References
Baughcum, S.L. and S.C. Henderson, 1998: Aircraft Emission Scenarios
Projected in Year 2015 for the NASA Technology Concept Aircraft (TCA) High Speed
Civil Transport Universal Airline Network. NASA-CR-1998-207635, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA,
USA, 42 pp.
Bekki, S., 1997: On the possible role of aircraft
generated soot in the middle latitude ozone depletion. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 751758.
Bekki, S. and J.A. Pyle, 1992: Two-dimensional assessment
of the impact of aircraft sulphur emissions on the stratospheric sulfate aerosol
layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 1583915847.
Berntsen, T. and I.S.A. Isaksen, 1997: A global
three-dimensional chemical transport model for the troposphere. 1. Model description
and CO and ozone results. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102,
2123921280.
Berntsen, T.K. and I.S.A. Isaksen, 1999: Effects
of lightning and convection on changes in tropospheric ozone due to NOx
emissions from aircraft. Tellus, (in press).
Blake, D.F. and K. Kato, 1995: Latitudinal distribution
of black carbon soot in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 100, 71957202.
Boering, K.A., S.C. Wofsy, B.C. Daube, H.R. Schneider,
M. Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, and T.J. Conway, 1996: Stratospheric mean ages
and transport rates from observations of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Science,
274, 13401343.
Borrmann, S., S. Solomon, J.E. Dye, D. Baumgardner,
K.K. Kelly, and K.R. Chen, 1997: Heterogeneous reactions on stratospheric background
aerosols, volcanic sulfuric acid droplets, and type I PSCs: effects of temperature
fluctuations and differences in particle phase. Journal of Geophysical Research,
102, 36393648.
Brasseur, G.P., J.-F. Müller, and C. Granier,
1996: Atmospheric impact of NOx emissions by
subsonic aircraft: a three-dimensional study. Journal of Geophysical Research,
101, 14231428.
Brasseur, G.P., R.A. Cox, D. Hauglustaine, I. Isaksen,
J. Lelieveld, D.H. Lister, R. Sausen, U. Schumann, A. Wahner, and P. Wiesen,
1998: European scientific assessment of the atmospheric effects of aircraft
emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 32, 23292418.
Brown, R.C., R.C. Miake-Lye, M.R. Anderson, C.E.
Kolb, and T.J. Resch, 1996: Aerosol dynamics in near-field aircraft plumes.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 2293922953.
Carslaw, K.S., M. Wirth, A. Tsias, B.P. Luo, A.
Dornbrack, M. Leutbecher, H. Volkert, W. Renger, J.T. Bacmeister, E. Reimer,
and T. Peter, 1998: Increased stratospheric ozone depletion due to mountain-induced
atmospheric waves. Nature, 391, 675678.
Collins, W.J., D.S. Stevenson, C.E. Johnson, and
R.G. Derwent, 1997:
Tropospheric ozone in a global-scale three-dimensional Lagrangian
model and its response to NOx emission controls.
Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 26, 223274.
Considine, D.B., A.R. Douglass, and C.H. Jackman,
1994: Effects of a polar stratospheric cloud parameterization on ozone depletion
due to stratospheric aircraft in a 2-D model. Journal of Geophysical Research,
99, 1887918894.
Dameris, M., V. Grewe, I. Köhler, R. Sausen,
C. Brühl, J.-U. Groob, and B. Steil, 1998: Impact of aircraft NOx-emissions
on tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. Part II: 3-D model results. Atmospheric
Environment, 32, 31853199.
Danilin, M.Y., J.M. Rodriguez, M.K.W. Ko, D.K. Weisenstein,
R.C. Brown, R.C. Miake-Lye, and M.R. Anderson, 1997: Aerosol particle evolution
in an aircraft wake: implications for the high-speed civil transport fleet impact
on ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 2145321463.
Danilin, M.Y., D.W. Fahey, U. Schumann, M.J. Prather,
J.E. Penner, M.K.W. Ko, D.K. Weisenstein, C.H. Jackman, G. Pitari, I. Köhler,
R. Sausen, C.J. Weaver, A.R. Douglass, P.S. Connell, D.E. Kinnison, F.J. Dentener,
E.L. Fleming, T.K. Berntsen, I.S.A. Isaksen, J.M. Haywood, and B. Kärcher,
1998: Aviation fuel tracer simulation: model intercomparison and implications.
Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 39473950.
DeMore, W.B., S.P. Sander, D.M. Golden, R.F. Hampson,
M.J. Kurylo, C.J. Howard, A.R. Ravishankara, C.E. Kolb, and M.J. Molina, 1997:
Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling,
Evaluation Number 12. JPL Publication 97-4, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, CA, USA, January 15, 1997, 266
pp.
Dessler, A.E., E.J. Hintsa, E.M. Weinstock, J.G.
Anderson, and K.R. Chan, 1995: Mechanisms controlling water vapor in the lower
stratosphere: a tale of two stratospheres. Journal of Geophysical Research,
100, 2316723172.
Dlugokencky, E.J., K.A. Masarie, P.M. Lang, and
P.P. Tans, 1998: Continuing decline in the growth rate of the atmospheric methane
burden. Nature, 393, 447450.
Dubey, M.K., G.P. Smith, W.S. Hartley, D.E. Kinnison,
and P.S. Connell, 1997: Rate parameter uncertainty effects in assessing ozone
depletion by supersonic aviation. Geophysical Research Letters, 24,
27372740.
Edouard, S., B. Legras, F. Lefevre, and R. Eymard,
1996: The effect of small-scale inhomogeneities on ozone depletion in the Arctic.
Nature,
384, 444447.
Elkins, J.W., D.W. Fahey, J.M. Gilligan, G.S. Dutton,
T.J. Baring, C.M. Volk, R.E. Dunn, R.C. Myers, S.A. Montzka, P.R. Wamsley, A.H.
Hayden, J.H. Butler, T.M. Thompson, T.H. Swanson, E.J. Dlugokencky, P.C. Novelli,
D.F. Hurst, J.M. Lobert, S.J. Ciciora, R.J. McLaughlin, T.L. Thompson, R.H.
Winkler, P.J. Fraser, L.P. Steele, and M.P. Lucarelli, 1996: Airborne gas chromatograph
for in situ measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and
lower stratosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 347350.
Eluszkiewicz, J., 1996: A three-dimensional view
of the stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange in the GFDL SKYHI model. Geophysical
Research Letters, 23, 24892492.
Evans, S.J., R. Toumi, J.E. Harries, M.P. Chipperfield,
and J.M. Russell III, 1998: Trends in stratospheric humidity and the sensitivity
of ozone to these trends. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103,
87158725.
Fabian, P. and B. Kärcher, 1997: The impact
of aviation upon the atmosphere: an assessment of present knowledge, uncertainties,
and research needs. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 22(6), 503598.
Fahey, D.W., E.R. Keim, K.A. Boering, C.A. Brook,
J.C. Wilson, H.H. Jonsson, S. Anthony, T.F. Hanisco, P.O. Wennberg, R.C. Miake-Lye,
R.J. Salawitch, N. Louisnard, E.L. Woodbridge, R.S. Gao, S.G. Donnelly, R.C.
Wamsley, L.A. Del Negro, S. Solomon, B.C. Daube, S.C. Wofsy, C.R. Webster, R.D.
May, K.K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein, J.R. Podolske, and K.R. Chan, 1995: Emissions
measurements of the Concorde supersonic aircraft in the lower stratosphere.
Science, 270, 7074.
Fishman, J., C.E. Watson, J.C. Larsen, and J.A.
Logan, 1990: The distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite
data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 35993617.
Folkins, I., P.O. Wennberg, T.F. Hanisco, J.G. Anderson,
and R.J. Salawitch, 1997: OH, HO2 and NO in
two biomass burning plumes: sources of HOx
and implication for ozone production. Geophysical Research Letters, 24,
31853188.
Fortuin, J.P.F, R. van Dorland, W.M.F. Wauben, and
H. Kelder, 1995: Greenhouse effects of aircraft emissions as calculated by a
radiative transfer model. Annales Geophysicae, 13, 413418.
