2. Impacts of Aircraft Emissions on Atmospheric Ozon
Executive Summary
2.1. Relating Aircraft Emissions to Atmospheric Ozone
2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.1.1. Aircraft Engine Emissions
2.1.1.2. Plume and Wake Processing of Engine Emissions
2.1.1.3. Atmospheric Ozone
2.1.2. Effects of Aircraft Gaseous Emissions
2.1.2.1. Production of Ozone
2.1.2.2. Sources and Sinks of NOx
2.1.2.3. Sources and Sinks of OH and HO2
2.1.2.4. The Response of Ozone to NOx in the Upper
Troposphere
2.1.2.5. The Response of Stratospheric Ozone Destruction
to NOx
2.1.2.6. Net Effects on Ozone
2.1.3. Effects of Aircraft Aerosol Emissions
2.1.3.1. Aerosols and Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry
2.1.3.2. Aerosols and Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry
2.1.3.3. Aircraft Aerosols and Heterogeneous Reactivity
2.1.3.4. Net Effects on Ozone
2.1.4. Indirect Effects Involving CO and CH
2.2. Impacts of Present Aviation on Atmospheric Composition
2.2.1. Modeling Changes in Atmospheric Ozone from Present
Aviation
2.2.1.1. Effects of Aircraft NOx Emissions on Tropospheric
Ozone
2.2.1.2. Effects of Aircraft NOx Emissions on Stratospheric
Ozone
2.2.1.3. Effects of Aircraft Aerosol Emissions
2.2.2. Observing Changes in Atmospheric Ozone from Present
Aviation
2.2.2.1. Observed Ozone Trends in the Upper Troposphere
and Lower Stratosphere
2.2.2.2. Other Diagnostics of Large-Scale Aviation
Impacts
2.3. Uncertainties in the Impact Assessment of Present
Aviation: Implications for Use of Models in Predicting Future Change
2.3.1. Uncertainties in Modeling Aviation Impacts
2.3.1.1. Key Issues and Processes for Tropospheric
Models
2.3.1.2. Tropospheric Model Evaluation
2.3.1.3. Key Issues and Processes for Stratospheric
Models
2.3.1.4. Stratospheric Model Evaluation
2.3.1.5. Implications for Modeling Aviation Impacts
2.3.2. Uncertainties in Observing Aviation Impacts
2.4. Conclusions and Overall Assessment of Present
Aviation Impacts on Ozone
References
Bibliography of Model Studies
RICHARD DERWENT AND RANDALL FRIEDL
Lead Authors: I.L. Karol, H. Kelder, V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff, T. Ogawa, M.J.
Rossi, P. Wennberg
Contributors: T. Berntsen, C. Br�hl, D. Brunner, P. Crutzen, M. Danilin,
F. Dentener, L. Emmons, F. Flatoy, J.S. Fuglestvedt, T. Gerz, V. Grewe, D.A.
Hauglustaine, G. Hayman, �. Hov, D. Jacob, C. Johnson, M. Kanakidou, B. K�rcher,
D. Kinnison, A.A. Kiselev, I. K�hler, J. Lelieveld, J.A. Logan, J.-F. M�ller,
J.E. Penner, H. Petry, G. Pitari, R. Ramaroson, F. Rohrer, E.Z. Rozanov, K.
Ryan, R.J. Salawitch, R. Sausen, U. Schumann, F. Slemr, D. Stevenson, F. Stordal,
A. Strand, A. Thompson, P. Valks, P. van Velthoven, G. Velders, Y. Wang, W.
Wauben, D. Weisenstein
Review Editor: A. Wahner
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