarelli, 1996: Airborne gas chromatograph for in situ
measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 347-350.
Emmons, L.K., M.A. Carroll, D.A. Hauglustaine, G.P. Brasseur, C. Atherton,
J. Penner, S. Sillman, H. Levy II, F. Rohrer, W.M.F. Wauben, P.F.J. van Velthoven,
Y. Wang, D.J. Jacob, P. Bakwin, R. Dickerson, B. Doddridge, C. Gerbig, R. Honrath,
G. Hubler, D. Jaffe, Y. Kondo, J.W. Munger, A. Torres, and A. Volz-Thomas, 1997:
Climatologies of NOx and NOy: a comparison of data and models. Atmospheric Environment,
31, 1851-1903.
Fahey, D.W., E.R. Keim, K.A. Boering, C.A. Brock, J.C. Wilson, H.H.
Jonsson, S. Anthony, T.F. Hanisco, P.O. Wennberg, R.C. Miake-Lye, R.J. Salawitch,
N. Louisnard, E.L. Woodbridge, R.-S. Gao, S.G. Donelly, R. Wamsley, L.A. Del
Negro, B.C. Daube, S.C. Wofsy, C.R. Webster, R.D. May, K.K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein,
J.R. Podolske, and K.R. Chan, 1995: Emission measurements of the Concorde supersonic
aircraft in the lower stratosphere. Science, 270, 70-74.
Fendel, W., D. Matter, H. Burtscher, and A. Schmidt-Olt, 1995: Interaction
between carbon or iron aerosol particles and ozone. Atmospheric Environment,
29, 967-973.
Fenter, F.F. and M.J. Rossi, 1996: Heterogeneous kinetics of HONO on
H2SO4 solutions and on ice: activation of HCl. Journal of Physical Chemistry,
100, 13765-13775.
Flatoy, F. and Ų. Hov, 1996: Three-dimensional model studies of the
effect of NOx emissions from aircraft on ozone in the upper troposphere over
Europe and the North Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101,
1401-1422.
Fortuin, J.P.F. and H. Kelder, 1997: Possible links between ozone and
temperature profiles. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 1517-1520.
Fox, L.E., D.R. Worsnop, M.E. Zahniser, and S.C. Wofsy, 1995: Metastable
phases in polar stratospheric aerosols. Science, 267, 351-355.
Fried, A., B.E. Henry, J.G. Calvert, and M. Mozurkewich, 1994: The reaction
probability of N2O5 with sulfuric acid aerosols at stratospheric temperatures
and compositions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 3517-3532.
Friedl, R.R. (ed.), 1997: Atmospheric Effects of Subsonic Aircraft:
Interim Assessment Report of the Advanced Subsonic Technology Program. NASA
Reference Publication 1400, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, 168 pp.
Fuglestvedt, J.S., T.K. Berntsen, I.S.A. Isaksen, H. Mao, X.-Z. Liang,
and W.-C. Wang, 1999: Climatic forcing of nitrogen oxides through changes in
tropospheric ozone and methane; global 3D model studies. Atmospheric Environment,
33, 961-977.
Fuglestvedt, J.S., I.S.A. Isaksen, and W.C. Wang, 1996: Estimates of
indirect global warming potentials for CH4, CO, and NOx. Climatic Change, 34,
405-437.
Gao, R.-S., B. Kärcher, E.R. Kein, and D.W. Fahey, 1998: Constraining
the heterogeneous loss of O3 on soot particles with observations in jet engine
exhaust plumes. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 3323-3326.
Gao, R.-S., D.W. Fahey, R.J. Salawitch, S.A. Lloyd, D.E. Anderson, R.
DeMajistre, C.T. McElroy, E.L. Woodbridge, R.C. Wamsley, S.G. Donnelly, L.A.
Del Negro, M.H. Proffitt, R.M. Stimpfle, D.W. Kohn, S.R. Kawa, L.R. Lait, M.
Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, E.R. Keim, J.E. Dye, J.C. Wilson, and K.R. Chan,
1997: Partitioning of the reactive nitrogen reservoir in the lower stratosphere
of the southern hemisphere: observations and modeling. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 3935-3949.
Gardner, R.M., K. Adams, T. Cook, F. Deidewig, S. Ernedal, R. Falk,
E. Fleuti, E. Herms, C.E. Johnson, M. Lecht, D.S. Lee, M. Leech, D. Lister,
B. Masse, M. Metcalfe, P. Newton, A. Schmitt, C. Vandenbergh, and R. Van Drimmelen,
1997: The ANCAT/EC global inventory of NOx emissions from aircraft. Atmospheric
Environment, 31, 1751-1766.
Garnier, F., L. Jacquin, and A. Laverdant, 1996: Engine jet entrainment
in the near field of an aircraft: impact of aircraft emissions upon the atmosphere.