Friedl, R.R., 1997: Atmospheric Effects of Subsonic
Aircraft: Interim Assessment Report of the Advanced Subsonic Technology Program.
NASA Reference Publication 1400, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, 168 pp.
Fuglestvedt, J.S., I.S.A. Isaksen, and W.-C. Wang,
1996: Estimates of indirect global warming potentials for CH4,
CO, and NOx. Climatic Change, 34,
405437.
Grooß, J.-U., T. Peter, C. Brühl, and
P.J. Crutzen, 1994: The influence of high flying aircraft on polar heterogeneous
chemistry. In: Impact of Emissions from Aircraft and Spacecraft upon the
Atmosphere [Schumann, U. and D. Wurzel (eds.)]. Proceedings of an international
scientific colloquium, 1820 April 1994, Cologne, Germany. DLR-Mitteilung
94-06, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center),
Oberpfaffenhofen and Cologne, Germany, pp. 229234.
Hall, T.M. and R.A. Plumb, 1994: Age as a diagnostic
of stratospheric transport. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99,
10591070.
Hanson, D.R. and K. Mauersberger, 1988: Laboratory
studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: implications for the south polar stratosphere.
Geophysical Research Letters, 15, 855858.
Hofmann, D.J., 1991: Aircraft sulfur emissions.
Nature, 349, 659.
IPCC, 1992: Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary
Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment Prepared by IPCC Working Group
I [Houghton, J.T., B.A. Callander, and S.K. Varney (eds.)] and WMO/UNEP. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York, NY, USA, 200 pp.
IPCC, 1995: Climate Change 1995: The Science
of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton, J.T.,
L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell
(eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA, 572 pp.
Jackman, C.H., A.R. Douglass, K.F. Brueske, and
S.A. Klein, 1991: The influence of dynamics on two-dimensional model results:
simulations of 14C and stratospheric aircraft
NOx injections. Journal of Geophysical Research,
96, 2255922572.
Jacob, D.J., M.J. Prather, P.J. Rasch, R.L. Shia,
Y.J. Balkanski, S.R. Beagley, D.J. Bergmann, W.T. Blackshear, M. Brown, M. Chiba,
M.P. Chipperfield, J. de Grandpre, J.E. Dignon, J. Feichter, C. Genthon, W.L.
Grose, P.S. Kasibhatla, I. Kohler, M.A. Kritz, K. Law, J.E. Penner, M. Ramonet,
C.E. Reeves, D.A. Rotman, D.Z. Stockwell, P.F.J. van Velthoven, G. Verver, O.
Wild, H. Yang, and P. Zimmerman, 1997: Evaluation and intercomparison of global
atmospheric transport models using 222Rn and
other short-lived tracers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102,
59535970.
Jaeglé, L., D.J. Jacob, P.O. Wennberg, C.M.
Spivakovsky, T.F. Hanisco, E.J. Lanzendorf, E.J. Hinsta, D.W. Fahey, E.R. Keim,
M.H. Proffitt, E.L. Atlas, F. Flocke, S. Schauffler, C.T. McElroy, C, Midwinter,
L. Pfister, and J.C. Wilson, 1997: Observed OH and HO2
in the upper troposphere suggest a major source from convective injection of
peroxides. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 31813184.
Jaffe, D., T.K. Berntsen, and I.S.A. Isaksen, 1997:
A global three-dimensional chemical transport model for the troposphere, 2,
Nitrogen oxides and nonmethane hydrocarbon results. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 2128121296.
Jennings, S.G., K.S. Law, S. Bekki, and M.J. Evans,
1999: Carbonaceous aerosol fractal surface area: implications for heterogeneous
chemistry? Geophysical Research Letters, (submitted).
Johnston, H.S. and E. Quitevis, 1975: The oxides
of nitrogen with respect to urban smog, supersonic transports, and global methane.
In: Radiation Research [Nygaard, O.F., H.I. Adler, and W.K. Sinclair
(eds.)]. Academic Press Inc., New York, NY, USA, pp. 12991313.
Johnston, H.S., 1989: Evaluation of excess carbon
14 and strontium 90 data for suitability to test two-dimensional stratospheric
models. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 1848518493.
