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	IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007

Climate Change 2007: Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change

7.2 Industrial mitigation matrix

A wide range of technologies have the potential for reducing industrial GHG emissions (high agreement, much evidence). They can be grouped into categories, for example energy efficiency, fuel switching and power recovery. Within each category, some technologies, such as the use of more efficient electric motors and motor systems, are broadly applicable across all industries; while others, such as top-gas pressure recovery in blast furnaces, are process-specific. Table 7.5 presents selected examples of both classes of technologies for a number of industries. The table is not comprehensive and does not cover all industries or GHG mitigation technologies.

Table 7.5: Selected examples of industrial technology for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions (not comprehensive). Technologies in italics are under demonstration or development

Sector	Energy efficiency	Fuel switching	Power recovery	Renewables	Feedstock change	Product change	Material efficiency	Non-CO2 GHG	CO2 sequestration
Sector wide	Benchmarking; Energy management systems; Efficient motor systems, boilers, furnaces, lighting and HVAC; Process integration	Coal to natural gas and oil	Cogeneration	Biomass, Biogas, PV, Wind turbines, Hydropower	Recycled inputs				Oxy-fuel combustion, CO2 separation from flue gas
Iron & Steel	Smelt reduction, Near net shape casting, Scrap preheating, Dry coke quenching	Natural gas, oil or plastic injection into the BF	Top-gas pressure recovery, Byproduct gas combined cycle	Charcoal	Scrap	High strength steel	Recycling, High strength steel, Reduction process losses	n.a.	Hydrogen reduction, Oxygen use in blast furnaces
Non-Ferrous Metals	Inert anodes, Efficient cell designs				Scrap		Recycling, thinner film and coating	PFC/SF6 controls
Chemicals	Membrane separations, Reactive distillation	Natural gas	Pre-coupled gas turbine, Pressure recovery turbine, H2 recovery		Recycled plastics, biofeedstock	Linear low density polyethylene, high-performance Plastics	Recycling, Thinner film and coating, Reduced process losses	N2O, PFCs, CFCs and HFCs control	Application to ammonia, ethylene oxide processes
Petroleum Refining	Membrane separation Refinery gas	Natural gas	Pressure recovery turbine, hydrogen recovery	Biofuels	Bio-feedstock		Increased efficiency transport sector	Control technology for N2O/CH4	From hydrogen production
Cement	Precalciner kiln, Roller mill, fluidized bed kiln	Waste fuels, Biogas, Biomass	Drying with gas turbine, power recovery	Biomass fuels, Biogas	Slags, pozzolanes	Blended cement Geo-polymers		n.a.	O2 combustion in kiln
Glass	Cullet preheating Oxyfuel furnace	Natural gas	Air bottoming cycle	n.a.	Increased cullet use	High-strength thin containers	Re-usable containers	n.a.	O2 combustion
Pulp and Paper	Efficient pulping, Efficient drying, Shoe press, Condebelt drying	Biomass, Landfill gas	Black liquor gasification combined cycle	Biomass fuels (bark, black liquor)	Recycling, Non-wood fibres	Fibre orientation, Thinner paper	Reduction cutting and process losses	n.a.	O2 combustion in lime kiln
Food	Efficient drying, Membranes	Biogas, Natural gas	Anaerobic digestion, Gasification	Biomass, Biogas, Solar drying			Reduction process losses, Closed water use