In: Impact of Aircraft Emissions upon the Atmosphere. Proceedings of an international
scientific colloquium, 15-18 October 1996, Paris, France. Office Nationale d'Etudes
et de Recherches Aerospatiales, Chatillon, France, Vol. I, pp. 483-489.
Gerecke, A., A. Thielmann, L. Gutzwiller, and M.J. Rossi, 1998: The
chemical kinetics of HONO formation resulting from heterogeneous interaction
of NO2 with flame soot. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 2453-2456.
Gerz, T. and T. Ehret, 1997: Wingtip vortices and exhaust jets during
the jet regime of aircraft wakes. Aerospace Science Technology, 1, 463-474.
Gerz, T. and B. Kärcher, 1997. Dilution of aircraft exhaust and entrainment
rates for trajectory box models. In: Impact of Aircraft Emissions upon the Atmosphere.
Proceedings of an international scientific colloquium, 15-18 October 1996, Paris,
France. Office Nationale d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales, Chatillon,
France, Vol. I, pp. 271-276.
Gettelman, A. and S.L. Baughcum, 1999. Direct deposition of subsonic
aircraft emissions into the stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, (in
press).
Hanson, D.R., 1992: The uptake of HNO3 onto ice, NAT, and frozen sulfuric-acid.
Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 2063-2066.
Hanson, D.R. and A.R. Ravishankara, 1991: The reaction probabilities
of ClONO2 and N2O5 on 40 to 75% sulfuric acid solutions. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 96, 17307-17314.
Hanson, D.R. and A.R. Ravishankara, 1992: Investigation of the reactive
and nonreactive processes involving ClONO2 and HCl on water and nitric acid
doped ice. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 96, 2682-2691.
Hanson, D.R., A.R. Ravishankara, and E.R. Lovejoy, 1996: Reaction of
BrONO2 with H2O on submicron acid aerosol and the implications for the lower
stratosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 9063-9069.
Harris, N.R.P., G. Ancellet, L. Bishop, D.J. Hofmann, J.B. Kerr, R.D.
McPeters, M. Prendez, W.J. Randel, J. Shaehelin, A. Volz-Thomas, J. Zawodny,
and C.S. Zerofros, 1997: Trends in stratospheric and free tropospheric ozone.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 1571-1590.
Hauglustaine, D.A., B.A. Ridley, S. Solomon, P.G. Hess, and S. Madronich,
1996: HNO3/NOx ratio in the remote troposphere during MLOPEX-2: evidence for
nitric acid reduction on carbonaceous aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters,
23, 2609-2612.
Hayman, G.D. and M. Markiewicz, 1996: Chemical modelling of the aircraft
exhaust plume. In: Pollution from Aircraft Emissions in the North Atlantic Flight
Corridor [Schumann, U. (ed.)]. EUR-16978-EN, Office for Publications of the
European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 280-297.
Hidalgo, H. and P.J. Crutzen, 1977: The tropospheric and stratospheric
composition perturbed by NOx emissions of high-altitude aircraft. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 82, 5833-5866.
Hintsa, E.J., P.A. Newman, H.H. Jonsson, C.R. Webster, R.D. May, R.L.
Herman, L.R. Lait, M.R. Schoeberl, J.W. Elkins, P.R. Wamsley, G.S. Dutton, T.P.
Bui, D.W. Kohn, and I.G. Anderson, 1998: Dehydration and denitrification in
the Arctic polar vortex during the 1995-1996 winter. Geophysical Research Letters,
25, 501-504.
Hoinka, K.P., M.E. Reinhardt, and W. Metz, 1993: North Atlantic air
traffic within the lower stratosphere: cruising times and corresponding emissions.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 23, 113-123, 131.
Hofmann, D.J. and S. Solomon, 1989: Ozone destruction through heterogeneous
chemistry following the eruption of El Chichon. Journal of Geophysical Research,
94, 5029-5041.
Hofmann, D.J., 1993: 20 years of balloon-borne tropospheric aerosol
measurements at Laramie, Wyoming. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98,
12753-12766.
Holton, J.R., P.H. Haynes, M.E. McIntyre, A.R. Douglass, R.B. Rood,
and L. Pfister, 1995: Stratosphere-troposphere exchange. Review of Geophysics,
33, 403-409.
Horowitz, L.W., J.Y. Liang, G.M. Gardner, and D.J. Jacob, 1998: Export
of reactive nitrogen from North-America during summertime-sensitivity to hydrocarbon
chemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 13451-13476.
Hoshizaki, H., L.B. Anderson, R.J. Conti, N. Farlow, J.W. Meyer, T.
Overcamp, K.O. Redler, and V. Watson, 1975: Aircraft wake microscale phenomena.
In: CIAP Monograph 3, The Stratosphere Perturbed by Propulsion Effluent. DOT-TST-75-53,
U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, USA, 77 pp.