Kärcher, B., 1997: Heterogeneous chemistry
in aircraft wakes: constraints for uptake coefficients. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 1911919135.
Kärcher, B. and D.W. Fahey, 1997: The role
of sulfur emission in volatile particle formation in jet aircraft exhaust plumes.
Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 389392.
Knudsen, B.M., 1996: Accuracy of Arctic stratospheric
temperature analyses and the implications for the prediction of polar stratospheric
clouds. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 37473750.
Lacis, A.A., D.J. Wuebbles, and J.A. Logan, 1990:
Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 99719981.
Lary, D.J., R. Toumi, A.M. Lee, M. Newchurch,
M. Pierre, and J.B. Renard, 1997: Carbon aerosols and atmospheric photochemistry.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 36713682.
Lelieveld, J., B. Bregman, F. Arnold, V. Burger,
P.J. Crutzen, H. Fischer, A. Waibel, P. Siegmund, P.F.J. van Velthoven, 1997:
Chemical perturbation of the lowermost stratosphere through exchange with
the troposphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 603606.
Lipson, J.B., M.J. Elrod, T.W. Beiderhase, L.T.
Molina, and M.J. Molina, 1997: Temperature dependence of the rate constant
and branching ratio for the OH+ClO reaction. Journal of Chemical Society
Faraday Transactions, 93, 26652673.
McKeen, S.A., T. Gierczak, J.B. Burkholder, P.O.
Wennberg, T.F. Hanisco, E.R. Keim, R.S. Gao, S.C. Liu, A.R. Ravishankara,
and D.W. Fahey, 1997: The photochemistry of acetone in the troposphere: a
source of odd-hydrogen radicals. Geophysical Research Letters, 24,
31773180.
Michelsen, H.A., C.M. Spivakovsky, and S.C. Wofsy,
1999: Aerosol-mediated partitioning of stratospheric Cly
and NOy at temperatures above 200 K. Geophysical
Research Letters, 26(3), 299302.
Michelsen, H.A., R.J. Salawitch, M.R. Gunson,
C. Aellig, N. Kampfer, M.M. Abbas, M.C. Abrams, T.L. Brown, A.Y. Chang, A.
Goldman, F.W. Irion, M.J. Newchurch, C.P. Rinsland, G.P. Stiller, R. Zander,
1996: Stratospheric chlorine partitioning: constraints
from shuttle-borne measurement of HCl, ClNO3,
and ClO. Geophysical Research Letters, 23, 23612364.
Müller, J.-F. and G. Brasseur, 1995: IMAGES:
A three-dimensional chemical transport model of the global troposphere. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 100, 1644516490.
Murphy, D.M. and A.R. Ravishankara, 1994: Temperature
averages and rates of stratospheric reactions. Geophysical Research Letters,
21, 24712474.
Oltmans, S.J. and D.J. Hofmann, 1995: Increase
in lower-stratospheric water vapour at a mid-latitude site from 1981 to 1994.
Nature, 374, 146149.
Osterman, G.B., R.J. Salawitch, B. Sen, G.C. Toon,
R.A. Stachnik, H.M. Pickett, J.J. Margitan, J.F. Blavier, and D.B. Peterson,
1997: Balloon-borne measurements of stratospheric radicals and their precursors:
implications for the production and loss of ozone. Geophysical Research
Letters, 24, 11071110.
Park, J.H., M.K.W. Ko, C.H. Jackman, R.A. Plumb,
and K.H. Sage (eds.), 1999: Models and Measurements II. National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA, (in press).
Peter, T., C. Brühl, and P.J. Crutzen, 1991:
Increase in the PSC-formation probability caused by high-flying aircraft.
Geophysical Research Letters, 18, 14651468.
Pitari, G., S. Palermi, G. Visconti, and R.G.
Prinn, 1992: Ozone response to a CO2 doubling:
results from a stratospheric circulation model with heterogeneous chemistry.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 59535962.
Pitari, G., V. Rizi, L. Ricciardulli, and G. Visconti,
1993: High-speed civil transport impact: role of sulfate, nitric acid trihydrate,
and ice aerosols studied with a two-dimensional model including aerosol physics.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 2314123164.
