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IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
Climate Change 2007: Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
Contents4

Chapter 4: Ecosystems, their Properties, Goods and Services

Executive summary

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Ecosystem goods and services

4.1.2 Key issues

4.2 Current sensitivities

4.2.1 Climatic variability and extremes

4.2.2 Other ecosystem change drivers

4.3 Assumptions about future trends

4.4 Key future impacts and vulnerabilities

4.4.1 Biogeochemical cycles and biotic feedback

4.4.2 Deserts

4.4.3 Grasslands and savannas

4.4.4 Mediterranean ecosystems

4.4.5 Forests and woodlands

4.4.6 Tundra and Arctic/Antarctic ecosystems

4.4.7 Mountains

4.4.8 Freshwater wetlands, lakes and rivers

4.4.9 Oceans and shallow seas

4.4.10 Cross-biome impacts

4.4.11 Global synthesis including impacts on biodiversity

4.5 Costs and valuation of ecosystem goods and services

4.6 Acclimation and adaptation: practices, options and constraints

4.6.1 Adaptation options

4.6.2 Assessing the effectiveness and costs of adaptation options

4.6.3 Implications for biodiversity

4.6.4 Interactions with other policies and policy implications

4.7 Implications for sustainable development

4.7.1 Ecosystems services and sustainable development

4.7.2 Subsistence livelihoods and indigenous peoples

4.8 Key uncertainties and research priorities

Appendix 4.1

References

Coordinating Lead Authors:

Andreas Fischlin (Switzerland), Guy F. Midgley (South Africa)

Lead Authors:

Jeff Price (USA), Rik Leemans (The Netherlands), Brij Gopal (India), Carol Turley (UK), Mark Rounsevell (Belgium), Pauline Dube (Botswana), Juan Tarazona (Peru), Andrei Velichko (Russia)

Contributing Authors:

Julius Atlhopheng (Botswana), Martin Beniston (Switzerland), William J. Bond (South Africa), Keith Brander (Denmark), Harald Bugmann (Switzerland), Terry V. Callaghan (UK), Jacqueline de Chazal (Belgium), Oagile Dikinya (Australia), Antoine Guisan (Switzerland), Dimitrios Gyalistras (Switzerland), Lesley Hughes (Australia), Barney S. Kgope (South Africa), Christian Körner (Switzerland), Wolfgang Lucht (Germany), Nick J. Lunn (Canada), Ronald P. Neilson (USA), Martin Pêcheux (France), Wilfried Thuiller (France), Rachel Warren (UK)

Review Editors:

Wolfgang Cramer (Germany), Sandra Myrna Diaz (Argentina)

This chapter should be cited as:

Fischlin, A., G.F. Midgley, J.T. Price, R. Leemans, B. Gopal, C. Turley, M.D.A. Rounsevell, O.P. Dube, J. Tarazona, A.A. Velichko, 2007: Ecosystems, their properties, goods, and services. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 211-272.