Hoskins, B.J., M.E. McIntyre, and A.W. Robertson, 1985: On the use and
significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Meteorological Society, 111, 877-946.
IPCC, 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution
of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T., L. Meira Filho, B. Callander, N. Harris,
A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell (eds.)] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 285-357.
IPCC, 1995: Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emissions Scenarios [Houghton, J.T., L.G.
Meira Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B.A. Callander, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K.
Maskell (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 72-126.
IUPAC, 1997a: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric
chemistry. Supplement V. Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data, 26,
509-1011.
IUPAC, 1997b: Evaluated kinetic and photochemical data for atmospheric
chemistry. Supplement VI. Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data, 26,
1329-1499.
Jacob, D.J., J.A. Logan, G.M. Gardner, R.M. Yevich, C.M. Spivakovsky,
S.C. Wofsy, S. Sillman, and M.J. Prather, 1993: Factors regulating ozone over
the United States and its export to the global atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 98, 14817-14826.
Jacob, D.J., M.J. Prather, P.J. Rasch, R.-L. Shia, Y.J. Balkanski, S.R.
Beagley, D.J. Bergmann, W.T. Blackshear, M. Brown, M. Chiba, M.P. Chipperfield,
J de Grandpre, J.E. Dignon, J. Feichter, C. Genthon, W.L. Grose, P. Kasibhatla,
I. Kohler, M.A. Kritz, K. Law, J.E. Penner, M. Ramonet, C.E. Reeves, D.A. Rotman,
D.Z. Stockwell, P.F.J. van Velthoven, G. Verver, O. Wild, H. Yang, and P. Zimmermann,
1997: Evaluation and intercomparison of global atmospheric transport models
using 222Rn and other short-lived tracers. Journal of Geophysical Research,
102, 5953-5970.
Jacob, D.J., B.G. Heikes, S.-M. Fan, J.A. Logan, D.L. Mauzerall, J.D.
Bradshaw, H.B. Singh, G.L. Gregory, R.W. Talbot, D.R. Blake, G.W. Sachse, 1996:
The origin of ozone and NOx in the tropical troposphere: a photochemical analysis
of aircraft observations over the south Atlantic basin. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 101, 24235-24250.
Jaeglé, L., D.J. Jacob, P.O. Wennberg, C.M. Spivakovsky, T.F. Hanisco,
E.J. Lanzendorf, E.J. Hintsa, D.W. Fahey, E.R. Keim, M.H. Proffitt, E. Atlas,
F. Flock, S. Schauffler, C.T. McElroy, C. Midwinter, L. Pfister, and J.C. Wilson,
1997: Observed OH and HO2 in the upper troposphere suggest a major source from
convective injection of peroxides. Geophysical Research Letters, 24,
3181-3184.
Jaeglé, L., D.J. Jacob, W.H. Brune, D. Tan, I.C. Faloona, A.J. Weinheimer,
B.A. Ridley, T.L. Campos, and G.W. Sachse, 1998: Sources of HOx and production
of ozone in the upper troposphere over the United States. Geophysical Research
Letters, 25, 1709-1712.
Johnson, C.E. and R.G. Derwent, 1996: Relative radiative forcing consequences
of global emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon moNOxide and NOx from human activities
estimated with a zonally-averaged two-dimensional model. Climatic Change, 34,
439-462.
JPL, 1997: Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric
Modeling, Evaluation Number 12. JPL-97-4, NASA Panel for Data Evaluation, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena,
CA, USA, 266 pp.
Jucks, K.W., D.G. Johnson, K.V. Chance, W.A. Traub, R.J. Salawitch,
and R.A. Stachnik, 1997: Ozone production and loss rate measurements in the
middle stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 28785-28792.
Kanakidou, M., F.J. Dentener, T.K. Berntsen, W.J. Collins, D.A. Hauglustaine,
S. Houweling, I. Isaksen, M. Krol, M.G. Lawrence, J.F. Müller, N. Poisson, G.J.
Roelofs, Y. Wang, and W.M.F. Wauben, 1998: 3-D global simulations of tropospheric
CO distribution - results of the GIM/IGAC intercomparison 1997 exercise. In:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Atmospheric Carbon MoNOxide and
Its Environmental Effect, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA, December
3-6, 1997.
Kärcher, B., 1998: Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols,
soot and ice particles, 1. model description. Journal of Geophysical Research,
103, 17111-17128.
Kärcher, B., F. Yu, F.P. Schröder, and R.P. Turco, 1998a: Ultrafine
aerosol particles in aircraft plumes: analysis of growth mechanisms. Geophysical
Research Letters, 25, 2793-2796.
Kärcher, B., R. Busen, A. Petzold, F.P. Schröder, U. Schumann, and
E.J. Jensen, 1998b: Physicochemistry of aircraft-generated liquid aerosols,
soot and ice particles, 2. comparison with observations and sensitivity studies.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 17129-17147.