Pitari, G. and G. Visconti, 1994: Possible effects
of CO2 increase on the high-speed civil transport
impact on ozone. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 1687916896.
Prather, M.J., H.L. Wesoky, R.C. Miake-Lye, A.R.
Douglass, R.P. Turco, D.J. Wuebbles, M.K.W. Ko, and A.L. Schmeltekopf, 1992:
The Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft: A First Program Report.
NASA Reference Publication 1272, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, DC, USA, 244 pp.
Prather, M.J. and E.E. Remsberg (eds.), 1993:
The Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft: Report of the 1992 Models
and Measurements Workshop. NASA Reference Publication 1292, Vols. 13,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA, 764 pp.
Prather, M.J. and D.J. Jacob, 1997: A persistent
imbalance in HOx and NOx
photochemistry of the upper troposphere driven by deep tropical
convection. Geophysical Research Letters, 24, 31893192.
Pueschel, R.F., K.A. Boering, S. Verma, S.D. Howard,
G.V. Ferry, J. Goodman, D.A. Allen, and P. Hamill, 1997: Soot aerosol in the
lower stratosphere: pole-to-pole variability and contribution by aircraft.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 1311313118.
Pullen, S. and R.L. Jones, 1997: Accuracy of temperature
from UKMO analyses of the 1994/95 in the Arctic winter stratosphere. Geophysical
Research Letters, 24, 845848.
Rahmes, T.F., A.H. Omar, and D.J. Wuebbles, 1998:
Atmospheric distributions of soot particles by current and future aircraft
fleets and resulting radiative forcing on climate. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 103, 3165731667.
Roeckner, E., K. Arpe, L. Bengtsson, S. Brinkop,
L. Dümenil, M. Esch, E. Kirk, F. Lunkeit, M. Ponater, B. Rockel, R. Sausen,
S. Schubert, and M. Windelband, 1992: Simulation of the Present-Day Climate
with the ECHAM Model: Impact of Model Physics and Resolution. Report no.
93, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, ISSN 0937-1060,
171 pp.
Schauffer, S.M. and J.S. Daniel, 1994: On the
effects of stratospheric circulation changes on trace gas trends. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 99, 2574725754.
Schmitt, A. and B. Brunner, 1997: Emissions from
aviation and their devel
opment over time. In: Final Report on the BMBF Verbundprogramm,
Schadstoffe in der Luftfahrt [Schumann, U., A. Chlond, A. Ebel, B. Kärcher,
H. Pak, H. Schlager, A. Schmitt, and P. Wendling (eds.)]. DLR-Mitteilung 97-04,
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Oberpfaffenhofen and Cologne,
Germany, pp. 3752.
Shia, R.-L., M.K.W. Ko, M. Zou, and V.R. Kotamarthi,
1993: Cross tropopause transport of excess 14C
in a two-dimensional model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98,
1859918606.
Shindell, D., D. Rind, and P. Lonergan, 1998:
Climate change and the middle atmosphere. Part IV: Ozone response to doubled
CO2. Journal of Climate, 11,
895918.
Singh, H.B., M. Kanakidou, P.J. Crutzen, and D.J.
Jacob, 1995: High concentrations and photochemical fate of oxygenated hydrocarbons
in the global troposphere. Nature, 378, 5054.
Solomon, S., R.W. Portmann, R.R. Garcia, L.W.
Thomason, L.R. Poole, and M.P. McCormick, 1996: The role of aerosol variations
in anthropogenic ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 101, 67136727.
Solomon, S., S. Borrmann, R.R. Garcia, R. Portmann,
L. Thomason, L.R. Poole, D. Winker, and M.P. McCormick, 1997: Heterogeneous
chlorine chemistry in the tropopause region. Journal of Geophysical Research,
102, 2141121429.
Steil, B., M. Dameris, C. Brühl, P.J. Crutzen,
V. Grewe, M. Ponater, and R. Sausen, 1998: Development of a chemistry module
for GCMs: first results of a multi-annual integration. Annales Geophysicae,
16, 205228.
