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3. Technological and Economic Potential of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction
Contents
Executive Summary
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drivers of Technological Change and Innovation
3.3 Buildings
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Summary of the Second Assessment Report
3.3.3 Historic and Future Trends
3.3.4 New Technological and Other Options
3.3.4.1 Integrated Building Design
3.3.4.2 Reducing Standby Power Losses in Appliances
and Equipment
3.3.4.3 Photovoltaic Systems for Buildings
3.3.4.4 Distributed Power Generation for Buildings
3.3.5 Regional Differences
3.3.6 Technological and Economic Potential
3.3.7 Conclusions
3.4 Transport and Mobility
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Summary of the Second Assessment Report
3.4.3 Historic and Future Trends
3.4.4 New Technology and Other Options
3.4.4.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
3.4.4.2 Lower Weight Structural Materials
3.4.4.3 Direct Injection Gasoline and Diesel Engines
3.4.4.4 Automotive Fuel Cells
3.4.4.5 Fuel Cycle Emissions
3.4.4.6 Use of Biofuels
3.4.4.7 Aircraft Technology
3.4.4.8 Waterborne Transport
3.4.4.9 Truck Freight
3.4.4.10 Systems Approaches to Sustainability
3.4.5 Regional Differences
3.4.6 Technological and Economic Potential
3.4.7 Conclusions
3.5 Manufacturing Industry
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Summary of the Second Assessment Report
3.5.3 Historic and Future Trends
3.5.3.1 Energy Efficiency Improvement
3.5.3.2 Fuel Switching
3.5.3.3 Renewable Energy
3.5.3.4 Carbon Dioxide Removal
3.5.3.5 Material Efficiency Improvement
3.5.4 New Technology and Other Options
3.5.4.1 Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Industrial
Processes
3.5.4.2 PFC Emissions from Aluminium Production
3.5.4.3 PFCs and other Substances Used in Semiconductor
Production
3.5.4.4 HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Production
3.5.4.5 Emissions of SF6 from the Production, Use and
Decommissioning of Gas Insulated Switchgear
3.5.4.6 Emissions of SF6 from Magnesium Production
and Casting
3.5.4.7 Some Smaller Non-CO2 Emission Reduction Options
3.5.4.8 Summary of Manufacturing Industry GHG Emission
Reduction Options
3.5.5 Regional Differences
3.5.5.1 China
3.5.5.2 Japan
3.5.5.3 Latin America
3.5.5.4 USA and Canada
3.5.5.5 Africa
3.5.5.6 Western Europe
3.5.6 Conclusions
3.6 Agriculture and Energy Cropping
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Summary of the Second Assessment Report
3.6.3 Historic and Future Trends
3.6.4 New Technological and Other Options
3.6.4.1 Uptake of Management Techniques
3.6.4.2 Uptake of New Technologies
3.6.4.3 Energy Cropping
3.6.4.4 Crop and Animal Wastes
3.6.4.5 Behavioural Changes
3.6.5 Regional Differences
3.6.6 Technological and Economic Potential
3.7 Waste
3.7.1 Summary of the Second Assessment Report
3.7.2 Historic and Future Trends
3.7.2.1 Landfills
3.7.2.2 Recycling and Reuse
3.7.2.3 Composting and Digestion
3.7.2.4 Incineration
3.7.2.5 Waste Water
3.7.3 New Technological and other Options
3.7.3.1 Landfill Management
3.7.3.2 Recycling
3.7.3.3 Composting
3.7.3.4 Incineration
3.7.3.5 Wastewater Treatment
3.7.4 Regional Differences
3.7.4.1 Germany
3.7.4.2 United States
3.7.4.3 Japan
3.7.4.4 India
3.7.4.5 China
3.7.4.6 Africa
3.7.5 Technological and Economic Potential
3.8 Energy Supply, Including Non-renewable and Renewable
Resources and Physical CO2 Removal
3.8.1 Introduction
3.8.2 Summary of the Second Assessment Report
3.8.3 Historic Trends and Driving Forces
3.8.4 New Technological Options
3.8.4.1 Fossil Fuelled Electricity Generation
3.8.4.2 Nuclear Power
3.8.4.3 Renewable Energy Conversion Technologies
3.8.4.4 Technical CO2 Removal and Sequestration
3.8.4.5 Emissions from Production, Transport, Conversion
and Distribution
3.8.5 Regional Differences
3.8.5.1 Privatization and Deregulation of
the Electricity Sector
3.8.5.2 Developing Country Issues
3.8.5.3 Distributed Systems
3.8.6 Technological and Economic Potential
3.8.7 Conclusions
3.9 Summary and Conclusions
References
Appendix
Co-ordinating Lead Authors:
WILLIAM R. MOOMAW (USA), JOSE ROBERTO MOREIRA (BRAZIL)
Lead Authors:
Kornelis Blok (Netherlands), David L. Greene (USA), Ken Gregory (UK), Thomas
Jaszay (Hungary), Takao Kashiwagi (Japan), Mark Levine (USA), Mack McFarland
(USA), N. Siva Prasad (India), Lynn Price (USA), Hans-Holger Rogner (Germany),
Ralph Sims (New Zealand), Fengqi Zhou (China), Peter Zhou (Botswana)
Contributing Authors:
Frank Ackerman (USA), Erik Alsema (Netherlands), Harry Audus (IEA GHG), Jeroen
de Beer (Netherlands), Ranjan K. Bose (India), John Davison (IEA GHG), Paul
Freund (IEA GHG), Jochen Harnisch (Germany), Gilberto de M. Jannuzzi (Brazil),
Anja Kollmuss (Switzerland), Changsheng Li (USA), Evan Mills (USA), Kiyoyuki
Minato (Japan), Steve Plotkin (USA), Sally Rand (USA), A. Schafer (USA), David
Victor (USA), Arnaldo C. Walter (Brazil), John J. Wise (USA), Remko Ybema (Netherlands)
Review Editors:
Ramon Pichs-Madruga (Cuba), Hisashi Ishitani (Japan)
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