Kärcher, B., 1997: Heterogeneous chemistry in aircraft wakes: constraints
for uptake coefficients. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 19119-19135.
Kärcher, B., T. Peter, and R. Ottmann, 1995: Contrail Formation: Homogeneous
nucleation of H2SO4/H2O droplets. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 1501-1504.
Kärcher, B., 1994: Transport of exhaust products in the near trail of
a jet engine under atmospheric conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research,
99, 14509-14517.
Karol, I.L., Y.E. Ozolin, and E.V. Rozanov, 1997: Box and Gaussian plume
models of the exhaust composition evolution of the subsonic transport aircraft
in and out of the flight corridor. Annales Geophysicae, 15, 88-96.
Karol, I.L., Y.E. Ozolin, and E.V. Rozanov, 1998: Effective emission
indices (EEI) of the subsonic aircraft exhausts and their dependence on the
external conditions. In: Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on the Atmospheric
Effects of Aviation, Virginia Beach, VA, USA, April 27-May 1 1998. NASA, Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
Kasibhatla, P.S., H. Levy II, W.J. Moxim, and W.L. Chameides, 1991:
The relative impact of stratospheric photochemical production on tropospheric NOY levels: a model study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 18631-18646.
Kleffmann, J., K.-H. Becker, and P. Wiesen, 1998: Heterogeneous NO2
conversion processes on acid surfaces: possible atmospheric implications. Atmospheric
Environment, 32, 2721-2729.
Konopka, P., 1995: Analytical Gaussian solutions for anisotropic diffusion
in a linear shear-flow. Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermophysics, 20,
78-91.
Kotamarthi, V.R., J.M. Rodriguez, N.D. Sze, Y. Kondo, R. Pueschel, G.
Ferry, J. Bradshaw, S. Sandholm, G. Gregory, D. Davis, and S. Liu, 1997: Evidence
of heterogeneous chemistry on sulfate aerosols in stratospherically influenced
air masses sampled during PEM-West B. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102,
28425-28436.
Lacis, A.A., D.J. Wuebbles, and J.A. Logan, 1990: Radiative forcing
of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 95, 9971-9981.
Lamarque, J.-F., G.P. Brasseur, and P.G. Hess, 1996: Three-dimensional
study of the relative contributions of the different nitrogen sources in the
troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 22955-22968.
Lary, D.J., A.M. Lee, R. Toumi, M.J. Newchurch, M. Pirre, and J.B.
Renard, 1997: Carbon Aerosols and atmospheric photochemistry. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 3671-3682.
Lee, D.S., I. Köhler, E. Grobler, F. Rohrer, R. Sausen, L. Gallardo-Klenner,
J.G.J. Olivier, F.J. Dentener, and A.F. Bouwman, 1997: Estimations of global
NOx emissions and their uncertainties. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 1735-1749.
Levy II, H., W.J. Moxim, and P.S. Kasibhatla, 1996: A global 3-dimensional
time-dependent lightning source of tropospheric NOx. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 101, 22911-22922.
Lewellen, D.C. and W.S. Lewellen, 1996: Large-eddy simulations of the
vortex-pair breakup in aircraft wakes. AIAA Journal, 34, 2337-2345.
Liang, J.Y., L.W. Horowitz, D.J. Jacob, Y.H. Wang, A.M. Fiore, J.A.
Logan, G.M. Gardner, and J.W. Munger, 1998: Seasonal budgets of reactive nitrogen
species and ozone over the United States, and export fluxes to the global atmosphere.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 13435-13450.
Logan, J.A., 1994: Trends in the vertical distribution of ozone: an
analysis of ozonesonde data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 25553-25585.
Longfellow, C.A., T. Imamura, A.R. Ravishankara, and D.R. Hanson, 1998:
HONO solubility and heterogeneous reactivity on sulfuric acid surfaces. Journal
of Physical Chemistry, A102, 3323-3332.
Louisnard, N., C. Baundoin, G. Billet, F. Garnier, D. Hills, T. Mentel,
P. Mirabel, J. Petit, J. Schultz, D. Taleb, J. Thlibi, A. Wahner, and P. Woods,
1995: Physics and chemistry in the aircraft wake. In: AERONOx. The Impact of
NOx Emissions from Aircraft Upon the Atmosphere at Flight Altitudes 8-15 km
[Schumann, U., (ed.)]. EUR-16209-EN, Office for Publications of the European
Communities, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 195-309.
Marenco, A., V. Thouret, P. Nedelec, H.G. Smit, M. Helten, D. Kley,
F. Kärcher, P. Simon, K. Law, J. Pyle, G. Poschmann, R. Von Wrede, C. Hume,
and T. Cook, 1999: Measurement of ozone and water vapor by Airbus in-service
aircraft: the MOZAIC program, an overview. Journal of Geophysical Research,
103, 25631-25642.