Stevenson, D.S., W.J. Collins, C.A. Johnson, and
R.G. Derwent, 1997: The impact of nitrogen oxide emissions on tropospheric
ozone studied with a 3-D Lagrangian model including full diurnal chemistry.
Atmospheric Environment, 31, 18371850.
Stolarski, R.S. and H.L. Wesoky, 1993: The
Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft: A Third Program Report.
NASA Reference Publication 1313, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, DC, USA, 428 pp.
Stolarski, R.S., S.L. Baughcum, W.H. Brune, A.R.
Douglass, D.W. Fahey, R.R. Friedl, S.C. Liu, R.A. Plumb, L.R. Poole, H.L.
Wesoky, and D.R. Worsnop, 1995: 1995 Scientific Assessment of the Atmospheric
Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft. NASA Reference Publication 1381, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC, USA, 110 pp.
Thomason, L.W., L.R. Poole, and T. Deshler, 1997:
A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol surface area density deduced
from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiments II measurements: 19841994.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 89678976.
Wang, W.-C. and N.D. Sze, 1980: Coupled effects
of atmospheric N2O and O3
on the earth's climate. Nature, 286, 589590.
Wang, Y., D.J. Jacob, and J.A. Logan, 1998a: Global
simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon
chemistry. 1. Model formulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103,
1071310725.
Wang, Y., J.A. Logan, and D.J. Jacob, 1998b: Global
simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon
chemistry. 2. Model evaluation and global ozone budget. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 103, 1072710755.
Wauben, W.M.F., P.F.J. van Velthoven, and H. Kelder,
1997: A 3-D chemistry transport model study of changes in atmospheric ozone
due to aircraft NOx emissions. Atmospheric
Environment, 31, 18191836.
Wauben, W.M.F., J.P.F. Fortuin, P.F.J. van Velthoven,
and H. Kelder, 1998: Comparison of modeled ozone distributions with sonde
and satellite observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103,
35113530.
Weisenstein, D.K., M.K.W. Ko, N-D Sze, and J.M.
Rodriguez, 1996: Potential impact of SO2
emissions from stratospheric aircraft on ozone. Geophysical Research Letters,
23, 161164.
Weisenstein, D.K., G.K. Yue, M.K.W. Ko, N.-D.
Sze, J.M. Rodriguez, and C.J. Scott, 1997: A two-dimensional model of sulfur
species and aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102,
1301913035.
Weisenstein, D.K., M.K.W. Ko, I.G. Dyominov, G.
Pitari, L. Ricciardulli, G. Visconti, and S. Bekki, 1998: The effects of sulfur
emissions from
HSCT aircraft: a 2-D model intercomparison. Journal
of Geophysical Research, 103, 15271547.
Wennberg, P.O., T.F. Hanisco, L. Jaeglé,
D.J. Jacob, E.J. Hintsa, E.J. Lanzendorf, J.G. Anderson, R.S. Gao, E.R. Keim,
S.G. Donnelly, L.A. Del Negro, D.W. Fahey, S.A. McKeen, R.J. Salawitch, C.R.
Webster, R.D. May, R.L. Herman, M.H. Proffitt, J.J. Margitan, E.L. Atlas,
S.M. Schauffler, F. Flocke, C.T. McElroy, and T.P. Bui, 1998: Hydrogen radicals,
nitrogen radicals and the production of ozone in the upper troposphere. Science,
279, 4953.
WMO, 1992: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion:
1991. Report no. 25, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 366 pp.
WMO, 1995: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion:
1994. Report no. 37, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 578 pp.
WMO, 1999: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion:
1998. Report No. 44, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, World
Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 732 pp.
Yu, F.Q. and R.P. Turco, 1998: Contrail formation
and impacts on aerosol properties in aircraft plumes: effects of fuel sulfur
content. Geophysical Research Letters, 25, 313316.
Yue, G.K., M.P. McCormick, and E.W. Chiou, 1991:
Stratospheric aerosol optical depth observed by the Stratospheric Aerosol
and Gas Experiment II: decay of the El Chichon and Ruiz volcanic perturbations.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 52095219.
|