11.5.3 Programmes, Policies and other Interventions for Technology Transfer
between Countries
Agricultural development has been strongly influenced by technology. New technology
has been the most consistent driving force behind agricultural growth. Evenson
(1994) estimates that it has contributed from one-half to two-thirds of output
gains over recent decades. Thus, strengthening agricultural technology transfer
between countries will have significant impact on the improvement of production
capability, increased food variety, quality, and security, as well as balanced
agricultural development, resource utilisation and conservation.
Technology transfer between developed and developing countries
The flow of technology transfer in the agricultural sector from developed to
developing countries dealing with climate change is going to be crucial as the
majority of the climate mitigation and adaptation projects are going to be funded
by investors, bilateral and multilateral assistance agencies, NGOs and foundations,
largely based in developed countries.
Role of Governments
Governments are going to have an important function in the selection and adoption
of mitigation and adaptation technologies in the agricultural sector. Governments
can promote effective modalities for the access and transfer, in particular
to developing countries, of ESTs by means of activities mentioned in Chapter
34 of Agenda 21 and decisions of the CoPs (see also Section
3.3.1 in Chapter 3 on Agenda 21). Some of the possible
measures for the governments are to: (i) increase funding to mitigation and
adaptation projects and to programmes on: preventing land degradation, improving
water use efficiency, breeding new varieties and manufacturing agrochemicals
to mitigate and adapt to climate change; (ii) increase funding for improving
the capacity to develop and manage EST; (iii) increase funding for institution
and human capacity building and for improving R&D capabilities in developing
countries; (iv) facilitate adaptation by farmers by providing incentives, by
regulation and by improving existing or setting up new institutions; (v) promote
research and development activities directed at technological innovation and
technology transfer for climate-change adaptation and mitigation in agriculture;
(vi) develop national agricultural information systems to produce reports on
state-of-the-art technology, disseminate information on available technologies,
their sources, their environmental risk and help users to identify their needs;
and, (vii) purchase patent and licenses on commercial terms for their transfer
to developing countries on non-commercial terms as part of development cooperation
for sustainable development.
Role of International organisations
International organisations could (i) increase funding for institutional and
human capacity building, and for improving R&D capabilities in developing
countries to implement the UNFCCC; (ii) provide new and additional grant and
concessional funding to meet the agreed incremental costs of projects to achieve
agreed global environmental benefits in climate change; (iii) increase funding
to agricultural sector projects and programmes to mitigate and adapt to climate
change; (vi) develop regional and international agricultural information systems
to collect and report the state-of-the-art technologies, disseminate the information
on available technologies and relevant information and help users to identify
their needs; and, (vii) support central laboratories to do analytical work for
developing countries, providing uniform methods and equipment and producing
comparable results (as originally planned for soil and plant analysis at the
IBSRAM in Bangkok).
| Box 11.8 Capacity Building for the Implementation
of UNFCCC |
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In the Research Programme on Methane Emissions from Rice Fields funded
by GEF in 1993, training has been provided to the country teams working
on the ALGAS project. In the ALGAS project, capacity has been raised through
training over 160 national technical experts in elements of GHG inventory,
mitigation and project identification. These experts are now providing
input to the process of national communications and helping identify other
climate change mitigation projects for future development.
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Role of Private sector
Technology generation is shared between the public and the private sectors,
with the share of the private sector tending to be greater in more developed
countries. Private research is attracted to subsectors where markets for research
results exist and can be privately appropriated. Therefore, the private sector
is going to play a critical role in the agricultural sector to deal with climate
change. Some of the measures for the private sector to promote technology transfer
could be to: (i) provide technical assistance to appropriate users on its new
technologies or new varieties; (ii) promote cooperation on research and development
activities directed at technological innovation and technology transfer for
climate-change adaptation and mitigation in agriculture.
Technology transfer among developing countries
Technology transfers among developing countries are limited, because most advanced
technologies are developed and owned by industrialised countries. In technology
transfer between developing countries, finance can become an issue. For example,
the technology transfer of small scale biogas digesters is mainly from developing
country to developing country and it is limited by financial problems. Thus,
if the technology is transferred from one developing country to other developing
countries, both provider and recipient may need new and additional financial
resources from international organisations or developed countries. Therefore,
international organisations and developed countries could (i) increase funding
for institutional and human capacity building and for improving R&D capabilities
in developing countries; (ii) fund both the technology provider and technology
recipient to promote a successful technology transfer; (iii) facilitate adaptation
by farmers by providing incentives, by regulation and by improving existing
or setting up new institutions. See Box 11.9.
| Box 11.9 Biogas Digester Technology Transfer
from China to other Developing Countries |
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The Asia-Pacific Region Biogas Research and Training Center (BRTC) has
been contributing a lot to promote the development of biogas digester
technology in developing countries. Since it was established, the BRTC
has held 21 training workshops with more than 270 participants coming
from 71 countries. Most participants of the programme acquired the skills
to construct, operate and maintain small scale biogas digesters in their
countries. The center proved to be a valuable tool in demonstrating the
usefulness of capacity building in transferring a technology. During the
period 1980 to 1990, more than 50 scientists were sent out to assist the
construction of over 70 digesters in 22 developing countries. Biogas digester
use has been expanded in the developing countries located in Asian, Pacific
and African regions. This technology has provided clean and convenient
energy for farmers. The diffusion of this technology is limited by financial
assistance. New and additional financial resources for both providers
and receivers of developing countries are expected to enhance the benefit
practices for abatement of GHG (Yizhang, 1990; Zhao, 1990).
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In order to improve/stimulate technology transfer in agriculture, a multi-level
technology transfer system (global, regional, and national) can be established.
The global system may be made up of three major players: NARSs of developing
countries, IARCs, and advanced laboratories and institutions in developed countries.
All of them play common and different roles within government efforts to support
technology transfer for climate change.
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