Matthews, E., 1983: Global vegetation and land use: New high-resolution
data bases for climate studies. Journal of Climatic Applied Meteorology, 22,
474-487.
McIntyre, M.E., 1995: The stratospheric polar vortex and sub-vortex-fluid
dynamics and mid-latitude ozone loss. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society, A352, 227-240.
McKeen, S.A., T. Gierczak, J.B. Burkholder, P.O. Wennberg, T.F. Hanisco,
E.R. Keim, R.-S. Gao, S.C. Liu, A.R. Ravishankara, and D.W. Fahey, 1997: The
photochemistry of acetone in the upper troposphere: a source of odd-hydrogen
radicals. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 3177-3180.
Meijer, E.W., P. van Velthoven, W. Wauben, H. Kelder, J. Beck, and G.
Velders, 1997: The effects of the conversion of nitrogen oxides in aircraft
exhaust plumes in global models. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 3013-3016.
Metwally, M. 1995: Jet Aircraft Engine Emissions Database Development-1992
Military, Charter, and Nonscheduled Traffic. NASA-CR-4684, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, Hampton, VA, USA, 61 pp.
Miake-Lye, R.C., M. Martinez-Sanchez, R.C. Brown, and C.E. Kolb, 1993:
Plume and wake dynamics, mixing and chemistry behind a high speed civil transport
aircraft. Journal of Aircraft, 30, 467-479.
Miller, A.J., G.C. Tiao, G.C. Reinsel, D. Wuebbles, L. Bishop, J. Kerr,
R.M. Nagatani, J.J. Deluisi, and C.L. Mateer, 1995: Comparisons of observed
ozone trends in the stratosphere through examination of Umkehr and balloon ozonesonde
data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 11209-11217.
Minschwaner, K., A.E. Dessler, J.W. Elkins, C.M. Volk, D.W. Fahey, M.
Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, A.E. Roche, and K.R. Chan, 1996: Bulk properties
of isentropic mixing into the tropics and the lower stratosphere. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 101, 9433-9439.
Müller, J.-F., 1992: Geographical distribution and seasonal variation
of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 97, 3787-3804.
Murphy, D.M., D.W. Fahey, M.H. Proffitt, S.C. Liu, K.R. Chan, C.S. Eubank,
S.R. Kawa, and K.K. Kelly, 1993: Reactive nitrogen and its correlation with
ozone in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 98, 8751-8773.
Olson, J., M. Prather, T. Berntsen, G. Carmichael, R. Chatfield, P.
Connell, R. Derwent, L. Horowitz, S. Jin, M. Kanakidou, P. Kasibhatla, R. Kotamarthi,
M. Kuhn, K. Law, J.E. Penner, L. Perliski, S. Sillman, F. Stordal, A. Thompson,
and O. Wild, 1997: Results from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change
photochemical model intercomparison (PhotoComp). Journal of Geophysical Research,
102, 5979-5991.
Opplige, R., A. Allanic, and M.J. Rossi, 1997: Real-time kinetics of
the uptake of ClONO2 on ice and in the presence of HCl in the temperature range
160 ¨ T/K ¨200. Journal of Physical Chemistry, A101, 1903-1911.
Park, J.H., M.K.W Ko, C.H. Jackman, and K.H. Sage (eds.), 1999: Models
and Measurements II. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley
Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA, 470 pp. (in press).
Petry, H., J. Hendricks, M. Möllhoff, E. Liepert, A. Meier, A. Ebel,
and R. Sausen, 1998: Chemical conversion in the dispersing plume: calculation
of effective emission indices. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103,
5759-5772.
Petzold, A. and F. Schröder, 1998: Jet Engine exhaust aerosol characterization.
Aerosol Science and Technology, 28, 62-76.
Petzold, A., R. Busen, F.P. Schröder, R. Baumann, M. Kuhn, J. Ström,
D.E. Hagen, P.D. Whitefield, D. Baumgardner, F. Arnold, S. Borrmann, and U.
Schumann, 1997: Near-field measurements on contrail properties from fuels with
different sulfur content. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 29867-29881.
Pierce, R.B., T.D. Fairlie, W.L. Grose, R. Swinbank, and A. O'Neill,
1994: Mixing processes within the polar night jet. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,
51, 2957-2972.
Pierce, R.B., W.T. Blackshear, T.D. Fairlie, W.L. Grose, and R.E. Turner,
1993: The interaction of radiative and dynamical processes during a simulated
sudden stratospheric warming. Journal of Atmospheric Science, 50, 3829-3851.
Pires, M.R., H. van den Bergh, and M.J. Rossi, 1996: The heterogeneous
formation of N2O over bulk condensed phases in the presence of SO2 at high humidities.
Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 25, 229-250.
Pleijel, K., 1998: Impact from emitted NOx and VOC in an aircraft plume:
model results for the free troposphere. IVL Report B1245, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Plumb, R.A., 1996: A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 3957-3972.
Portmann, R.W., S. Solomon, R.R. Garcia, L.W. Thomason, L.R. Poole,
and M.P. McCormick, 1996: Role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone
depletion in the polar regions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101,
22991-23006.
Prather, M.J. and D.J. Jacob, 1997: A persistent imbalance in HOx and
NOx photochemistry of the upper troposphere driven by deep tropical convection.
Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 3189-3192.
Prather, M.J. and E.E. Remsberg (eds.), 1993: The Atmospheric Effects
of Stratospheric Aircraft: Report of the 1992 Models and Measurements Workshop.
NASA Reference Publication 1292, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
USA.
Price, C. and D. Rind, 1992: A simple lightning parameterization for
calculating global lightning distributions. Journal of Geophysical Research,
97, 9919-9933.
Pueschel, R.F., K.A. Boering, S. Verma, S.D. Howard, G.V. Ferry, J.
Goodman, D.A. Allen, and P. Hamill, 1997: Soot aerosol in the lower stratosphere:
pole-to-pole variability and contributions by aircraft. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 13113-13118.
Quackenbush, T.R., M.E. Teske, and A.J. Bilanin, 1993: Computation
of Wake/Exhaust Mixing Downstream of Advanced Transport Aircraft. Paper presented
at American Institute of Aeronautical Engineers 24th Fluid Dynamics Conference,
Orlando, FL, USA, 6-9 July 1993.
Quinlan, M.A., C.M. Reihs, D.M. Golden, and M.A. Tolbert, 1990: Heterogeneous
reactions on model polar stratospheric cloud surfaces: Reaction of N2O5 on ice
and nitric acid trihydrate. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 94, 3255-3260.
Ridley, B.A., J.E. Dye, J.G. Walega, J. Zheng, F.E. Grahek, and W. Rison,
1996: On the production of active nitrogen by thunderstorms over New Mexico.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 20985-21005.
Rinsland, C.P., M.R. Gunson, R.J. Salawitch, H.A. Michelsen, R. Zander,
M.J. Newchurch, M.M. Abbas, M.C. Abrams, G.L. Manney, A.Y. Chang, F.W. Irion,
A. Goldman, and E. Mahieu, 1996: ATMOS/ATLAS-3 measurements of stratospheric
chlorine and reactive nitrogen partitioning inside and outside the November
1994 Antarctic vortex. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 2365-2368.
Rogaski, C.A., D.M. Golden, and L.R. Williams, 1997: Laboratory measurements
of H2O uptake on amorphous carbon: Effects of chemical treatment with NO2, SO2,
H2SO4, and HNO3. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 381-384.
Schilling, V., S. Siano, and D. Etling, 1996: Dispersion of aircraft
emissions due to wake vortices in stratified shear flows: A two-dimensional
numerical study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 20965-20974.
Schlager, H, P. Schulte, H. Ziereis, F. Arnold, J. Ovarlez, P. van Velthoven,
and U. Schumann, 1996: Airborne observations of large scale accumulations of
air traffic emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor with a stagnant
anticyclone. In: Impact of Aircraft Emissions upon the Atmosphere. Proceedings
of an international scientific colloquium, 15-18 October 1996, Paris, France,
Office Nationale d'Etudes et de Recherches Spatiales, Chatillon, France, Vol.
I, pp. 247-252.
Schlager, H., P. Konopka, P. Schulte, U. Schumann, H. Ziereis, F. Arnold,
M. Klemm, D.E. Hagen, P.D. Whitefield, and J. Ovarlez, 1997: In situ observations
of air traffic emission signatures in the North Atlantic flight corridor. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 102, 10739-10750.
Schoeberl, M.R., A.E. Roche, J.M. Russell, J.M. Ortland, P.B. Hays,
and J.W. Waters, 1997: An estimation of the dynamical isolation of the tropical
lower stratosphere using UARS wind and trace gas observations of the quasi-biennial
oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 53-56.
Schulte, P. and H. Schlager, 1996. In-flight measurements of cruise
altitude nitric oxide emission indices of commercial jet aircraft. Geophysical
Research Letters, 23, 165-168.
Schulte, P., H. Schlager, H. Ziereis, U. Schumann, S. Baughcum, and
F. Deidewig, 1997: NOx emission indices of subsonic long-range jet aircraft
at cruise altitude: in situ measurements and predictions. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 21431-21442.
Schumann, U., 1994: On the effect of emissions from aircraft engines
on the state of the atmosphere. Annales Geophysicae, 12, 365-384.
