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13. Europe
Contents
Executive Summary
13.1. The European Region
13.1.1. Previous Work
13.1.2. What Is Different about the European Region?
13.1.2.1. Geography, Population, Environment
13.1.2.2. Economy
13.1.3. Recent Climate Variability in Europe, including Recent
Warming
13.1.3.1. Temperature
13.1.3.2. Precipitation
13.1.3.3. Extreme Events
13.1.3.4. North Atlantic Oscillation
13.1.4. Key Sensitivities to Climate and Weather Now
13.1.4.1. Extreme Seasons
13.1.4.1.1. Exceptionally hot, dry summers
13.1.4.1.2. Mild winters
13.1.4.2. Short-Duration Hazards
13.1.4.3. Coastal Squeeze
13.1.5. Climate Scenarios for the Future
13.1.5.1. Scenario Provision
13.1.5.2. Scenarios for Europe
13.1.6. Socioeconomic Scenarios for Europe
13.2. Key Regional Concerns
13.2.1. Water and Land Resources
13.2.1.1. Water Resources
13.2.1.1.1. Changes in hydrological cycle
13.2.1.1.2. Water management
13.2.1.2. Soils and Land Resources
13.2.1.2.1. Soil physical properties
13.2.1.2.2. Land degradation processes
13.2.1.2.3. Biologically mediated soil properties
13.2.1.3. Coastal Zones
13.2.1.4. Mountains and Subarctic Environments
13.2.2. Semi-Natural Ecosystems and Forests
13.2.2.1. Forests
13.2.2.1.1. Growth trends
13.2.2.1.2. Disturbance regimes
13.2.2.2. Grasslands and Rangelands
13.2.2.3. Freshwater Ecosystems: Inland Wetlands, Lakes,
and Streams
13.2.2.4. Biodiversity and Nature Conservation
13.2.2.5. Migratory Animals
13.2.3. Agriculture and Fisheries
13.2.3.1. Agriculture
13.2.3.2. Fisheries
13.2.3.2.1. Freshwater and marine biodiversity
13.2.3.2.2. Fisheries and aquaculture productivity
13.2.4. Other Impact Areas
13.2.4.1. Energy
13.2.4.2. Insurance
13.2.4.3. Industry and Transport
13.2.4.4. Tourism
13.2.4.5. Migrations
13.2.5. Human Health
13.2.5.1. Thermal Stress and Air Pollution
13.2.5.2. Vector-Borne Diseases
13.2.5.3. Water-Related Diseases
13.2.5.4. Food-Borne Diseases
13.2.5.5. Health Implications of Floods
13.3. Adaptation Potential
13.3.1. Water
13.3.2. Soils
13.3.3. Ecosystems
13.3.4. Agriculture
13.3.4.1. Short-Term Adjustments
13.3.4.2. Long-Term Adaptations
13.3.5. Coastal Regions
13.4. Synthesis
13.4.1. Key Impacts
13.4.2. Uncertainty
13.4.3. Research Needs
13.4.4. Regional Issues
13.4.4.1. Extreme Events
13.4.4.2. Subregional Impacts
13.4.4.3. Sustainability and Equity
References
Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz (Poland) and Martin L. Parry (UK)
Lead Authors:
W. Cramer (Germany), J.I. Holten (Norway), Z. Kaczmarek (Poland), P. Martens
(The Netherlands), R.J. Nicholls (UK), M. Öquist (Sweden), M.D.A. Rounsevell
(Belgium), J. Szolgay (Slovakia)
Contributing Authors:
N.W. Arnell (UK), G. Balint (Hungary), M. Beniston (Switzerland), G. Berz (Germany),
M. Bindi (Italy), T.R. Carter (Finland), S. des Clers (UK), H.Q.P. Crick (UK),
A.F. Dlugolecki (UK), T. Dockerty (UK), M. Gottfried (Austria), G. Grabherr
(Austria), A. Guisan (Switzerland), M. Hulme (UK), P. Imeson (Netherlands),
J. Jenik (Czech Republic), A. Jordan (UK), A. Kedziora (Poland), S. Kovats (UK),
S. Lavorel (France), M. Livermore (UK), J. Lowe (UK), J.P. Martinez Rica (Spain),
U. Molau (Sweden), I. Nemesova (Czech Republic), J.E. Olesen (Denmark), J.P.
Palutikof (UK), H. Pauli (Austria), A.H. Perry (UK), L. Ryszkowski (Poland),
S.A. Shchuka (Russia), A.Z. Shvidenko (Austria), S. Tapsell (UK), J.-P. Theurillat
(Switzerland), A. De la Vega-Leinert (UK), A.A. Velichko (Russia), L. Villar
(Spain)
Review Editors:
M.J. de Seixas (Portugal) and S. Kellomäki (Finland)
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