Schumann, U., 1997: The impact of nitrogen oxides emissions from the
aircraft upon the atmosphere at flight altitudes-results from the AERONOx Project.
Atmospheric Environment, 31, 1723-1733.
Schumann, U., P. Konopka, R. Baumann, R. Busen, T. Gerz, H. Schlager,
P. Schulte, and H. Volkert, 1995: Estimate of diffusion parameters of aircraft
exhaust plumes near the tropopause from nitric oxide and turbulence measurements.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 14147-14162.
Schumann, U., J. Ström, R. Busen, R. Baumann, K. Gierens, M. Krautstrunk,
F.P. Schröder, and J. Stingl, 1996: In situ observations of particles in jet
aircraft exhausts and contrails for different sulphur containing fuels. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 101, 6853-6869.
Schumann, U., A. Chlond, A. Ebel, B. Kärcher, H. Pak, H. Schlager, A.
Schmitt, and P. Wendling, 1997: Pollutants from air traffic-results of atmospheric
research 1992-1997. In: Final Report on the BMBF Verbundprogramm, Schadstoffe
in der Luftfahrt [Schumann, U. and A. Chlond, A. Ebel, B. Kärcher, H. Pak, H.
Schlager, A. Schmitt, and P. Wendling (eds.)]. DLR-Mitteilung 97-04, Deutsches
Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen and Cologne, Germany. p. 291.
Schumann, U., H. Schlager, F. Arnold, R. Baumann, P. Haschberger, and
O. Klemm, 1998: Dilution of aircraft exhaust plumes at cruise altitudes. Atmospheric
Environment, 32, 3097-3103.
Seisel, S., B. Flückiger, and M.J. Rossi, 1998: The heterogeneous reaction
of N2O5 and HBr on ice. Comparison with N2O5 + HCl. Berliner Berichte der Bunsen
- Gesellschaft - Physical Chemistry, 102, 811-820.
Siegmund, P.C., P.F.J. van Velthoven, and H. Kelder, 1996: Cross-tropopause
transport in the extratropical northern winter hemisphere. diagnosed from high-resolution
ECMWF data. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 122,
1921-1941.
Singh, H.B., M. Kanakidou, P.J. Crutzen, and D.J. Jacob, 1995: High
concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons in the global
troposphere. Nature, 378, 50-54.
Slemr, F., H. Giehl, J. Slemr, R. Busen, P. Schulte, and P. Haschberger,
1998: In-flight measurement of aircraft non-methane hydrocarbon emission indices.
Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 321-324.
Smith, D.M., W.F. Welch, S.M. Graham, A.R. Chughtai, B.G. Wicke, and
K.A. Grady, 1988: Reaction of nitrogen oxides with black carbon: an FT-IR study.
Applied Spectroscopy, 42, 674-680.
Solomon, S., R.W. Portmann, R.R. Garcia, L.W. Thomason, L.R. Poole,
and M.P. McCormick, 1996: The role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone
depletion at northern midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101,
6713-6727.
Solomon, S., S. Boormann, R.R. Garcia, R. Portmann, L. Thomason, L.R.
Poole, D. Winkler, and M.P. McCormick, 1997: Heterogeneous chlorine chemistry
in the tropopause region. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 21411-21429.
Spicer, C.W., M.W. Holdren, R.M. Higgin, and T.F. Lyon, 1994: Chemical
composition and photochemical reactivity of exhaust from aircraft turbine engines.
Annales Geophysicae, 12, 944-955.
Stephens, S., M.J. Rossi, and D.M. Golden, 1986: The heterogeneous reaction
of ozone on carbonaceous surfaces. International Journal of Chemical Kinetics,
18, 1133-1149.
Tabazadeh, A., R.P. Turco, K. Drdla, M.Z. Jacobson, and O.B. Toon, 1994:
A study of type-I polar stratospheric cloud formation. Geophysical Research
Letters, 21, 1619-1622.
Tabor, K., L. Gutzwiller, and M.J. Rossi, 1993: The chemical kinetics
of the heterogeneous interaction of NO2 with amorphous carbon. Geophysical Research
Letters, 20, 1431.
Tabor, K., L. Gutzwiller, and M.J. Rossi, 1994: The chemical kinetics
of the heterogeneous reaction of NO2 on amorphous carbon. Journal of Physical
Chemistry, 98, 6172.
Thouret, V., A. Marenco, P. Nedelec, and C. Grouhel, 1999: Ozone climatologies
at 9-12 km altitude as seen by the MOZAIC airborne program between September
1994 and August 1996. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 25653-25679.
Tremmel, H.G., H. Schlager, P. Konopka, P. Schulte, F. Arnold, M. Klemm,
and B. Droste-Franke, 1998: Observations and model calculations of jet aircraft
exhaust products at cruise altitude and inferred initial OH emissions. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 103, 10803-10816.
Tuovinen, J.-P., K. Barrett, and H. Styve, 1994: Transboundary Acidifying
Pollution in Europe: Calculated Fields and Budgets, 1985-93. Report EMEP/MSC-W
1/94, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 70 pp.
van Velthoven, P.F.J., R. Sausen, C. Johnson, H. Kelder, I. Kohler,
A. Kraus, R. Ramaroson, F. Rohrer, D. Stevenson, A. Straud, and W.M.F. Wauben,
1997: The passive transport of NOx emissions from aircraft studied with a hierarchy
of models. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 1783-1799.
Volk, C.M., J.W. Elkins, D.W. Fahey, R.J. Salawitch, G.S. Dutton, J.M.
Gilligan, M.H. Proffitt, M. Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, K. Minschwaner, J.J.
Margitan, and K.R. Chan, 1996: Quantifying transport between the tropical and
mid-latitude lower stratosphere. Science, 272, 1763-1768.
Wang, Y.H., D.J. Jacob, and J.A. Logan, 1998a: Global simulation of
tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry 3-origin of tropospheric ozone and
effects of nonmethane hydrocarbons. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103,
10757-10767.
Wang, Y.H., J.A. Logan, and D.J. Jacob, 1998b: Global simulation of
tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry 2-model evaluation and global ozone
budget. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 10727-10755.
Wauben, W.M.F., J.P.F. Fortuin, P.F.J. van Velthoven, and H. Kelder,
1998: Comparison of modelled ozone distributions with sonde and satellite observations.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 3511-3530.
Weisenstein, D.K., M.W.K. Ko, N.-D. Sze, and J.M. Rodriguez, 1996:
Potential impact of SO2 emissions from stratospheric aircraft on ozone. Geophysical
Research Letters, 23, 161-164.
Wennberg, P.O., R.C. Cohen, R.M. Stimpfle, J.P. Koplow, J.G. Anderson,
R.J. Salawitch, D.W. Fahey, E.L. Woodbridge, E.R. Keim, R.-S. Gao, C.R. Webster,
R.D. May, D.W. Toohey, L.M. Avallone, M.H. Proffitt, M. Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske,
K.R. Chan, and S.C. Wofsy, 1994: Removal of stratospheric O3 by radicals: in
situ measurements of OH, HO2, NO, NO2, ClO, and BrO. Science, 266, 398-404.
Wennberg, P.O., T.F. Hanisco, L. Jaeglé, D.J. Jacob, E.J. Hintsa, E.J.
Lanzendorf, J.G. Anderson, R.-S. Gao, E.R. Keim, S. Donnelly, L. Del Negro,
D.W. Fahey, S.A. McKeen, R.J. Salawitch, C.R. Webster, R.D. May, R. Herman,
M.H. Proffitt, J.J. Margitan, E. Atlas, C.T. McElroy, J.C. Wilson, C. Brock,
and P. Bui, 1998: Hydrogen radicals, nitrogen radicals and the production of
ozone in the upper troposphere. Science, 279, 49-53.
Wiesen, P., J. Kleffmann, R. Kurtenbach, and K.-H. Becker, 1994: Emission
of nitrous oxide and methane from aero engines. Geophysical Research Letters,
21, 2027-2030.
Williams, E.J., G.L. Hutchinson, and F.C. Fehsenfeld, 1992: NOx and
N2O emissions from soil. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 6, 351-388.
WMO, 1998: Ozone Changes as a Function of Altitude: Report of the Ozone
Trends Panel. Report no. 43, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
WMO-UNEP, 1999: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998. Global
Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, (in
press).
WMO-UNEP, 1995: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994. Report
no. 37, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, 500 pp.
WMO-UNEP, 1985: Atmospheric Ozone 1985. Report no. 16, Global Ozone
Research and Monitoring Project, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva,
Switzerland, 1095 pp.
Worsnop, D.R., L.E. Fox, M.S. Zahniser, and S.C. Wofsy, 1993: Vapor
pressures of solid hydrates of nitric acid-implications for polar stratospheric
clouds. Science, 259, 71-74.
Wuebbles, D.J., D. Maiden, R.K. Seals, Jr., S.L. Baughcum, M. Metwally,
and A. Mortlock, 1993: Emission scenarios development: Report of the Emissions
Scenarios Committee. In: The Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft:
A Third Program Report [Stolarski, R.S. and H.L. Wesoky (eds.)]. NASA Reference
Publication 1313, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research
Center, Hampton, VA, USA, 428 pp.
Yienger, J.J. and H. Levy II, 1995: Empirical model of global soil-biogenic
NOx emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 11447-11464.
Zhang, R., M.-T. Leu, and L.F. Keyser, 1996: Heterogeneous chemistry
of HONO on liquid sulfuric acid: A new mechanism of chlorine activation on stratospheric
sulfate aerosols. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 339-345.
|